Garrulax uncertain affinities, referred to the Corvida, or the Pycnonotida, or the Timeliida. Sixteen species range over India to the Himalayas, and extend into Ceylon, Formosa, Sumatra, and Java. G. leucolophus is the laughing-crow of India. Also Garrulaxis. Garrulinæ (gar-ö-li'nē), n. pl. [NL., <Garrulus +-ine.] A subfamily of Corvida, containing the jays and pies; the garruline birds. The distinction from Corvina is not obvious in all cases, but the Garrulina are usually smaller birds, with shorter wings and longer tail, of greater activity and more arboreal habits than crows, and when on the ground usually move by hopping instead of walking. There are many genera and numerous species of these birds, of which blue is the characteristic color, and they are found in most parts of the world. garruline (gar'ö-lin), a. Having the characters of the Garrulina; like a jay or pie. garrulity (ga-rö'li-ti), n. [= F. garrulité = It. garrulita, L. garrulita(t-)s, garrulus, garrulous: see garrulous.] The quality of being garrulous; talkativeness; loquacity. Mobility of tongue may rise into garrulity. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 664. Dwelling with fond garrulity on the virtuous days of the patriarchs. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 147. garrulous (gar'ö-lus), a. [Sp. garrulo = Pg. It. garrulo, L. garrulus, chattering, prattling, talkative, garrire, chatter, prattle, talk. Cf. Gr. ynpve, Doric yapiew, speak, cry, Ir. gairim, I bawl, shout, E. call: see call1.] Talkative; prating; loquacious; specifically, given to talking much and with much minuteness and repetition of unimportant or trivial details. His [Leigh Hunt's] style. . . is well suited for light, garrulous, desultory ana. Macaulay, Comic Dramatists of the Restoration. =Syn. Loquacious, etc. (see talkative); prattling, babbling. garrulously (gar'ö-lus-li), adv. In a garrulous or talkative manner; chatteringly. To whom the little novice garrulously, garrulousness (gar'ö-lus-nes), n. ness. Garrulus (gar'ö-lus), n. [NL. (Brisson, 1760), <L. garrulus, chattering: see garrulous.] The typical genus of jays of the subfamily Garrulina. It was formerly coextensive with the subfamily, but is now restricted to the group of which the common crested jay of Europe, G. glandarius, is the best-known example. See cut under jay. garrupa (ga-rö'pä), n. [Appar. a native Spanish-American name, of which grooper or grouper is an E. accommodation.] A grouper or grooper: applied to several different fishes, as scorpænids and serranids, particularly to Sebastichthys nebulosus and S. atrovirens of the California coast. Garrya (gar'i-ä), n. [NL., named after Garry, of the Hudson's Bay Company, who facilitated Douglas's botanical researches in northwestern America.] A genus of evergreen shrubs, of the order Cornacea (originally placed by itself in an order Garryacea), natives of North America from Oregon to Mexico and Texas, and of the West Indies. There are about a dozen species, with opposite leaves and dioecious flowers in catkin-like spikes. G. elliptica, from California, is cultivated in England for ornament. = = = = garter (gär'tér), n. [< ME. garter, gartere, < I vow'd, base knight, when I did meet thee next, 6. A semicircular key in a bench-vise.-7. In printing, an iron band which prevented the splitting of the wooden box that resisted the impression-spindle of the old form of handpress.- Garter king-at-arms (often abbreviated to Garter), the chief herald of the Order of the Garter, who is also, under the authority of the earl marshal, the principal king-at-arms in England.-Order of the Garter, the highest order of knighthood in Great Britain, consisting of the sovereign, the Prince of Wales, and twenty-four knights companions, and open, in addition, to such Eng: lish princes and foreign sovereigns as may be chosen, and sometimes to extra companions chosen for special reasons, so that the whole order usually numbers about fifty. Formerly the knights companions were elected by the body itself, but since the reign of George III. appointments have been made by the sovereign. The order, at first (and still sometimes) called the Order of St. George, was insti Order of the Garter.- Star, Collar, and George. gas less and very pretty species of a greenish or brownish color with long yellow stripes. Two of the most abundant and best known are E. sirtalis and E. saurita; there are many more. See cut under Eutania. garth1 (gärth), n. [< ME. garth, <Icel. gardhr, a. yard, court, garden, = AS. geard, E. yard2: garth1.] 1. A close; a yard; a garden. see yard2 and garden, which are doublets of Ferre fro thi garth, thyne orchard, and thi vynes. Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 37. Caught at his hand, and wrung it passionately, And past into the little garth beyond. Tennyson, Enoch Arden. 2. A dam or weir for catching fish. All & haill the salmon fischeing and vther fische within the watter of Annane-comprehending the garthis and pullis vnder written, viz., the kingis garthis, blak pule, Acts Jas. VI., 1609 (ed. 1814), p. 432. etc. garthman (gärth'man), n.; pl. garthmen (-men). The proprietor of an open weir for taking fish. No fisher, or garth-man, nor any other, of what estate or condition that he be, shall from henceforth put in the waters of Thamise. Quoted in Walton's Complete Angler, p. 62, note. garuba (ga-röʻbä), n. [S. Amer.] The name of a Brazilian cuneate-tailed parrakeet of the genus Conurus, C. luteus, about 144 inches long, and mostly yellow in color. garum (ga'rum), n. [L., Gr. yápov, earlier yápoç, a sauce made of brine and small fish, especially, among the Romans, the scomber.j A fish-sauce much prized by the ancients, made of small fish preserved in a certain kind of pickle; also, a pickle prepared from the gills or the blood of the tunny. Yet is there one kind more of an exquisite and daintie liquor in manner of a dripping called garum, proceeding from the garbage of fishes, and such other offal as commonly the cooke useth to cast away. . . . In old times this sauce was made of that fish which the Greeks called garon. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxxi. 7. garvie (gärʼvi), n. [Sc., also garvock; < Gael. garbhag, a sprat, prob. < garbh, thick, coarse, rough.] A sprat; also, a pilchard. Also garvie-herring. = tuted by Edward III. some time between 1344 and 1350, garvock (gär'vok), n. Same as garvie. the uncertainty arising from the early loss of all its origi: garzetta (gär-zet'ä), n. [NL., <It. garzetta (< nal records. Its purpose has been supposed to have been Sp. garceta Pg. garçota), dim. of garza, < Sp. probably fictitious, King Edward III. picked up a garter 1. An old name of a small white heron or egret. at first only temporary. According to the common legend, garza = Pg. garça, a white heron, an egret.] dropped by the Countess of Salisbury at a ball, and placed-2. [cap.] A genus of small white egrets. G. it on his own knee, with the words to his courtiers, remal y pense (shamed be he who thinks evil of it). To this sponse to the notice taken of the incident, Honi soit qui incident the foundation, the name, and the motto of the order are usually ascribed. The insignia of the order are the garter, a blue ribbon of velvet edged with gold and having a gold buckle, worn on the left leg; the badge, called the George or great George, a figure of St. George killing the dragon, pendent from the collar of gold, which has twenty-six pieces, each representing a coiled garter; the lesser George, worn on a broad blue ribbon over the left shoulder; and the star of eight points, of silver, having in the middle the cross of St. George encircled by the gar ter. The vesture consists of a mantle of blue velvet lined with white taffeta, a hood and surcoat of crimson velvet, feathers, having in the center a tuft of black heron-feaand a hat of black velvet with a plume of white ostrichthers. When the sovereign is a woman, she wears the ribbon on the left arm.-Prick the garter. See fast and loose, under fast1. garter (gär'ter), v. t. [< ME. garteren, < garter, n.] 1. To bind with a garter. With a linen stock on one leg, and a kersey boot-hose on the other, gartered with a red and blue list. Shak., T. of the S., iii. 2. Nay, I have taken occasion to garter my Stockings before him, as if unawares of him. Wycherley, Gentleman Dancing-Master, iv. 1. 2. To invest with the garter, as a member of the Order of the Garter. "Tis the rich banker wins the fair, See Garter king garter-fish (gär'ter-fish), n. scabbard-fish (which see). Garter-king (gärʼter-king), n. at-arms, under garter. garter-plate (gär'ter-plat), n. A plate of gilt copper upon which the arms of a knight of the garter are engraved, and which is fixed in the back of the stall of the knight in St. George's Chapel, Windsor. See stall-plate. garter-ring (gär'ter-ring), n. A finger-ring made in imitation of a strap passing through a buckle and held by its tongue. Such rings dating from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and even earlier, are not uncommon. They have no relation to the Order of the Garter, but generally bear some religious motto. garter-snake (gär'tér-snāk), n. The common name in the United States of the grass-snakes or ribbon-snakes of the genus Eutania, harm Snowy Heron (Garzetta candidissima). nivea is the common European species. G. candidissima is the corresponding American form. gas (gas), n. [A word invented by the Belgian chemist Van Helmont (died 1644), who expressly says "Hune spiritum, incognitum hactenus, novo nomine gas voco" (this vapor, hitherto unknown, I call by a new name, gas). The word came into general use: D. G. Dan. Sw. gas, F. Pg. gaz, Sp. It. gas, Russ. gasu, Hind. gās, etc. Various guesses have been made at the word which might possibly have suggested the ghost), spirit; G. gäscht, froth, foam; Sw. gasa, particular syllable gas, as D. geest (AS. gäst, E. ferment, efferversce; F. gaze, gauze, etc.] 1. A substance possessing perfect molecular mobility and the property of indefinite expansion. The term was originally synonymous with air, but was afterward applied to substances supposed (but wrongly see below) to be incapable of reduction to a liquid or solid state. In accordance with this use a gas was defined to be a permanently elastic fluid or air differing from common air. According to the kinetic theory of gases, now accepted, the molecules of a gas are in a state of rapid motion in right lines, constantly colliding with one another and with the walls of any containing vessel, and hence exerting pressure against them. For example, in the case of air at ordinary temperatures it is calculated that the average velocity of gun. If a gas is compressed into less volume, the number of impacts against the sides of the containing vessel is in the molecules is about that of a rifle-bullet as it leaves the gas creased, and hence the pressure or tension increases, and conversely (Boyle's law). The temperature, according to this theory, is the average kinetic energy of a molecule; hence, increased temperature brings increased momentum, and so increased pressure on the walls of the vessel. This theory also explains many of the phenomena of viscosity, diffusion, etc. By increased pressure and diminished temperature (at least below the critical point) any gas can be reduced to the liquid form, the amount of pressure and degree of cold required differing widely with different gases. The so-called fixed or permanent gases, which were long supposed to be incoercible, as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc., yield only to extreme conditions of cold and pressure. There is no essential difference between a gas and a vapor (see vapor), but for convenience the latter name is given to the gaseous form of substances which under the ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure are liquids or solids. Vapors and the gases most easily liquefied deviate most widely from Boyle's law, that the volume is inversely proportional to the pressure, and also from the law of the constant increment of expansion with increase of temperature. Gases are distinguished from liquids by the name of elastic fluids, because of their power of indefinite expansion. (See liquid.) The number of gaseous bodies is great, and they differ greatly in their chemical properties. They are all, however, susceptible of combining chemically with fluid and solid substances. Some of them are of great importance in the arts and manufactures, as, for example, carbonic acid or carbon dioxid, sulphurous acid or sulphur dioxid, and coal-gas. Gases are ordinarily invisible. That such subterraneal steams will easily mingle with liquors, and imbue them with their own qualities, may be inferred from the experiment of mixing the gas (as the Helmontians call it), or the scarce coagulable fumes of kindled and extinguished brimstone, with wine, which is thereby long preserved. Boyle, Origin and Virtues of Gems, ii. Gases are distinguished from other forms of matter, not only by their power of indefinite expansion so as to fill any vessel, however large, and by the great effect which heat has in dilating them, but by the uniformity and sim plicity of the laws which regulate their changes. Clerk Maxwell, Heat, p. 31. Specifically-2. In coal-mining, any explosive mixture of fire-damp with common air.-3. In popular language, a compound of various gases, used for illuminating and heating purposes. It is some form of carbureted hydrogen artificially made and distributed by pipes to points of consumption. The common kind is coal-gas, obtained from bituminous coals by carbonization in retorts at a high temperature. A carbureted hydrogen gas, called water-gas, resulting from the passing of steam through a mass of incandescent carbon and the subsequent admixture of hydrocarbons or other enriching substances, is also used. Oil-gas is an illuminating gas obtained by the distilling at high temperature of petroleum or other liquid hydrocarbons. 4. A gas-light: as, the gas is dim; turn down the gas. [Colloq.]-5. Empty or idle talk; frothy speech; rant. [Colloq.] "Tis odd that our people should have not water on the brain, but a little gas there. Emerson. Absorption of gases. See absorption.— Diffusion of gases. See diffusion.-Effusion of gases. See effusion. Gas-liquor, liquor separated by condensers from crude coal-gas in the process of manufacture. It contains in solution a number of ammonium compounds which would diminish the illuminating power of the gas, and from which ammonium sulphate and chlorid are manufactured. -Natural gas, combustible gas formed naturally in the earth. It is sometimes found issuing through crevices, but is generally obtained by boring. Natural gas has long been used in western China and elsewhere. It has been found in great abundance in western Pennsylvania and the adjoining region of New York, as also to a limited extent in Ohio, Indiana, and West Virginia. It was first utilized in New York in 1821, and began about 1874 to be of importance commercially, especially in the vicinity of leum are obtained in quantity, and the conditions of their Pittsburgh. The area over which natural gas and petrooccurrence, are in most respects essentially the same, but the principal source of the gas in Ohio and Indiana is a formation lower down in the geological series than that furnishing it in Pennsylvania. In the former States the gas comes from the Trenton limestone, a group belonging to the Lower Silurian; in the latter, from the Devonian. The natural gas burned at Pittsburgh contains about 67 per cent. of marsh-gas, 22 of hydrogen, 5 of an ethylene compound, 3 of nitrogen, together with a small percentage of carbonic acid, carbonic oxid, oleflant gas, and oxygen.-Rock-gas. Same as natural gas. gas (gas), v.; pret. and pp. gassed, ppr. gassing. [< gas, n.] I. trans. 1. To remove loose filaments from (net, lace, etc.) by passing the material between rollers and exposing it to the action of a large number of minute jets of gas. -2. To talk nonsense or falsehood to; impose upon by wheedling, frothy, or empty speech. [Slang.] Found that Fairspeech only wanted to gas me, which he did pretty effectually. Sketches of Williams College, p. 72. But in all the rest, he's gassin' you. Scribner's Mag., IV. 219. II. intrans. To indulge in "gas" or empty talk; talk nonsense. [Slang.] gasalier (gas-a-ler'), n. See gaselier. gas-analyzer (gas'an"a-li-zér), n. An instrument for indicating the presence and quantity of the gases resulting from the destructive dis tillation of coal. gas-bag (gas'bag), n. 1. A bag for holding gas, as for the use of dentists or for a lime gas. 2461 light.-2. A cylindrical bag of some gas-tight it can be filled with air from an air-pump. It is material fitted with a tube and valve so that used to close a gas-main during repairs, by inserting it in the pipe when empty, and then blowing it up till it fills the pipe completely, and serves as a check or stop for the 3. A boastful, loquacious person; a conceited gabbler. [Colloq. and vulgar.] A form of volgas-battery (gas bat ̋er-i), n. taic battery, invented by Grove, in which the cell consists of two glass tubes, in each of which is fused a platinum electrode covered with finely divided platinum and provided with binding-screws above. One of the tubes is partially filled with hydrogen and the other with oxygen, and both are inverted over dilute sulphuric acid. The platinum electrodes occlude part of the gases, and then play the part of the zinc and copper plates in an ordinary voltaic cell. gas-black (gas'blak), n. from burning gas. A pigment obtained See black, n. Give the wood a coat of size and lampblack, and then use gas-black in your polish-rubber. Workshop Receipts, 2d ser., p. 261. The operagas-bleaching (gas'blē ̋ching), n. tion of bleaching by means of sulphur dioxid. gas-boiler (gas boiler), n. 1. A steam-boiler with which gas is used as fuel.-2. A small boiler for household use heated by gas. gas-bracket (gas' brak"et), n. A pipe, frequently curved or jointed, projecting from the wall of a room, the body of a gaselier, etc., for the distribution of illuminating gas. The burner is fitted upon it. A buoy having a large gas-buoy (gas boi), n. chamber filled with compressed gas and carrying a lamp. By the action of suitable valves the gas tuting a floating beacon. can be made to burn in the lamp for many weeks, consti gas-burner (gas'bėr❝nėr), n. The tip or armature of a gas-burning lamp or bracket, through which the gas is caused to issue for consumption. a Gas-burners are made in many shapes and types, but in all the object is to insure the complete exposure of the burning gas to a fresh supply of oxygen, and thus to obtain the greatest amount of light with the least expenditure of gas. The resulting flames assume the fancied forms of beaks, bats' wings, fish-tails, cockspurs, etc., whence the dif ferent forms of burners have received distinctive names. The material used to tip or form the tops of the burners has also given names to them, as the lava-tip burner. See burner.- Argand gasburner, a gas-burner made to produce a flame on the principle of that of the Argand lamp (which see, under lamp).-Intensive gas-burner, a multiple gas-burner formed by a number of bat's-wing burners arranged circularly about the supply-pipe. The flames meet and form a continuous sheet of flame. Gas-burners. a, cockspur burner; b, bat's-wing burner; c, Argand burner. Solid carbon gas-carbon (gas'kär" bọn), n. formed in gas-retorts. See carbon. Also called in England gas-cinders and gas-coke. gas-check (gas'chek), n. A device for preventing the escape of gas through the vent or around the breech-mechanism which closes the rear ing small-arm, machine-gun, or cannon. In smallend of the bore or chamber of any breech-loadarms the metallic cartridge-case, copper or brass, serves as an effective gas-check. (See obturation, obturator, fermeture.) The Broadwell gas-check consists of a curved steel or copper ring and a circular bearing-plate slightly с Freire Gas-check. AA, breech-block; BB, expanding bolt and bolt-head; CC, expanding steel ring or gas-check; S, spiral spring; D, check-nut and set-screw. hollowed out. The curved ring is fitted into a counterbore or recess in the rear end of the bore or chamber, and is held firmly in position by the breech-closing appa ratus carrying the bearing-plate. The ring is self-adjusting in its seat, and the bearing-plate is easily adjusted. On firing, the gas expands the lip of the ring against the A, rear elevation of ring; B, section of bore, ring, and bearingplate; a a, section and elevation of ring; b, bore of gun; c, section of bearing-plate; dd, walls of gun. walls of the chamber, and this expansion prevents the escape of gas. The Krupp guns are furnished with this device. gas-coal (gas ́kōl), n. Any coal suitable for making illuminating gas. See coal. A company gas-company (gasʻkum pa-ni), n. formed to supply gas to a community for illuminating or other purposes, generally at a certain rate per 1,000 feet. gas-compressor (gas'kom-pres ̋or), n. A pump used to compress coal-gas into portable reservoirs, as for railroad-cars. Gascon (gas'kon), n. [< F. Gascon, < L. Vas co(-), usually in pl. Vascones, an inhabitant of Vasconia, now Gascony. Cf. Basque.] 1. A native of Gascony, a former province of southwestern France, now divided into several departments.-2. A boaster or braggart; a vainglorious person: from the reputation of the See gasconade.- Gascon wine, a name formerly given Gascons as a race for extreme boastfulness. to wine brought into England from the south of France, especially red wine: nearly corresponding to the modern claret or Bordeaux. gasconade (gas-ko-nād'), n. [<F. gasconade, < Gascon, an inhabitant of Gascony: see Gascon.] A boast or boasting; vaunt; bravado; vaunting or boastful talk. His great volubility and inimitable manner of speaking, as well as the great courage he showed on those occasions, did sometimes betray him into that figure of speech which is commonly distinguished by the name of gasconade. Tatler, No. 115. These brilliant expeditions too often evaporated in a mere border fray, or in an empty gasconade under the walls of Granada. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 3. gasconade (gas-ko-nād′), v. i.; pret. and pp. gasconaded, ppr. gasconading. [<gasconade,n.] To boast; brag; vaunt; bluster. Or let the reader represent to himself the miserable charlatanerie of a gasconading secretary affecting to place himself upon a level with Cæsar, by dictating to three amanuenses at once. De Quincey, Plato. gasconader (gas-ko-nā ́dėr), n. A great boaster. An appagas-condenser (gas'kon-den sér), n. ratus through which coal-gas for illuminating purposes is passed as it comes from the retorts, to free it from tar. The hot gas is made to traverse a series of convoluted pipes in a chamber filled with cold water, causing the precipitation of the tar, which can then be drawn off by suitable devices. The gas passes from the condenser to the washer. gascoynest, n. pl. Same as galligaskins. Beau. and Fl. [A bad spelling of gascromh (gas'krōm), n. caschrom.] See caschrom. Even the savage Highlandmen, in Caithness and Sutherland, can make more work, and better, with their gascromh, or whatever they call it. Scott, Pirate, ii. gas-drain (gas ́drān), n. In coal-mining, a heading driven in a coal-mine for the special purpose of carrying off fire-damp from the goaf, or from any working. [Eng.] gaseity (ga-se'i-ti), n. [< gase-ous+ -ity.] The state of being gaseous. gaselier (gas-e-lēr'), n. [< gas + -elier, in barbarous imitation of chandelier.] A chandelier adapted for burning gas instead of candles. See chandelier. Also written gasalier. As we both entered the drawing-room, we found Bell standing right under the central gaselier, which was pouring its rays down on her wealth of golden-brown hair. W. Black, Phaeton, iii. gas-engine (gas'en" jin), n. An engine in which motion is communicated to the piston by the alternate admission and condensation of gas in a closed cylinder. With a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, or of coal-gas and air, the condensation is effected by means of explosion with an electric spark or a gas-jet; with ammonia the gas is alternately expanded by heat and condensed by cold water. Many forms of gas-engines have been invented. Also called gas-motor. gas-engineer (gas'en-ji-nēr"), n. In a theater, etc., one who directs the application and use of gas and other media of artificial illumination. The gas-engineer, a functionary who in a modern theatrical establishment of the first rank must also be an electrician. Scribner's Mag., IV. 440. gaseous gaseous (gas'ē-us), a. [< gas-e-ous; = Sp. gaseoso. Cf. It. gasoso = F. gazeux.] 1. În the form of gas or an aëriform fluid; of the nature of gas. to us. tance. The substance employed [in the principle of muscular motion], whether it be fluid, gaseous, elastic, electrical, or none of these, or nothing resembling these, is unknown Paley, Nat. Theol., vii. Oxygen and nitrogen are examples of gases which are not known in any other than the gaseous condition. Huxley, Physiography, p. 87. 2. Figuratively, wanting substance or solidity; flimsy. Unconnected, gaseous information. Sir J. Stephen. gaseousness (gas'e-us-nes), n. The state or quality of being gaseous. gas-field (gas'feld), n. A region or area of territory from which natural gas is obtained in sufficient quantity to be of economical imporgas-fitter (gas'fit"èr), n. One whose business is the fitting up of buildings, etc., with all the requisites for the use of illuminating gas. gas-fixture (gas'fiks tur), n. A permanent apparatus for the burning of illuminating gas, including a burner or set of burners and the tube connecting it with a gas-pipe, a key or keys for turning the flow of gas off or on, etc. See gasbracket and gaselier. gas-furnace (gas 'fer" nas), n. 1. A furnace heated by the combustion of gas.-2. A furnace for distilling gas from coal or some other gas-gage (gas'gāj), n. An instrument for ascertaining the pressure of gas, generally consisting of a bent graduated tube containing water or mercury, open at one end and with the other screwed into the vessel containing the gas. form of carbon. gas-globe (gas'glob), n. A globe of glass or Also called gas-regulator. Gashed with honourable scars, Montgomery, Battle of Alexandria. speare. J. Udall, On Luke xxiv. Ought we, like madmen, to tear off the plasters that the lenient hand of prudence had spread over the wounds and gashes which in our delirium of ambition we had given to our own body? Burke, Speech at Bristol, 1780. The dell, upon the mountain's crest, Yawned like a gash on warrior's breast. Scott, L. of the L., iii. 26. gash2 (gash), a. [Sc.; supposed to be an abbre- He was a gash and faithfu' tyke Good claret best keeps out the cauld, 3. Trim; well dressed. Here farmers gash, in ridin' graith, [Scotch in all uses.] gash2 (gash), v. i. [ gash2, a., 2.] To con- She lea'es them gashin' at their cracks, Burns, Halloween. The present system of gaslighting. Elect. Rev. (Amer.), XII. 4. gas-lime (gas'lim), n. Lime that has been used as a filter for the purification of illuminating gas. gas-heater (gas'heter), n. 1. A group of gas- gas-lighted (gas'li'ted), a. Lighted by means expression) of her present life. By all that is hirsute and gashly. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, v. 215. All that has lived must die, and all that is dead must The bluish-green mass which is produced in the purifi- gas-man (gas'man), n. 1. A man employed in definite quantity of gas, which is admitted through a pipe of the partitions of the chambers, causes the drum to maintain a constant revolution. This sets in motion a train of wheels carrying the hands over the dials which mark the quantity of gas passing. The dry meter consists of two or three chambers, each divided by a flexible partition or diaphragm, by the motion of which the capacity on one side is diminished, while that on the other is increased. By means of slide-valves, like those of a steam engine, worked by the movement of the diaphragms, the gas to be measured passes alternately in and out of each space. The contractions and expansions set in motion the clockwork which marks the rate of consumption. The diaphragms in all the chambers are so connected that they move in concert. Life of Pasteur, tr. by Lady Claud Hamilton, p. 41. gas-indicator (gas'in "di-ka-tor), n. An instru- gas-motor (gas'motor), n. Same as gas-engine. ment for indicating the pressure of gas in a pipe, or the presence of fire-damp in a mine. gas-jet (gas'jet), n. 1. A spout of flame issuing from a gas-burner.-2. A gas-burner. gasket (gas ket), n. [Appar. corrupted from F. garcette, a gasket, a cat-o'-nine-tails, < Sp. garceta, a gasket, hair which falls in locks on the temples; origin unknown. The It. gaschetta, a of several bands of sennit or canvas, or small gasket, appears to be from E.] 1. Naut., one lines, used to bind the sails to the yards, gaffs, or masts when furled. Also called casket. Here, too, we had our southeaster tacks aboard again, kets. -slip-ropes, buoy-ropes,... and rope-yarns for gaskets. The flanch on which this cover rests is grooved a little If one break, the other will hold; or, if both break, your The gas-light wavers dimmer. = Gas-motors, which are employed in a certain measure, have rendered electric lighting economical. Hospitalier, Electricity (trans.), p. 264. gasogene (gas'ō-jēn), n. Same as gazogene. gasolene, gasoline (gas'o-len, -lin), n. [< gas +-ol+-ene, -ine2.] The lightest volatile liquid product commonly obtained from the distillation of petroleum. Its specific gravity is .629 to.6673 ing air or gas in gas-machines or carbureters. (95° to 80 B.). It is used in vapor-stoves, and for saturat[= F. gazomètre gasometer (gas-om'e-tér), n. Sp. gasometro = Pg. gazometro = It. gasometro D. G. Dan. Sw. gasometer; as gas + Gr. μérpov, a measure.] 1. In chem.: (a) An instrument or apparatus intended to measure, collect, preserve, or mix different gases. (b) An instrument for measuring the quantity of gas employed in any chemical experiment.-2. A reservoir or storehouse for gas, especially for the ordinary illuminating gas produced in gasworks, which supplies the various pipes employed in lighting streets and houses. The main part of the structure is a cylindrical gas-holder, formed of riveted sheet-iron plates braced internally, closed at the = gasometer upper end, and resting at the open lower end in a masonry or brickwork water-tank of corresponding form, in which it rises or falls according to the amount of gas passing into or out of it. The holder (often more than 100 feet in diameter, and sometimes made in telescoping sections) is suspended from a heavy framework by chains passing over pulleys and terminating in partially counterbalancing weights, which aid in regulating the pressure. The name gas-holder is often used for the whole structure, as more appropriate than gasometer, since it is not in any sense a meter. gasometric (gas-o-met'rik), a. [As gasometer +-ic.] Of or pertaining to gasometry or the measurement of gases. Gasometric analysis, in chem., the process of separating and estimating the relative proportions of the constituents of a gaseous body. This is effected either by the action of absorbents, as on gas contained in a eudiometer, or by exploding the gas with oxygen and observing the volunies before and after explosion. = = gasometry (gas-om'e-tri), n. [= F. gazométrie Sp. gasometría Pg. gazometria; as gasometery.] The science, art, or practice of measuring gases. gasoscope (gas'ō-skōp), n. [< gas + Gr. σкоπεiv, view.] An instrument for indicating the presence of gas in buildings, mines, etc. An oven heated by gas-oven (gas'uv'n), n. jets of burning gas. gasp (gasp), v. [< ME. gaspen, gayspen, < Icel. geispa =Sw. gäspa, dial. gispa, yawn, = Dan. gispe, gasp. Cf. LG. japsen, yawn, which suggests that gasp stands for *gaps (cf. clasp, MË. clapsen, hasp, dial. haps, etc.), a deriv. of gape; but this does not suit the Scand. forms; Icel. gapa could not produce geispa.] I. intrans. 1. To labor for breath with open mouth; respire convulsively; pant with great effort. 2463 gaspingly (gås ́ping-li), adv. In a gasping manner; with gasps. gas-pipe (gas'pip), n. A pipe for the conveyance of gas. 66 gas-plant (gas plant), n. 1. A name of the fraxinella, Dictamnus Fraxinella: so called from its exhalation of an inflammable vapor.-2. An establishment or plant" for the manufacture and supply of gas; a gas-works with all the necessary adjuncts, as street-mains, offices, etc. gas-plate (gas plat), n. A slightly hollowed hardened steel disk set in the face of the sliding-block of the Krupp breech-mechanism to receive the direct force of the powder-gases. gas-plot (gas'plot), n. In theaters, a diagram prepared by the gas-engineer for each act in a play, upon which is plotted a plan of the scene, with the positions of all pockets and lights, the names of the men stationed at them, and a memorandum of the duties and cues of each. gas-pore (gas'por), n. A cavity in a mineral containing gas-bubbles. Sorby. See inclusion. gas-port (gas'port), n. A port used in the man"plugs" and hydrants are ter as in summer. used for water. agement of gas, as Around natural gas-ports grass has been green all win. New York Semi-weekly Tribune, March 11, 1887. gas-purifier (gas'pū ̋ri-fi-ér), n. In gas-making, an apparatus for freeing the gas from sulphur compounds, and through which the gas is caused to flow as it comes from the gas-washer or scrubber. One form is the wet-lime purifier, in which the gas traverses a number of chambers partially filled with a creamy mixture of lime and water, through which it bubbles. In the dry-lime purifier moistened hydrate of lime is placed on iron trays, through which the gas is filtered. In other purifiers hydrated sesquioxid of iron and other materials are substituted for the lime. After the action of the purifier, the gas is ready for use. gas-range (gas'rānj), n. A cooking-stove or range in which gas is used as fuel. 2. To desire with eagerness; crave vehe- gas-register (gas'rej ̋is-tėr), n. An apparatus mently. for recording the pressure of gas. It is a cylinder covered with paper, and made to revolve by clockwork. Time is indicated by vertical graduations on the paper, while the pressure of the gas in the mains controls a pen cil, the point of which rests against the cylinder, and records in a rising and falling line the changes in pressure. Same as For thee I longde to liue, for thee nowe welcome death; And welcome be that happie pang, that stops my gasping breath. Gascoigne, Flowers, In Trust is Treason. Those rugged names to our like mouths grow sleek, That would have made Quintilian stare and gasp. Milton, Sonnets, vi. Quenching the gasping furrowes thirst with rayne. To gasp for or after, to pant, strain, or long for: as, to gasp for breath; to gasp for or after freedom. The Castilian and his wife had the comfort to be under the same master; who, seeing how dearly they loved one another, and gasped after liberty, demanded a most exorbitant price for their ransom. Spectator, No. 198. II. trans. To emit or utter gaspingly: with away, forth, out, etc. And long was it not ere they gasped vp the goste. Sir T. More, Cumfort against Tribulation (1573), fol. 42. She couldn't see even her children's faces, though we heard her gasping out their names. Dickens. gasp (gåsp), n. [= Icel. geispi = Dan. gisp; from the verb.] The act of catching the breath with open mouth; labored respiration; a short, convulsive catching of the breath. Egelred shortly gaue A quiet gaspe or twaine, Warner, Albion's England, iv. 22. Congreve, On Mrs. A. Hunt, Singing. Fletcher (and another), Elder Brother, v. 1. The Rebellion seems once more at its last gasp; the Duke is marched, and the rebels fly before him, in the utmost want of money. Walpole, Letters, II. 15. gasparillo (gas-pa-ril'o), n. [W. Ind.] 1. In Trinidad, the wood of a species of Licania, a rosaceous genus resembling Chrysobalanus.-2. In Jamaica, a species of Esenbeckia, a rutaceous genus, the bark of which has tonic properties. gasping (gas'ping), n. [Verbal n. of gasp, v.] A convulsive effort of breathing. Wounds, shrieks, and gaspings are his proud delight, gas-regulator (gas'reg"-la-tor), n. gas-governor. gas-retort (gas're-tôrt"), n. A chamber in which carbonaceous matter is distilled to produce illuminating gas. gas-ring (gas'ring), n. In some forms of breechloading firearms, a gas-check consisting of a thin steel or copper plate perforated to the exact size of the caliber of the gun, and serving as a face-plate to the breech-block. The chamber of the breech-block is larger than the hole in the plate, so that when a charge explodes in the gun the gas from the explosion flies back into the chamber, forcing the plate or ring forward against the breech of the gun. gas-sand (gas'sand), n. Sandstone yielding natural gas. The various beds of sandstone in the gas and petroleum region of Pennsylvania are frequently called sands. The Sheffield gas-sand, the lowest in Warren Co., is of Chemung age. Amer. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXVI. 309. Gasserian (ga-se'ri-an), a. Of or pertaining to the German physician Gasserius (1505-77): as, the Gasserian ganglion, often mistakenly called the Casserian. See ganglion. gassing (gas'ing), n. [Verbal n. of gas, v.] 1. The process of singeing lace, cotton, yarn, etc., to remove the hairy filaments. ments. Gasteromycetes gassy (gas'i), a. [< gas +-y1.] 1. Pertaining to, characteristic of, or containing gas; gaseous. A kind of fuel that does not burn with a bright gassy flame. Huxley, Physiography, p. 244. 2. Given to "gas" or "gassing"; prone to conceited, boastful, or high-flown talk: as, a gassy fellow. [Slang.] Gassy politicians in Congress. N. A. Rev., CXLIII. 220. gast1t, n. A Middle English form of ghost. gast2 (gåst), v. t. [ ME. gasten (pret. gaste, pp. gasted, gast), frighten, make afraid, also in comp. agasten (pret. agaste, pp. agasted, usually agast, > mod. E. agast, misspelled aghast), AS. gastan, frighten, found only once in pret. pl. gaston ("Hie gaston Godes cempan gare and lige," they afflicted God's champions with spear and flame (with fire and sword')Juliana, 17) = G. dial. (Bav.) geisten, afflict, make afraid; prob. not connected, as is commonly understood, with AS. gäst, E. ghost (as if 'terrify by a ghostly apparition'), but rather formed, with deriv. -t, from the root (√ gais) of Goth. us-gaisjan, make afraid, us-geisnan, be amazed, prob. akin to L. hærere, stick fast, adhere, the connecting notion appearing in the expressions to root to the spot with terror,' 'to transfix with terror,' 'to stand transfixed with astonishment,' etc. Hence gaster, and gastly, now usually spelled ghastly: see ghastly, aghast, etc.] To terrify; frighten; strike aghast. Bote Treuthe schal techen ow... I made thee flie, and quickly leave thy hold, Mir. for Mags., p. 120. gas-table (gas'tā ̋bl), n. In a theater, a table and an upright slab near the proscenium on the prompt-side of the stage, upon which are a number of valves and switches whereby the gasengineer controls all the lights in the house. gastaldite (gas-tal'dit), n. [Named after Prof. B. Gastaldi.] A variety of glaucophane. A gas-holder; a gasgas-tank (gas'tangk), n. ometer. gas-tar (gasʼtär), n. Same as coal-tar. gaster (gas'ter), v. t. [Freq. of gast2.] To frighten; scare. [Prov. Eng.] If the fellow be not out of his wits, then will I never have any more wit while I live! Either the sight of the lady has gastered him, or else he's drunk, or else he walks in his sleep. Beau, and Fl., Wit at Several Weapons, ii. 3. gaster2 (gas'tėr), n. [NL., ‹ L. gaster (gaster-, gastr-), Gr. yaσthp (gen. yaorέpos, syncopated yaorpós, in comp. yaorpo-, rarely yaorɛpo-), the belly, stomach, maw, the womb; doubtfully identified with Skt. jathara, the belly, womb, and with L. venter, the belly, womb: see venter1.] The stomach; the belly or abdomen: rarely used alone, but entering into many compounds and derivatives referring to the stomach, abdomen, or abdominal organs, or a part likened thereto. gasteric (gas-ter'ik), a. Same as gastric. Thomas, Med. Dict. The gassing or singeing, in which process the [silk] yarn gastero-. Same as gastro-, combining form of is run continually through a gas flame at a speed carefully gaster2. regulated so that the flame shall burn off the loose fila-Gasterocoma (gas-te-rok'o-mä), n. [NL. (GoldHarper's Mag., LXXI. 250. fuss, 1829). < Gr. yaorhp, stomach, + Kóun, hair.] The typical genus of the family Gasterocomida. Gasterocomida (gas te-rō-komʻi-dē), n. pl. [NL., Gasterocoma+ida.] A family of encrinites or fossil crinoids, found in the Devonian rocks. 2. The act or practice of talking in an idle, empty manner; talking nonsense. [Slang.] gassing-frame (gas'ing-frām), n. An apparatus in which yarns are run off from one bobbin to another and carried through gas-flames in the operation of gassing. A stop-motion is used to draw the yarn out of the flame in case it knots and stops, and thus prevent it from burning off. Gassiot's cascade (gas'i-ots kas-kād'). electrical discharge having the appearance of a cascade passing over the surface of a cup or beaker placed within the receiver of an air pump. An gassoul (ga-söl'), n. [Morocco.] A mineral gasping (gasping), p. a. Convulsive; spasmod- soap exported in considerable quantities from ic, as violent breathing. Gasterolichenes (gas "te-rō-li-kē'nēz), n. pl. [NL., < Gr. yaorhp, stomach, + xiv, lichen.] A small group of plants having algal gonidia and fungal hyphae which form a peridium, and produce spores in the same manner as the Gasteromycetes, especially of Lycoperdon. Two genera and three species are known. Gasteromycetes (gas "te-rō-mi-se'tēz), n. pl. [NL., <Gr. yaothp, stomach, +uins, pl. μintes, mushroom.] In mycology, one of the principal divisions of the Basidiomycetes, characterized by having the hymenium inclosed, lining small cavities, which are formed within a peridium. The principal genera are Geaster (earth-star) and Lycoper don (puffball). Some species of the latter attain a large size. See cut under exoperidium. gasteromycetous gasteropod, gastropod (gas'te-ro-pod, gas'tro- Also gasteropodan, gastropodan. (a) Originally it was considered by some as a section and by others as an order of the mollusks, which were then ranked as a class. Later it was raised to a class and almost universally accepted as such. (1) It has generally been custom ary to include in it all the mollusks with a distinct head and foot developed from the abdominal surface, thus contrasted with the classes Cephalopoda and Pteropoda, (2) By many it has been extended to include all having a head, thus embracing the Pteropoda and excluding only the Cephalopoda. (3) By others it has been restricted to those having a distinct head, abdominal foot, and a spiral, subspiral, or low oval or conic shell or naked body, thus excluding the Scaphopoda. (4) By others still it has been further confined to those having a spiral or subspiral shell or naked body, and a more or less asymmetrical arrangement of the internal organs, the Chitonida and some naked related types being consequently eliminated. Within even the narrowest limits assigned to it, the class is very diversifled. Generally a univalve shell is developed, but in many forms of several orders or suborders the shell is obsolete or entirely absent in the adult. Even in the naked forms, however, the embryo or larva is generally provided with a 2464 gasteropterid, gastropterid (gas-te-rop'-, gas- Gasteropteridæ, Gastropterida (gas'te-rop-, Gasteropteron, Gastropteron (gas-te-rop'-, gastræum Gasterotricha (gas-te-rot'ri-kä), n. pl. Same as Gastrotricha. Gasterozoa, Gastrozoa (gas te-ro-, gas-trozo'ä), n. pl. [NL. (Ficinus and Carus, 1826), Gr. yaorup, stomach, + Cov, animal.] A class of animals: same as Mollusca. [Not used.] gasterozoöid, gastrozoöid (gas te-rō-, gas-trozo ́oid), n. [{ Gr. jaotýp, stomach, + zooid, polyp, as a hydrocoralline, having a mouth and q. v.] An alimentary or nutritive zoöid of a a gastric cavity. H. N. Moseley, 1881. gastful, gastfulness. See ghastful, ghastfulness. gas-tight (gas'tīt), a. Sufficiently tight to prevent the escape of gas: frequently applied to stoppers or other appliances for closing bottles, etc. None but a perfectly gas-tight cartridge would answer with this [Snider] action. W. W. Greener, The Gun, p. 116. gastly, gastness. The earlier and more proper spellings of ghastly and ghastness. [NL., Gast(on), Gastornis (gas-tôr'nis), n. the Christian name of M. Planté, the discoverer, + Gr. opvic, a bird.] A genus of gigantic Eocene birds found in the conglomerate below the plastic clay of the Paris basin. G. parisiensis was Gasteropterophora (gas-te-rop-te-rof'ō-rä), n. Gasterosteus, including the largest fresh-water 2-spined conic form wound round in a spiral coil, but varying from even sunken spire, an intermediate stage being the most com- A Gastropod (Helix desertorum) crawl. properly classified by examination of the anatomy of the animal. In most marine species, as well as in many terrestrial ones, an operculum more or less closing the aperture of the shell is developed from the foot of the animal; but in most of the land-shells (Pulmonifera) it is wanting. One of the distinguishing characteristics of Gasteropoda, giving name to the class, is the foot, which is generally broad, muscular, and disk-like, and attached to the ventral surface; but in some it is obsolete, and in others, as the heteropods, compressed and adapted for swimming. The garden-snail may be regarded as a typical gastropod. The class comprises also whelks, periwinkles, limpets, cowries, and many other univalve or shell-less forms. No known gastropod has a bivalve shell. Cochlides is a synonym. (b) In Lamarck's system of classification (1812-19), a suborder or order of Cephalea (Gasteropodes of Cuvier), containing those gastropods in which the shell is reduced or wanting, thus including the nudibranchiates, limaciform pulmonates, and similar forms collectively contrasted with gasteropodan, gastropodan (gas-te-rop'-, gas- = pl. [NL., Gasterosteus+ L. forma, shape.] Gasterosteinæ (gas-te-ros-te-i'nē), n. pl. [NL., gasterosteoid (gas-te-ros'tē-oid), a. and n. I. II. n. A fish of the family Gasterosteida; a See stickleback. gasterothecal (gas te-rō-the'kal), a. [As gas- about as large as an ostrich, and is believed to have been a ratite or struthious bird, though referred to the Anatida by A. Milne-Edwards. The Diatryma gigantea of Cope, from the Eocene of New Mexico, is referred to the other species recently discovered at Rheims in France. The additional material shows a remarkable character in the permanence of the cranial sutures, usually obliterated in adult birds. Gastornithes (gas-tôr'ni-thēz), n. pl. [NL., pl. of Gastornis, q. v.] A supposed order of birds, established for the reception of the fossil genus Gastornis. gastorrhea, gastorrhoea (gas-tō-rē ́ä), n. - Contracted forms of gastrorrhea, gastrorrhea. Gastracantha (gas-tra-kan'tha), n. [NL. (Latreille, 1833), as Gasteracantha, ‹ Gr. yaoτýp (yaorp-), stomach, + ȧkava, spine.] A genus of orbitelarian spiders, giving name to a family Gastracanthida: so called from the enormous horns into which the sides of the abdomen are prolonged. Often merged in Epeirida. See Acrosoma. gastracanthid (gas-tra-kan'thid), n. A spider of the family Gastracanthida. Gastracanthidae (gas-tra-kan' thi-dē), n. pl. [NL., Gastracantha + -ida.] A family of orbitelarian spiders, named from the genus Gastracantha. gastræa (gas-trē ́ä), n.; pl. gastrææ (-ē). INL., Gr. yaoтhp (yαorp-), stomach.] In biol., a hypothetical animal form assumed by Haeckel as the ancestor of all metazoic animals —that is, of those which pass through or attain to the morphological form of a gastrula. See gastrula. It is a supposed primeval intestinal animal of the form-value of a gastrula (palingenetic archigastrula) or germ-cup, consisting of two germ-layers or blastodermic membranes, ectoderm and endoderm, the latter inclosing a visceral cavity or archenteron, and being itself inclosed blastoporic communication with the exterior. In its simin the ectoderm, and having a protostoma or primitive plest expression, a gastræa or gastrula represents a hollow sphere, or rather an hour-glass figure, with one half of it pushed into the other half, so that it makes a two-layered cup with a contracted opening. See emboly. The gastrula at the present day presents a correct picture of the primitive gastræa, which must have developed from the Protozoa in the Laurentian period. Haeckel, Evol. of Man (trans.), I. 249. gastræad, gastread (gas'tre-ad), n. [< NL. Gastræades.] In biol., an animal which does not rise in development beyond the form of a gastrula, and which consequently has the formvalue of the hypothetical gastrea. Haeckel. Gastræadæ (gas-trē ́a-dē), n. pl. [NL., < gastræa +-ada.] A hypothetical group of primitive intestinal animals having the form of a gastrula, supposed by Haeckel to have arisen in the primordial geologic period in the direct line of descent of the remote ancestors of the human race. See gastræa. Gastræades (gas-tre'a-dēz), n. pl. [NL.; cf. Gastræada.] In Gegenbaur's classification, a primary group of Spongia, consisting of the genera Haliphysema and Gastrophysema, which represent permanent gastrula stages through which other sponges pass. See cut under Haliphysema. gastræa-form (gas-tre'a-form), n. A gastread; a gastrula, or an animal resembling one. Gegenbaur (trans.). gastræum (gas-trē'um), n. [NL., Gr. yaoтhp (αorp-), stomach. Cf. gastræa.] In ornith.. the whole ventral surface or under side of a bird; the stethæum and uræum together: op |