Greek needed by modern science are generally derived. Together with Latin, the Greek language has long formed the accepted basis of a scholarly education. Modern interest in its study dates from the fifteenth century, when the Turkish inroads upon the Byzantine empire, and particularly the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, caused the permanent settlement of many Greek scholars in Italy, and hence influenced profoundly the development of the Renaissance. (See Renaissance.) Greek is divided chronologically, in the etymologies of this work, into Greek proper (Gr.), ancient or classical Greek to about the year A. D. 200; late Greek (LGr.), from that time till about A. D. 600; middle Greek (MGr.), till about A. D. 1500; and modern or new Greek (NGr.), since that date; these periods corresponding to similar periods of Latin. (See Latin.) Middle and New Greek are also called Romaic. Greek is usually printed in type imitated from the forms of letters used in the later manuscripts. The most ancient manuscripts and the inscriptions exhibit only the capital or uncial forms, without accents and without separation of words. The small letters are comparatively modern. Since it is the only language printed in this dictionary in other than Roman letters, the Greek alphabet, with the Roman equivalents, is here given: Rho Sigma Tau Name. Form. Equivalent. Name. Alpha N V Beta Ξέ Gamma O O Delta n X Nu Xi o (short) Omicron p Pi e (short) Epsilon P P r Zeta Σ Η η e (long) Eta T T t And at the seyd Corfona they speke all Grke and be Grekes in Dede. Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 17. While the Latin trains us to be good grammarians, the Greek elevates us to the highest dignity of manhood, by making us acute and powerful thinkers. G. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., iv. 3. Any language of which one is ignorant; unmeaning words; unintelligible jargon: in allusion to the proverbial remoteness of Greek from ordinary knowledge, and usually with special allusion to the unfamiliar characters in which it is printed. [Colloq.] She was speaking French, which, of course, was Greek to the bobby. The Century, XXXII. 554. 4. A cunning knave; a rogue; an adventurer. [Allusive, or mere slang.] I prithee, foolish Greek, depart from me; I shall give worse payment. Shak., T. N., iv. 1. He was an adventurer, a pauper, a blackleg, a regular Thackeray, Newcomes, xxxvi. Greek. 5. In entom., the English equivalent of Achivus, a name given by Linnæus to certain longwinged butterflies of his group Equites, most of which are now included in the genus Papilio. They were distinguished from the Trojans by not having crimson spots on the wings and breast. See Trojan.-As merry as a Greek. See merry Greek.-Merry Greek, a jovial fellow; a jolly, jesting person: in allusion to the light, careless temper ascribed to the Greeks, and usually with reference to the proverb "as merry as a Greek," which was confused with a similar proverb, "as merry as a grig," of different origin. See grigl. Pan. I swear to you, I think Helen loves him better than Paris. Cres. Then she's a merry Greek indeed. Shak., T. and C., i. 2. Go home, and tell the merry Greeks that sent you, Ilium shall burn. Fletcher, Tamer Tamed, ii. 2. Averlan [F., a good fellow, a mad companion, a merie Greek, sound drunkard. Cotgrave. A true Trojan, and a mad merry grig, though no Greek. Barn. Jour. (1820), i. 54. (Nares.) II. a. Of or pertaining to Greece or the Greeks; Grecian; Hellenic.-Greek art, the art developed in ancient Greek lands, and of which the artists of Athens were the highest exponents. It was early modified by the imitation of foreign models, chiefly Oriental and Egyptian, and reached its highest perfection in the fifth century B. C. Among its salient qualities are originality, vigor, truth, wise moderation, and self-restraint, together with the ever-present love of beauty and hatred of excess, the delicacy of perception and cult of pure intelligence, characteristic of the Greek race, from which, however, a keen appreciation of the practical is never absent. The progress of Greek art can most consecutively be followed in the minor art of vase-painting. The most ancient Greek pottery, that of Hissarlik (Troy), presents no obvious Greek character. The related ware of the island of Thera, which can safely be dated as earlier than 1500 B. C., shows in its decoration the awakening of the Greek spirit, which becomes more and more accentuated, and at the same time shows the effects of foreign intercourse, in the oldest vases of other Egean islands, of Mycenae, Corinth, and Attica. Vase-painting was finally abandoned about 200 B. C. A few figures, from vases that can be closely dated, are given to indicate the general course and 1, Archaic Athena, from a red-figured cup by Euphronios; about 480 B. C. 2, from a vase of about 330 B. C. mene), Phidian, vases (Greek), etc. (a) Greek painting, from the fame in antiquity of such artists as Polygnotus, Zeuxis, Apelles, Parrhasius, cannot have been behind its fellow-arts; but all the originals have perished, and the materials for study include little more than the pale reflections afforded by Pompeiian and other Roman wall-paintings, by some frescoed tombs in Italy, Greece, and the Crimea, and by one or two painted sarcophagi of Etruria and of Asia Minor. (b) Greek sculpture developed comparatively late, but by the beginning of the fifth century B. C. it had gained a position on a par with that of architecture. The earliest Greek sculpture was in wood (see xoanon); all examples of it have perished. Later, this was imitated in stone (of which an Artemis of the seventh century B. C., found at Delos, is a good specimen) and in bronze, the first use of the latter material being ascribed to the artists of Chios and Samos. In the latter half of the sixth century were produced the beautiful painted archaic statues which, until they were unearthed during Bride and Bridegroom, from an Attic vase of about 430 B. C. the last decade, remained buried on the Athenian Acropolis from the time of their entombment during the improvements which followed the Persian wars. (See archaic.) The Eginetan marbles (see Eginetan) of the beginning of the fifth century mark the last period of the archaic. The remainder of the fifth century was the period of Phidias (see ethos, 2) and the artists grouped about his name, as Myron and Polycletus. In the following century majesty and the lofty ideal gave place to a more individual and intimate quality (pathos) and to grace, of which Praxiteles was the most prominent exponent, with Scopas and others hardly less famous. The abundant and charming Greek terra-cottas throw a side light on Greek sculpture akin to that supplied by painted vases for the study of Greek painting. (c) The architecture of the Greeks was deGreek Sculpture.-Hermes and veloped from a primitive the infant Bacchus, by Praxite framed inclosure in wood or les. Found at Olympía, 1877. rough stones, with a sloped roof to shed the rain. As fully developed it implies the presence of columns, both as supports and for ornament, in a system of lintel construction (see entablature), or vertical resistance to superimposed weight. The arch was known to the Greeks, but was practically never employed by them where it could be seen. The most typical production of Greek architecture is the peripteros, or temple of which the cella is entirely inclosed by ranges of columns supporting a low gabled roof. The normal plan of such buildings is rectangular, the length being slightly more than twice the breadth; but the exigencies of special use or of the nature of the site often led to wide deviations from the type, as in the Erechtheum at Athens; and circular buildings of various kinds were not uncommon. The idea of the column was probably imported from Egypt (Doric) and from Assyria (Ionic), as were many motives of decoration, as the fret, and the anthemion, which was derived in direct line, though transformed, from the lotus-blossom. (For the Greek orders, the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, see these words.) Greek architecture found its highest expression in stone, particularly in marble. The structures in wood have, of course, perished, and must be studied from allusions in literature and inscriptions, from certain details of stone buildings, and such remains as the terra-cotta copings of some Athenian tombs, of which the edicules in wood have dis Greek Architecture.-The Parthenon at Athens, from the northwest. of perfection, simple and imposing in their general composition, were enriched with statuary and sculptured ornament and brilliantly colored (see polychromy in architec ture, under polychromy) to bring out all their details with full effect in the clear air of the Mediterranean. Until Macedonian preponderance had vitiated the ideals of independent Greece, all this magnificence of art was reserved for the glory of the gods and the public buildings of the state. Luxury in private life was not approved, private houses being small and plain. See masonry (Greek).Greek Church, the church of the countries formerly comprised in the Greek, Greco-Roman, or Eastern (Roman) Empire, and of countries evangelized from it, as Russia; the church, or group of local and national Oriental churches, in communion or doctrinal agreement with the Greek patriarchal see of Constantinople. It is also called the Eastern Church, in distinction from the Western, the Latin, or Roman Catholic Church. The full official title of the Greek Church is the Holy Orthodox Catholic Apostolic Oriental Church. (See Catholic, a., 3 (c).) The epithet Orthodox is that most frequently used for the Greek or Eastern Church. The estrangement between the Greek and Latin churches, culminating finally in the Great Schism, stands histori cally in close connection with the division of the Roman Empire into an Eastern and a Western Empire, with the growing power of the see of the new Roman capital, Constantinople or New Rome, the increasing rivalry between the see of Old Rome and that of New Rome, the insertion by the Latin Church of the filioque (see Filioque) in the Nicene Creed, the question of the ecclesiastical allegiance of the Bulgarians, and of the papal supremacy. Eastern Illyricum, including Greece, with the chief see at Thessalonica, which had belonged to the Roman patriarchate, remained with the Eastern Church. Before the ninth century there had been temporary suspensions of communion between the Roman Church and the East. The Great Schism began, however, in the latter part of the ninth century, the principal doctrinal difficulty relating to the Filioque. The immediate occasion of suspension of communion was the intrusion by the emperor Michael III., in A. D. 857, of the learned Photius into the see of Constantinople instead of Ignatius, at that time patriarch. The Roman see asserted jurisdiction in the matter as possessing supreme power, and mutual charges of false doctrine and excommunications followed; but Photius was finally acknowledged at Rome as patriarch. The final division was that between Pope Leo IX. and the patriarch Michael Cerularius, in A. D. 1054, since which time Roman Catholics regard the Greeks or Easterns as cut off from the Catholic Church; the Greeks, on the other hand, claim that they have remained faithful to the catholic creed and ancient usages. The Greek Church is the dominant form of Christianity in the kingdom of Greece, the archipelago with the opposite coast and Cyprus, in European Turkey among both Slavs and Greeks, in part of Austria and Hungary, throughout the Russian empire, and in Rumania, Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro. În most of these countries the church authorities are independent of the patriarch at Constantinople. It acknowledges the first seven ecumenical councils. The doctrine of the Greek and that of the Western Church with regard to the Trinity, apart from the question of the filioque and double procession, and that with regard to the person of Christ, are the same. Baptism is regularly conferred on infants with trine immersion. Confirmation follows immediately upon baptism. Communion is given in both kinds, and to infants as well as adults. The offices of bishop, priest, and deacon are regarded as the three "necessary degrees" of orders. The highest officers of the church are the four patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, and the Russian Holy Governing Synod. Honor is paid to relics as in the Roman Catholic Church. The ordinary secular clergy can marry before ordination, but their wives must have been previously single, and they cannot remarry. Only the monastic clergy are advanced to the episcopate and other offices. The liturgical language is not absolutely fixed: in Greek-speaking communities it is Greek; in Slavonic communities, not Russian, but the ancient language known as Ecclesiastical Slavonic or Old Bulgarian.-Greek cross. See cross 1.-Greek embroidery, fancy work executed by sewing upon a background pieces of colored cloth, silk, etc., and embroidering the edges of these and the background between them with chain-stitch and other ornamental stitches.-Greek fire. See fire.-Greek key-pattern, a meander.-Greek lyre. See lyre.-Greek modes. See mode.-Greek partridge. See partridge. Greek point-lace. See lace.Greek sculpture. See Greek art (b).-On or at the Greek calends. See calends. Turkington, Share of Eng Travell, p. SL knit all the Greekish var To bis expened unque Bhak, L 24 C., L 2 2. Of a Greek character or quality; somewhat Greek. A range and grekych kind A writing, Auchan, The scholemaxter, p. 157. Greekiem (grb'kizm), ". [ Greek + ism.] Hame an Greciam. [Kare.] Greekize (gre'kiz), .; pret. and pp. Greekized, ppr.Greekizing. [ Greek + Aze.] "Same as Greeize. [Kare.] The earliest writers of France had modelled their taste by the Greek, fand, Imbued with Attic literature, Freckized the French Mom by their compounds, their novel terms, and their wouorons periphirasa. 1. Iraeli, Amen. of Lit., L. 158. = Greekling (grek'ling), ". [4 Greek + ling1.] A little or insignificant Greek or Grecian. Which of the Greeklings darat ever give precepts to De mosthenes? B. Jonen, Discoveries. "Ake" also is restored and "ache" turned over to the Greeklings. F. A. March, Spelling Reform, p. 25. green (gren), a. and n. [< ME. grene, ‹ AS. grene, North. earliest form groeni groene, O, groni = OFries, grene = D. groen = MIG. gröne, LG. grön OHG. gruoni, MHG, grüene, G. grün, dial, grun = Leel, grænn (for *groenn) =Sw. Dan. gron, green; with formative -ni, < AH. growan, E. grow, etc.: see grow. To the same root belong prob. grass and perhaps gorse. The words yellow and gold, which are sometimes said to be ult, akin to green, belong to a different root.] I. a. 1. Of the color of ordinary foliage, or of unripe vegetation generally; verdant. See II., 1. Grene as the gres & grener hit semed, Then grene aumayl on golde lowande bryster. Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. B.), 1. 235. Thei seye that it fan oak tree] hathe ben there withe the beginnynge of the World, and was sumtyme grene, and bare leven, Mandeville, Travels, p. 68. Only one true green colouring matter occurs in nature, viz., chlorophyll, the substance to which the green colour of leaves is owing.... Another green colouring matter, derived from different species of Rhamnus, has been de scribed under the name of Chinese Green. Ure, Dict., I. 897. The green coloured manganates show a continuous absorption at the two ends of the spectrum, transmitting in concentrated solutions almost exclusively the green part of the spectrum. Encyc. Brit., XXIL 877. Hence-2. Unripe; immature; not fully developed or perfected in growth or condition: as applied to meat, fresh; to wood, not dried or seasoned; to bricks and pottery, not fired, etc. And many flowte and liltyng horne, And pipes made of grene corne. Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 1224. The spring is near, when green geese are a breeding, Shak., L. L. L., 1. 1. It strengthens digestion, excludes surfeits, fevers, and physic: which green wines of any kind can't do. Steele, Spectator, No. 264. We enter'd on the boards: and "Now," she cried, "Ye are green wood, see ye warp not." Tennyson, Princess, ii. The term (bricks) is also applied to the moulded clay in its crude and unburned condition, in which state the bricks are said to be green. C. T. Davis, Bricks, etc., p. 64. 3. Immature with respect to age or judgment; raw; unskilled; easily imposed upon. seasons, A man must be very green, Indeed, to stand this for two Disraeli, Young Duke, iii. 7. "What's singing?" said Tom. . . . "Well, you are jolly green," answered his friend... "Why, the last six Saturdays of every half, we sing of course." T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, 1. 6. A sailor has a peculiar cut to his clothes, and a way of You are too wise in years, too full of counsel, 2616 Is show & but grem, practice in the laws of discreet But were thy para row bene mybe, By diffrent Management, engage Teangeon, Holy Grail. 7. Pale; sickly; wan; of a greenish-pale color. Hath it slept since? And wakes it now, to look so green and pale At what it did so freely? Shak., Macbeth, L. 7. 8. Characterized by the presence of verdure: as, a green winter. A green Christmas makes a fat kirkyard. Old proverb. A green eye, fallow, horse. See the nouns-Board of Green Cloth. See clith and green-cloth - Green bait, fresh bait, not salted-Green beer. Bee beer!- Green bice, a pigment consisting of the hydrated oxid of copper. It is now seldom used, and is very undesirable as a color. Also called green verditer, Bremen green, Erlau green. — Green cheese. (a) Cream-cheese, which has to be eaten when fresh; unripe cheese. Children are (or were) sometimes told that "the moon is made of green cheese"; and this statement, or the supposed belief in it, is often referred to as typical of any great absurdity. To make one swallow a gudgeon, or beleeve a lie, and that the moone is made of greene-cheese. Florio, p. 73. He made an instrument to know (b) Hame as sage cheese (which see, under cheesel).-Green cloth, green table, a gaming table; the board at which gamblers play with cards and dice: so called because usually covered with a green cloth. The veteran calls up two Brothers of the Green Cloth competent to act as umpires; and three minutes, fraught with mortal danger, are passed in deliberately counting the cards as they lie on the cloth, and naming them slowly. J. W. Palmer, The New and the Old, p. 183. His (the merchant's] bales of dirty indigo are his dice, his cards come up every year instead of every ten minutes, and the sea is his green-table,. and yet, forsooth, a gallant man, who sits him down before the baize and is proscribed by your modern challenges all comers, . . . moral world! Thackeray, Barry Lyndon, ix. Green crab, Carcinus mœnas. A corresponding species in the United States is C. granulatus. See cut under Carcinus.-Green crop. See crop.-Green earth. (a) A variety of glauconite. (b) Same as terre verte.-Green fish. (a) Fresh or undried fish of any kind before being cured for the market. (b) A codfish salted but not dried. [New Eng.)-Green fog, gland, goods, gram, grassSee the nouns.-Green hopper, grease, herring, etc. grosbeak. Same as greenfinch, 1.-Green hides. See hide.-Green lake, a piginent compounded of Prussian blue with some yellow color, generally a vegetable lake.-Green land, pasture-land. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.)Green linnet. Same as greenfinch, 1.-Green mant, a wild man; a savage; one attired like a savage. See the second extract. A dance of four swans. To them enter five green men, upon which the swans take wing. World in the Moon, an opera (1697). I have mentioned some of the actors formerly concerned in the pyrotechnical shows . . . distinguished by the appellation of green men; ... men whimsically attired and disguised with droll masks, having large staves or clubs, headed with cases of crackers. These green men attended the pageants, and preceded the principal persons in the procession to clear the way. Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 484. Ye might aye have gotten a Sheriffdom, or a Commis- II. n. 1. The color of ordinary foliage; the green pare green is a simple one. This sensation cannot be excated alone in a sormal eye but the spectrum at warelength 100 miere, if the light be very much reduced, peally excites the sensatie with we approach to parity. It is a common emra to suppose that green is a mixture of blue and yellow. These arises from the observative that a mixture of tise and yellow pigmenta generally give a green. The rease of this is that the ole of pigments not having a true metall: appearance is that of the light which they trans: the dise perment esta of the yellow rays and the yellow forment the blue rays, but certain green rays are transmitted by both Bet blue and yellow lights thrown together spot the resina excite a sensation nearly that of white, which may iscline slightly to green or to pink according to the tinge of the solors mixed Green under a high Domination ap pars more yellowish the sensation being affected by the out of brightness, and darkened appears more bluish; this is especially true of emerald and yellowish greens (above all, of olive greens), and hardly holds for turquoiseThe terms and phrases below are the oncmon names for hues of green, some of them being also names of pigments. greet Attir'd in mantles all the knights were seen, That gratify d the view with cheerful green Dryden, Flower and Leaf. 1. 349. The green of last summer is sear! Lowell, A Mood 2. A grassy plain or plat; a piece of ground covered with verdant herbage. Generides, for to sey yow certeyn, Oer the smooth enamelld green. Whittier, Bridal of Pennacook, iv. 3. Specifically, a piece of grass-land in a village or town, belonging to the community, being often a remnant of ancient common lands, or, as is usual in the United States, reserved by the community for ornamental purposes; a small common. The village of Livingston lay at the junction of four streets, or what had originally been the intersection of two roads, which, widening at the centre, and having their angles trimmed off, formed an extensive common known S. Judd, Margaret, i. 6. as the Green. The village greens which still exist in many parts of the country [England] may fairly be regarded as a remnant of old unappropriated common land. F. Pollock, Land Laws, p. 39. 4. pl. Fresh leaves or branches of trees or other plants; wreaths. Dryden. The fragrant greens I seek, my brows to bind. In that soft season when descending showers Call forth the greens, and wake the rising flowers. Pope. 5. pl. The leaves and stems of young plants used in cookery or dressed for food, especially plants of the cabbage kind, spinach, etc. Behold the naturalist who in his teens Found six new species in a dish of greens. O. W. Holmes, A Modest Request. I would recommend examination of the bacon. Preparation of the greens will further become necessary. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, iii. 4. 6. pl. In sugar-manuf., the syrup which drains from the loaves. The last greens, after three successive crystallizations of sugar, are purified, and form the golden syrup of commerce.-Aldehyde green, a coal-tar color used in dyeing, prepared by the action of aldehyde on magenta dissolved in sulphuric acid; the blue solution thus obtained is poured into a boiling solution of sodium hyposulphite. It is applicable only to silk and wool, and is now seldom used, being replaced by other aniline greens.- Alkali green, a coal-tar color used in dyeing, derived from diphenylamine by the benzaldehyde-green process. It is applicable to wool and silk.- Anthracene green. Same as cerulein, 2.-Arnandon green. Same as emerald-green. -Baryta green. Same as manganese green.-Benzaldehyde green, a coal-tar color used in dyeing, derived from dimethyl-aniline. It is the hydrochlorid of tetramethyldiamido-triphenyl-carbinol. It appears in commerce as various salts or zinc double salts of the color-base, and is sold under a variety of names. It is applicable to cotton, wool, and silk. Also called benzal green, benzoyl green, fast green, solid green, Victoria green.-Bladder-green. Same as sap-green.- Bremen green. Same as green bice (which see, under green1, a.).-Bronze-green, a color in imitation of antique bronze, or of the colors produced on bronze by exposure to the weather. It is produced chemically upon brass or bronze by exposing the surface, after cleaning and polishing, to the action of acids.-Brunswick green, copper oxychlorid, Cu403Cl2, produced commercially by boiling a solution of copper sulphate with a small quantity of bleaching-powder. It is a light-green powder used as a pigment.-Cassel green. Same as manganese green. Casselmann's green, a compound of copper sulphate with potassium or sodium acetate.-Chinese green, a pigment obtained from Rhamnus chlorophorus and R. utilis. Chromium-green. Same as chrome-green.-Cobalt green, a permanent green pigment prepared by precipitating a mixture of the sulphates of zinc and cobalt with sodium carbonate and igniting the precipitate after thorough washing. Also called Rinman's green, zinc green, Saxony green, and green smalt.- Crystallized green. Same as iodine green.-Elsner's green, a pigment prepared by precipitating the coloring matter of yellow dyewood with hydrated oxid of copper. [Not in use.]Emerald-green, highly chromatic and extraordinarily luminous green, of the color of the spectrum at wavelength 0.524 micron, or of Schweinfurt green. It recalls Pannetier green, Matthieu-Plessy green, and Arnandon green2t, n. An obsolete form of grin2. A green anoth'r hath for hem ytilde. green.-Erlau green. Same as green bice (which see, under green.-French green. Same as Paris green.-French Whan they were clothed in Lyncolne grene, Lytell Geste of Robyn Hode (Child's Ballads, V. 117). grenen, var. of gernen,【AS. geornan, long, yearn: There was he till, the fifthen year, He green'd for hame and land. Burns, Election Ballads, No. 2. The dried stalks of last year's vegetation, which.. greenhorn tard cod, buffalo-cod, and cultus-cod. See cut green-corn (grēn'kôrn), n. greenery (grē'nėr-i), n. [< green1 + -ery.] 1. a mass. And here were forests ancient as the hills, Coleridge, Kubla Khan. The Archery Hall, with an arcade in front, showed like a white temple against the greenery on the northern side. George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, x. greeney, n. See greeny, 3. are wonderfully effective in toning down the dappled green-eyed (gren'id), a. 1. Having green eyes. greenage of the living leaves. J. G. Wood, Out of Doors, p. 82. of $150,000,000, was authorized by a law of February 25th, The government issued greenbacks not only to suppress T. W. Barnes, Thurlow Weed, p. 529. 2. The garfish, Belone vulgaris. [Local, Eng.] Skelton, Elynour Rummyng, 1. 56. Manganese green, an unstable green composed of barium manganate. [Not in use.] Also called baryta green, Cassel green, Rosenstrehl's green.-Matthieu-Plessy green. Same as emerald-green-Methyl green, a coal. tar color used in dyeing, being the methyl chlorid compound of methyl violet. It occurs in commerce as a zinc double salt. It is applicable to cotton, wool, and silk.Mineral greens, green lakes prepared from copper sulphate. These vary in shade, have all the properties of copper-greens, stand weather well, are little affected by light and air, and are good pigments for coarse work.Mittler's green, a beautiful emerald-green of French manufacture, used in color-printing. It consists of chromium oxid compounded with boracic acid and water.— Mixed greens, greens made by compounding blue and yellow pigments.-Mountain-green. Same as malachitegreen.— Naphthol green, a coal-tar color used in dyeing, the iron compound of nitroso-naphthol-monosulphonic acid. It is applicable to wool only.-New Victoria green. Same as ethyl green.-Olive-green, a very dark green of low chroma. The term was formerly particularly applied to a color almost a dark gray, but seems of late years to be generally restricted to very yellowish greens of very low luminosity, the chroma of which may be quite full.-Pannetier green. Same as emerald-green.-Paris green, a pigment composed of the aceto-arsenite of copper. It is a very vivid light green, and is quite permanent, but is deficient in body. Being poisonous, it is very largely used as an insecticide to kill the potato-bug and the cotton-worm. Also called emerald-green, French green, Interest in the quarrel with the South. is undoubtmitis-green, Schweinfurt green.-Pomona green. Same edly declining with the masses, and as it declines they as apple-green.-Prussian green, an imperfect prussiate of iron or Prussian blue in which the yellow oxid of iron are the more readily led off into other fields of activity like Greenbackism, which is really a name for a desire for predominates, or to which has been added yellow tincture of French berries. A better variety of Prussian green is changes of all sorts. The Nation, Sept. 25, 1879, p. 200. made by precipitating the prussiate of potash with cobalt greenbane (grēnʼbān), n. A Scotch form of nitrate. Rinman's green. Same as cobalt green.-Ro- greenbone. senstrehl's green. Same as manganese green.-Saxony green-bass (grēn'bȧs), n. green. Same as cobalt green.-Scheele's green, a pig species of the genus Micropterus. A black-bass; any ment composed of copper arsenite (CuHASO3). It differs from Paris green in that it contains no acetic acid. green-bearded (grēnber" ded), a. Affected -Schweinfurt green. Same as Paris green.-Solid with greening, or having green-gill: said of green. Same as benzaldehyde green.- Ultramarine green, a pigment artificially prepared in France and Geroysters. many, and used instead of the arsenical greens for printing upon cotton and paper.-Veronese green, a pigment consisting of hydrated chromium sesquioxid. It is a clear bluish green of great permanency. Also called viridian. green. Samens cobalt greens benzaldehyde green,- Zinc (See also acid-green, applegreen, bottle-green, chrome-green, cinnabar-green, grassgreen, malachite-green, myrtle-green, oil-green, parrotgreen, pea-green, sage-green, sap-green, sea-green, turquoise-green, verdigris-green.) green (gren), v. [< ME. grenen, <AS. grēnian, intr., become green, flourish, D. groenen MLG. gronen OHG. gruonen, cruanen, MHG. gruonen, G. grünen = Icel. gróna = Dan. refl. grönnes (cf. Sw. grönska), become green; from the adj.] I. intrans. To grow or turn green; in poetical use, to become covered with verdure; be verdurous. = = When spring comes round again, = greenben (grēn'ben), n. A Scotch form of 2. O, beware, my lord, of jealousy; A Fishmonger that sells nothing but Cod, or Greenefish. 2. The bluefish, Temnodon saltator or Pomato- ... In parts of Virginia and North Carolina it [the bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix] is known as the green-fish. Blue merging into green is the color. Stand. Nat. Hist., III. 183. greenfly (grēn'fli), n.; pl. greenflies (-fliz). 1. A bright-green fly, Musca chloris. E. D.-2. An aphid or plant-louse of various species: so called from the color. Imp. Dict. green-gill (grēn ́gil), n. 1. Greenness of the gills of an oyster; the state of an oyster known as greening.-2. A green-gilled oyster. green-gilled (grēn ́gild), a. Having green gills, as oysters. This condition may be naturally acquired or artificially produced. It does not impair the quality of the oysters, but in the United States it materially affects their sale, in consequence of a very general prejudice. In France, where oysters with this coloration are highly prized by epicures, greening is brought about by dilution of the salt water with fresh, which induces a growth of green confervæ, upon which the oyster feeds, and thence acquires the color sought. green-goose (grēn ́gös'), n. 1. A young or midsummer goose.-24. A cuckold. [Old slang.] -3t. A common woman. Halliwell. [Old slang.] In the summer his palace is full of green-geese, and in winter it swarmeth woodcocks. Beau. and Fl., Woman-Hater, i. 2. greengrocer (grēn ́grō'sèr), n. A retailer of vegetables. There is no woman but thinks that her husband, the green-grocer, could write poetry if he had given his mind to it. C. D. Warner, Backlog Studies, p. 55. dure. greenbird (grēn'bėrd), n. Same as greenfinch, 1. and thick leaves. green-broom (gren bröm), n. The dyers' broom, weed. See cut under Genista. Whittier, Flowers in Winter. green-cloth (gren'klôth), n. In England, for The sweet May flowers will deck the mound R. H. Stoddard, Silent Songs. II. trans. To make green; give or impart a green color to; cause to become green. [Chiefly poetical.] And in each pleasing hue Green'd all the year. The floor of the alley is simply meant to be greengrown, which it will in a short time be with short moss. Dorothy Wordsworth, Memorials of Coleorton, I. 220. greenhead1 (grēn'hed), n. Same as greenback, 3. G. Trumbull. greenhead2+, n. [ME. grenehede; < green1 + -head. Cf. greenhood.] Greenness; unripeness; immaturity; childishness. timber is remarkably hard, and is highly valued for its strength and durability. Its bark is known in commerce as bebeeru bark, and is used as a tonic and febrifuge. Youthe withoute grenehede [var. grefhede] or folye. Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 65. springing from immature experience or judggreen-headed+ (grēn'hed ̋ed), a. Marked by or ment; ignorant. Bunyan. greenheart (grēn’härt), n. 1. The Nectandra merly, the counting-house of the king's house-Rodiai, a large lauraceous tree of Guiana. Its hold: so called from the green cloth on the table at which the officials sat. The Board of the Greencloth, composed of the lord steward and his subordinates, have charge of the accounts of and provisions for the household, and also perform certain legal duties. Board of Green Cloth, under cloth. green-cod (grēn'kod), n. 1. The coalfish. [Local, Eng.]-2. A Californian fish of the family Chirida, Ophiodon elongatus, sometimes attaining a length of 3 or 4 feet, and highly ranked as a food-fish. Also called cod, bas See 2. In Jamaica, the Colubrina ferruginosa, a small rhamnaceous tree.-False greenheart, the Calyptranthes Chytraculia, a small myrtaceous tree of the West Indies. greenhood+ (grēn'hůd), n. [< green1 + -hood. Cf. greenhead2.] Greenness. greenhorn (grēn'hôrn), n. [In allusion to a cow, deer, or other horned animal when its greenhorn horns are immature. Greenhorn (ME. Greyne horn) is applied to an ox in the "Towneley Mysteries." A raw, inexperienced person; one unacquainted with the world or with local customs, and therefore easily imposed upon. Not such a greenhorn as that, answered the boy. T. Hook, Gilbert Gurney. greenhornism (grēn'hôrn-izm), n. [< greenhorn + -ism.] The character or actions of a greenhorn. [Rare.] He execrated the greenhornism which made him feign a passion and then get caught where he meant to capture. Disraeli, Young Duke, iv. 6. greenhouse (grēn'hous), n. 1. A building, the roof and one or more sides of which consist of glazed frames, constructed for the purpose of cultivating exotic plants which are too tender to endure the open air during the colder parts of the year. The temperature is generally kept up by means of artificial heat. It differs from a conservatory chiefly in that it is built to receive plants growing in pots and tubs, while those contained in a conservatory, in the proper use of the term, are grown in borders and beds; but in common use the latter name is applied to a greenhouse attached to a dwelling especially for the display of plants. Who loves a garden loves a greenhouse too; . . There blooms exotic beauty, warm and snug, While the winds whistle, and the snows descend. Cowper, Task, iii. 566. 2. In ceram., a house in which green or unfired pottery is dried before being submitted to the fire of the kiln. "green" or unfired state. The [bisque] ware being finished from the hands of the potter is brought by him upon boards to the green-house, so called from its being the receptacle for ware in the Ure, Dict., III. 614. Greenian (gre'ni-an), a. [< Green (see def.) + -ian.] Pertaining to the English mathematician George Green (1793-1841).-Greenian function, a function of a class introduced by Green. These functions satisfy Laplace's equation and serve to represent the distribution of electricity on an ellipsoid. greening (gre'ning), n. [Verbal n. of green1, r.] 1. A becoming or growing green. The tender greening Of April meadows. Keats, Sleep and Poetry. In it [acid nitrate] the blacks acquire the wished-for solidity, and those even which had turned green are rendered incapable of greening. Ure, Dict., IV. 71. Specifically-2. In oyster-culture, the process of becoming or the state of being green-gilled. See green-gilled.-3. Any variety of apple of which the ripe skin has a green color. The Rhode Island greening is the most prized in the United States. greening-weed (gre'ning-wēd), n. Same as green-broom. greenish (gre'nish), a.. [< green1+-ish1.] 1. All lovely Daughters of the Flood thereby, 2618 Red-eyed Greenlet (Vireo olivaceus). let is V. noveboracensis; the blue-headed greenlet is V. 2. Some other small greenish bird. Among Bornean forms which do not seem to have made greenling (gren'ling), n. [green1+-ling1.] hand. And make the greenly ground a drinking cup Gascoigne, Jocasta, ii. 2 (cho.). This country seemed very goodly and delightsome to tation in themselves, with tufts of green velvet nestled H. James, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 27. If any art I have, or hidden skill, greenstone green-rot (grēn'rot), n. A condition of wood in which the tissues have a characteristic verdigris-green color. A fungus, Peziza aeruginosa, commonly accompanies it, but is not certainly known to be the cause. green-salted (gren'sâl'ted), a. Salted down without tanning: said of hides. Green salted [hides] are those that have been salted and are thoroughly cured. C. T. Davis, Leather, p. 55. greensand (grēn'sand), n. A sandstone containing grains of glauconite, which impart to it a greenish hue. There are two sets of strata in England to which this name is applied; one is above the galt, the other below it. The greensand is also a formation of importance in the United States. It is extensively mined in New Jersey for fertilizing purposes, and commonly called marl. The glauconite is a silicate of iron and potash, and this mineral forms sometimes as much as 90 per cent. of the greensand, the rest being ordinary sand. The chambers of the Foraminifera become filled by a green silicate of iron and alumina, which penetrates into even their finest tubuli, and takes exquisite and almost indestructible casts of their interior. The calcareous matter is then dissolved away, and the casts are left, constituting a fine dark sand, which, when crushed, leaves a greenish mark, and is known as green-sand. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 81. greensauce (gren'sâs), n. 1. The field-sorrel, green-sea (grēn'sē'), n. A mass of water ship- of Europe, related to the redshank, yellowshank, and other totanine birds: so called from the color of its legs. Also called green-legged horseman, whistling snipe, and cinereous godwit. greensick (gren'sik), a. Affected by or having greensickness; chlorotic. Those greensick lovers of chalk. Mrs. Ritchie, Book of Sibyls. greensickness (gren'sik nes), n. An anemic disease of young women, giving a greenish tinge to the complexion; chlorosis. Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, ii. 2. 2. Somewhat raw and inexperienced. This prince, while yet the errors in his nature were exGreenlander (gren lan-der), n. [= D. Groen- cused by the greenness of his youth, which took all the lander G. Grönländer, after Dan. Grönlander. fault upon itself, loved a private man's wife. Sir P. Sidney. Sw. Grönländare, Icel. Grænlendingar, pl., orig. the Norse settlers in Greenland, now including Captain Browne was a tall, upright, florid man, a little the native Eskimos; < Greenland, D. Groenland, cheerful greenness. on the shady side of life, but carrying his age with a H. B. Stowe, Oldtown, p. 50. G. Dan. Sw. Grönland, Icel. Grænaland, Green- greenockite (gre'nok-it), n. land, the 'green land': so called from the green-erer, Lord Greenock, eldest son of Earl Cath[After its discovness of the part first visited in 983.] An in- cart.] Native cadmium sulphid, a rare minhabitant of Greenland, a large island in the arceral occurring in hemimorphic hexagonal crystic regions, belonging to Denmark, northeast tals of a honey-yellow or orange-yellow color, of and nearly adjoining North America, and and also as a pulverulent incrustation on spha- green-sloke (grēn'slōk), n. settled only along the west coast, the interior and east coast being covered with ice and snow. greenovite (gre'no-vit), n. [So called after The prehistoric nets of the Greenlanders are no evidence George Bellas Greenough, an English geologist (died about 1855).] A manganesian variety of titanite or sphene having a rose-red color, lerite. found at St. Marcel in Piedmont. of an original Eskimo custom. The modern Greenlandic alphabet. Science, X. 287. green-laver (grēn'la ver), n. A popular name ing been originally painted or decorated in The Friday came; and for the first time in my life I I'd have thee rise with the sun, walk, dance, or hunt, . . . Fletcher (and another), Elder Brother, i. 1. vernalis (formerly Chlorosoma or Cyclophis vernalis), with smooth scales, inhabiting the Middle and Northern States; (b) Cyclophis aestivus (formerly Leptophis aestivus), with carinate scales, inhabiting the Middle and Southern States. They are both pretty creatures and quite harmless. See cut under Cyclophis. green-stall (gren'stâl), ". A stall on which greens are exposed for sale. Green's theorem. See theorem. greenstone (grēn'ston), n. [First used in G. (grünstein): so called from a tinge of green in the color.] 1. Any one of various rocks, of eruptive origin, in general older than the Tertiary, crystalline-granular in texture, and of a darkgreenish color. The essential ingredients of the rocks formerly classed under the name of greenstone are triclinic feldspar and hornblende, with which are associated especially chlorite, mica, magnetite, and apatite. The various other minerals in greater or less quantity, and name is abandoned by some lithologists, but retained by greenstone many geologists as a convenient designation for those older eruptive rocks which have undergone so much alteration that their original character is in a measure lost, and cannot be made out except with the aid of the microscope, and not always with that help. The most important of these changes seems to be that the original augite has been converted into hornblende, while a still more advanced stage of alteration is indicated by the presence of chlorite, mica, and other minerals, the predominating color of which is greenish, and to this peculiarity the rock owes its name. While there can be little doubt that many of the so-called greenstones, or melaphyres and diorites, as rocks of this class have of later years been often designated, are altered basalts, there is far from being a general agreement among lithologists as to the proper limitation of these names. See basalt, diorite, melaphyre, trap. 2. A very hard and close-textured stone used for putting the last edge on lancets and other delicate surgical instruments, etc. A hone for sharpening arms, made of a greenstone mounted in gold, was found near the principal figure. C. T. Newton, Art and Archæol., p. 379. Cutlers' greenstone. See def. 2.-Greenstone trachyte. See propylite. greensward (grēn'swârd), n. [= Dan. grönsværd.] Turf green with grass. When you see men ploughing up heath-ground, or sandy ground, or greenswards, then follow the plough. I. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 185. Dear is the forest frowning o'er his head, And dear the velvet green-sward to his tread. Wordsworth, Descriptive Sketches. [< green1 + -th, as in greenth (grēnth), n. warmth, etc.] The quality of being green, especially with growing plants; greenness; verdure. [Rare.] So are they all; for every grize of fortune Is smooth'd by that below. Shak., T. of A., iv. 3. Jailer. They are famed to be a pair of absolute men. Daugh. By my troth, I think Fame but stammers 'em ; they stand a greise above the reach of report. Fletcher (and another), Two Noble Kinsmen, ii. 1. greese3t, a. A variant of grise4. To the North parte of that countrey are the places where they haue their furres, as Sables, marterns, greesse Beuers. Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 237. greeshoch (gre'shoch), n. Same as grieshoch. greesing (gre'sing), n. [Also griesing, gressing; still in dial. use, in various forms, greesen, grissen, and perversely Grecian, usually in pl.; greese2+ -ing1.] A step; usually in the plural, steps or stairs. [Obsolete or prov. Eng.] It is no time now to shew any miracles; there is another way to goe downe [from the pinnacle of the temple], by greesings. Latimer, Sermons, fol. 72 b. There is a flight of stone stairs on the hill at Lincoln called there the Grecian stairs, a strange corruption. Halliwell. = greet1 (grēt), v. [<ME. greten, ‹ AS. grētan OS. grōtian =OFries. grēta = = D. groeten MLG. groten, gruten = OHG. gruozen, MHG. grüezen, G. grüssen, greet; not in Scand. or Goth.] I. trans. 1. To address formally, as on meeting or in writing or sending a letter or message; give or send salutations to; accost; salute; hail. There Gabrielle grette our Lady, seyenge,... Heyl fulle of Grace, oure Lord is with the. Mandeville, Travels, p. 112. My lord, the mayor of London comes to greet you. And the birds on every tree Greete this morne with melodie. I found my garden brown and bare, but these rains have recovered the greenth. Walpole, Letters, I. 304. The mellow darkness of its conical roof... making an agreeable object either amidst the gleams and greenth of summer or the low-hanging clouds and snowy branches of winter. George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, xxx. greenwax (grēn'waks), n. [ME. grene wax: the papers in such proceedings used to be sealed with green wax.] In the former English Court of Exchequer, an estreat of fine, amercement, etc., delivered for levy to a sheriff under the seal of the court impressed upon green wax. greenweed (grēn'wed), n. Same as greenbroom. Yellowes and greenes are colours of small prices in this 2t. To congratulate. realme, by reason that Olde and Greenweed wherewith they be died be naturall here. Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 163. greenwing (grēn'wing), n. The green-winged teal, a duck, Querquedula crecea of Europe, or Q. carolinensis of America: so called from the bright glossy-green speculum. The latter species is also locally called American, least greenwinged, or red-headed teal, mud-teal, or winter teal. Shak., Rich. III., iii. Gregarinidæ Molly sends Greeting, so do I, Sir, Send a good Coat, that's all, good by, Sir. Prior, The Mice. Greeting or salutation of our lady, the Annunciation. Syn. Salute, etc. See salutation. greeting2 (grē'ting), n. [< ME. gretynge; verbal n. of greet2, v.] Weeping; crying. [Obsolete or prov. Eng. and Scotch.] Noghte in wantone joyeynge, bot in bytter gretynge. O what means a' this greeting? I'm sure it's nae for me; For I'm come this day to Edinburgh town, Mary Hamilton (Child's Ballads, III. 124). = greeting-houset (gre'ting-hous), n. A reception-room next to the porch or proaulion in ancient churches and convents: probably identical with the sacrarium, or vestry where the vessels for use in the church were kept. greevel (grēv), n. [Also written greave, grieve; <ME. gryve, grayve, once grafe, a steward, reeve, not from AS. gerefa (> E. reevel, q. v.), but of Scand. origin, < Icel. greifi Sw. grefce = Dan. greve, a steward, etc.; but the Scand. words are themselves prob. of LG. or HG. origin: see graves.] A reeve; a steward. [Scotch and Old Eng.] Of the resayuer he shalle resayue, Alle that is gedurt of baylé and grayue. Babees Book (E. Ě. T. S.), p. 318. greeve2t, ". An obsolete spelling of grievel. greevest, n. An old plural of grief. greeveship (grev'ship), n. [<greeve1 + -ship.] The office or dignity of a greeve. To the bailiwicks succeeded greaveships, equivalent to constablewicks, where officers termed greaves alternately served for the collection of the ancient parish proportion of the county rate. Baines, Hist. Lancashire, II. 680. greezet, n. Same as greese2. greffe (gref), n. [F.: see graf2.] 1. A stylus. See pointel.-2. În French law, the registry; the clerk's office. greffier (gref′ièr), n. [F.: see graffer2.] A 1.registrar or recorder; a clerk; in French law, a prothonotary. [Used only in connection with French subjects.] W. Browne, Shepherd's Pipe. Then to him came fayrest Florimell, II. intrans. To salute on meeting. greet1t, n. [< ME. grete = D. groet = MLG. gruoz, m., gruoze, f., G. gruss, a greeting, salute; from the verb.] A greeting. One thing I may not omit, without sinful oversight; short, but memorable story, which the grephier of that towne (though of different religion) reported to more eares than ours. Bp. Hall, Epistles, i. 5. The Duke of Orleans, Monsieur the Prince, and the Superintendents deliver them to the Greffier or clerk. Evelyn, State of France. greftt, ". An obsolete form of graft2. gregal (gre'gal), a. [< L. grex (greg-), a flock, +-al.] Pertaining to a flock. Bailey. gregarian (grē-gā ́ri-an), a. [As gregari-ous + specifically, belonging to the herd or common sort; ordinary. [Rare.] greenwithe (grēn'with), n. The Vanilla cla-grot, grut, m., grote, f., OHG. gruoz, MHG.an.] Of or pertaining to a herd; gregarious; viculata, a climbing orchid of Jamaica, with a long terete stem. greenwood (grēn'wúd), n. [<ME. grene wood, greene wode.] 1. A wood or forest when green, as in summer. Now she must to the grenewood gang, Lord Dingwall (Child's Ballads, I. 288). 2. Wood which has acquired a green tint under the pathological influence of the fungus Peziza. greeny (gre'ni), a. [< green1 + -y1.] Greenish; having a green hue. Great, greeny, dark masses of colour-solemn feeling of the freshness and depth of nature. Ruskin. greeny (grē ́ni), n.; pl. greenies (-niz). [Dim. of green1.] 1. A greenhorn; a simpleton. [Colloq.] I asked Jim Smith where his place was. Jim said I was a greeny, ... [and] that he had a lot of houses. Congregationalist, April 7, 1887. 2. A freshman. [Colloq.] He was entered among the Greenies of this famous UniSouthey, The Doctor, ch. 1. versity [Leyden]. 3. Same as greenfinch, 1. Also spelled greeney. greepet, n. A variant of grip1, gripe1. See greel and greese2. greest, n. A fayr mynstyr men may ther se, Latimer, 2d Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549, O then, sweet sonne, I'd ne're disjoyn'd have been From thy sweet greets. Vicars, tr. of Virgil (1632). greet2 (grēt), v. i. [Sc. also greit; < ME. greten, AS. gratan, grētan = Icel. grăta = Sw. gråta = Dan. græde = Goth. gretan, weep.] To weep; cry. [Obsolete or prov. Eng. and Scotch.] "Bi Goddez self," quoth Gawayn, "I wyl nauther grete ne grone." Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), l. 2157. For wante of it I grone and grete. Rom. of the Rose, 1. 4116. Sae loud's he heard his young son greet, But and his lady mane. Sweet Willie (Child's Ballads, II. 94). [< ME. grete, weeping; from greet2 (grēt), n. the verb. Cf. ME. grot, ‹ Ïcel. grātr = Sw. gråt Dan. graad = Goth. grēts, weeping.] Weeping; crying; a cry; complaint. [Obsolete or prov. Eng. and Scotch.] = Thare saw he als with huge grete and murning, greet3 (grēt), n. An obsolete or dialectal form [William] went a-zen themperour with wel glade chere. The gregarian soldiers and gross of the army is well af fected to him. Howell, Letters, iii. 1. gregarianism (grē-gā'ri-an-izm), n. [< grega rian + -ism.] The practice of gathering or living in flocks or companies. This tendency to gregarianism is nowhere more manifest. Truth, Oct. 13, 1881. Gregarina (greg-a-rī′nä), n. [NL., L. gregarius, gregarious, + -ina.] 1. The typical genus of the Gregarinidæ. G. gigantea, the gregarine of the lobster, attains a length of two thirds of an inch.-2. [l. c.; pl. gregarina (-nē).] One of the Gregarinida; a gregarine. The gregarina have a peculiar mode of multiplication, gation. A single gregarina (or two which have become sometimes preceded by a process which resembles conjuapplied together) surrounds itself with a structureless cyst. The nucleus disappears, and the protoplasm breaks up... into small bodies, each of which acquires a spindie-shaped case, and is known as a pseudo navicella. On the bursting of the cyst these bodies are set free, and the contained protoplasm escapes as a small active body like a Protamoba. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 87. rina.] I. a. Having the characters of a gregagregarine (greg'a-rin), a. and n. [< NL. gregarina; pertaining to the Gregarinidæ. II. n. One of the Gregarinidæ. gregarinid (grē-gar’i-nid), n. One of the Gregarinide; a gregarine. Gregarinida (greg-a-rin'i-dä), n. pl. [NL., < widest sense, as a class of protozoans, divided Gregarina + -ida.]" The Gregarinidæ, in the into Monocystidea or simple-celled gregarines, and Dicystidea or septate gregarines: nearly synonymous with Sporozoa (which see). See Gregarinidæ, Gregarinidea. Also called Cyto |