*On the Pennsylvania portion of the canal only.

$47,555,763

5 and 20 in the State in 1860, 1,040,552; whole number of pupils in all the schools, 596,765; average attendance of pupils, 384,752; average length of school term, 5 months, 71⁄2 days; average cost of each pupil during school year, $3 17; whole number of teachers, 14,297, of whom were males, 8549, females, 5748; average salaries of male teachers per month, including board, $25 68; of female teachers, $19 71; total cost of tuition, $1,436,063; total cost of fuel and contingencies, $223,497 93; total cost of purchasing, building, renting, and repairing school-houses for the year, $496,124 67; total expenditure for tuition, fuel, and school-houses, $2,155,685 60; total State ap

EDUCATION.-Pennsylvania has ten colleges, properly so called; two theological seminaries, with a collegiate department (the Missionary Institute at Selinsgrove, Lutheran), and St. Vincent's College, Latrobe (Roman Catholic); the Polytechnic College, at Philadelphia, and the Farmers' High School, in Centre co., intended to furnish special education, the one in chemistry, civil and mechanical engineering, mining, metallurgy, architecture, &c., and the other in agriculture; the Girard College for orphans, a nobly-endowed collegiate school; the Philadelphia High School, the culmination of the excellent school system of that city, and affording to its pupils a full collegiate course; and four female colleges, viz.: Pennsylvania Female Col-propriation for all common-school purposes, $233,lege, at Harrisburg, Pittsburg Female College, at Pittsburg, Irving Female College, at Mechanicsburg, and Susquehanna Female College, at Selinsgrove. There are also in the State fifteen theological seminaries, of which three are Roman Catholic, two Lutheran, and one each Methodist, German Reformed, Reformed Presbyterian, Presbyterian O.S., United Presbyterian, Associate Church, Associate Reformed, Unitarian, Baptist, and Episcopal. There are five medical schools and one law school in the State. The statistics of most of these institutions will be found in the tables of Colleges, Theological Seminaries, &c., (post, pp. 644-655). There are also academies or seminaries for impart ing the rudiments of a higher education in most of the counties of the State, and in some of them a large number. The Legislature has made grants of land or money, or both, to these academies and to the colleges, to an amount exceeding $500,000.

697 23; average number of mills on the dollar of the "school tax," 5.40; of the “building tax," 3.25. Total cost of school system, including whole amount of tax levied and appropriation, $2,389,383 60. Including the similar items in Philadelphia for the year, so far as possible, the whole number of common schools of the State was 12,245; whole number of teachers, 15,494; whole number of pupils, 660,295; average attendance of pupils, 439,278; percentage of whole number of pupils to number of persons of school age, 63.46; percentage of average attendance to whole number of persons of school age, 42.5; average length of school term, 5.9 months; average cost of pupil for school year, $3.54; total cost of tuition, $1,773,666 07; total cost of fuel and contingencies, $366,124 09; total cost of school-houses, $527,909 60; total cost of system, viz.: total taxes levied, State appropriation, and amount expended in Philadelphia schools, $2,900,501 60. Of the 11,130 schoolhouses in the State, 4133 were sufficient in all respects (1163 built according to the "School Archi

The Farmers' High School, located in Centre co., has a farm of 400 acres and a liberal endowment (over $200,000 including the farm and buildings). The number of students is about 100. The accom-tecture"); 4673 were improvable by repair so as to modations are sufficient for 300. The farm is cultivated wholly by the students, and careful and thorough experiments are conducted in relation to Boils, fertilizers, crops, &c. A chemical laboratory, upon the plan of the great German laboratories, for scientific investigation and instruction, affords a rare opportunity for the study of Agricultural Chemistry.

Common Schools. The common-school system was not adopted in the State till 1834, but has rapidly increased in efficiency from that time to the present. The Superintendent of Common Schools is the chief executive officer of the school system. There are county superintendents in 65 of the 68 counties of the State, and the counties are subdivided into districts, which are in charge of district superintendents or secretaries. Philadelphia is excepted from this arrangement, having a publicschool system of her own.

The following are the statistics of the schools of the State,except those of the first district (Philadelphia), for the year ending June 3, 1861. Whole number of school districts,1797; whole number of schools, 11,910; whole number of white persons between

be fit, and 2321 were wholly unfit, for use; the furniture of 2412 was sufficient in all respects, of 5609 was improvable by repair, of 3467 was wholly unfit for use; 1500 schools were properly graded, 8301 were not graded, but the pupils were classed, and in 1803 there was no grading, nor were the pupils classed. Of the teachers, 16,464 were examined by county superintendents during the year, and 1493 taught with professional certificates; of the latter, 198 did not give satisfaction; 11,692 taught with provisional certificates, of whom 7606 did, and 4162 did not, give satisfaction; 1917 were rejected at the examinations, and the certificates of 47 were annulled; moral instruction was given regularly in 6352 schools; the Scriptures were regularly read in 7173, and were not read in 4545. The number of county institutes held was 79; of district institutes, 443; the attendance upon the former was 4895, and upon the latter 3957. The County Superintendents visited 11,071 schools, and omitted to visit 975. The total State appropriation was $280,000, of which $46,302 77 was the proportion of Philadelphia, and $69,951 was appropriated for expense of superintendence.

Normal Schools.-The State Legislature in 1857 passed a law dividing the State into twelve Normal School Districts of about 240,000 inhabitants each, and provision was made for establishing by private subscription a normal school in each. Several have been established, and two-that at Millersville, in the second district, and that at Edenboro, in the twelfth district-have received annual appropriations of $5000 each. The following are the statistics of these institutions for the year ending September 1, 1861:-MILLERSVILLE.-Cost of buildings, grounds, furniture, and apparatus, $60,650; debt, $20,300; income, including State appropriation ($15,826 68) $15,560 27; number of teachers, 14 (8 male and 6 female); whole number of students during the year, 563, of whom 120 were in the model school; number of graduates, 8; number of students, September 1, 1861, 200 in the Normal School and 60 in the Model School; cost of support and instruction per pupil per annum, $146. EDENBORO.-Cost of buildings, grounds, furniture, &c., $24,000; other assets, $6500; income, $1600; salaries and other expenditures, $6800; debt, $500; number of teachers, 8, viz. 6 male and 2 female; number of students, 137 (60 males, 77 females); in attendance, September 1, 1861, 52; in Model School, 110 (58 males, 52 females); cost of support and tuition, $98 per annum.

poses for the year was $546,430 32. The Girls' High School has a normal department connected with it, and a school of practice for the pupil-teachers.

Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, Philadelphia, Abraham B. Hutton, Principal. This institution was founded in 1820. Its buildings and grounds in 1860 were estimated of the value of $120,000. The number of teachers in 1862 was 12, of whom 3 were deaf-mutes; the number of pupils remaining in the institution, Jan. 1, 1861, was 215,-113 boys and 102 girls; 26 were received during the year, 12 boys and 14 girls; 35 were discharged during the year, viz. 14 boys and 21 girls, leaving in the institution, Jan. 1, 1862, 206 pupils,-111 boys and 95 girls. Of these, 158 are supported by the State of Pennsylvania, 17 by Maryland, 9 by New Jersey, 4 by Delaware, 3 by the city of Philadelphia, and 15 by their friends; the States allow $140 for board and tuition, and the counties $30 for the clothing, of each pupil; 2 died during the year. Of the pupils admitted in 1861, 18 were born deaf, 4 lost their hearing from scarlet fever, 1 from erysipelas, 2 from colds, and 1 from sickness. The receipts of the year were $40,964 37, and the expenditure $37,965 10. Deducting expenditures not for support, we have a net expenditure for support of $30,361 26, or $145 27 per pupil.

The Schools of Philadelphia.-The city of Phila- Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of delphia has a school system of its own, and its the Blind, Philadelphia, William Chapin, Prinschools are thoroughly graded from the lowest cipal.-This institution was founded in 1833, and primary to the admirable High Schools which im- the estimated value of its buildings and grounds part to the pupils who pass their examinations for in 1860 was $175,000. It has also an endowment admission, without cost, the advantages of a of between $80,000 and $90,000 from a legacy. It thorough collegiate course. The "Controllers of is admirably managed, and has three departments, Public Schools of the First District of Pennsylva--the Institution for the Instruction of the Blind, nia" report the condition of the schools, January 1, 1862, as follows:-Whole number of schools, 347, viz.:-2 High Schools, 57 grammar schools, 48 unclassified schools, 59 secondary, and 181 primary schools. The number of teachers in the Boys' High School was 15; number of pupils, 525; average attendance, 510; the gross expenses of the school were $23,635 37, being $40 88 per pupil; 14 graduated B.A. at the commencement July 12, 1861, and 10 received certificates of having completed a partial course, and 24 graduated B.A. in Feb. 1862. The Girls' High and Normal School had 11 teachers and 336 pupils, with an average attendance of 303; 24 received diplomas at the June commencement, 1861, and 39 at the January one, 1862. The gross expenses of the school were $7,766 09, being $20 24 per pupil. The whole number of teachers in the grammar, unclassified, secondary, and primary schools is 1122, of whom 66 are males and 1056 females; the number of scholars is 67,095 (32,735 males, 34,360 females); and the supervision of them is confided to 25 controllers and 332 directors. The gross expenses of the schools (except the High Schools) are $504,678 04, making the average expense per scholar per annum $6 62. The entire expenditure for school pur

the Manufacturing Department, in which adults are employed and taught such handicrafts as will enable them to obtain a livelihood, and the "Home," intended for those blind persons, mostly females, who are homeless, and who are able in part to sustain themselves, but require some aid and a place where they may enjoy the comfort and society of home. The institution had in Jan. 1862, 16 teachers, of whom 8 were blind persons; there were remaining in December, 1860, 165 pupils, and during the year 1861 11 were discharged, 2 died, and 23 were admitted, leaving, January, 1862, 175 as inmates of the institution, of whom 22 contributed wholly or in part to their own support either as assistant teachers or by their indus try; 9 were pay-pupils, either in full or at a reduced price, 16 were in the "Home," and 6 were day-pupils; 153 were from Pennsylvania, 13 from New Jersey, 5 from Delaware, and 4 from all other places. Great attention is given to musical in. struction; the orchestra contains 30 performers on as many instruments, and the chorus 42 voices. The concerts or exhibitions of this orchestra and chorus, on Wednesday afternoons, are largely attended, and are regarded by musical connois. seurs as possessing high merit. The net receipts

* An Insane ward was first opened in the Old Almshouse, 11th and Spruce Sts., in 1803.