render as their enemies would grant and their own pride would accept conditions which the stronger side showed very little eagerness to fulfil, either as to the letter or the spirit. Sarsfield received permission to retire into France with his troops:

conquered to obtain such conditions of sur- the younger held his court at Holyrood, was the standard of that House set up in Connaught or Munster. In 1745, indeed, when London, the Roman Catholics of Ireland the Highlanders were marching towards were so quiet that the Lord Lieutenant could, without the smallest risk, send several regiments across Saint George's Channel to recruit the army of the Duke of Cumberland. Nor was this submission the effect of

"About a thousand men had agreed to enter into William's service. About two

thousand accepted passes from Ginkell, and went quietly home. About eleven thousand returned with Sarsfield to the city. A few hours after the garrison had passed in review, the horse, who were encamped some miles from the town, were required to make their choice; and most of them volunteered

for France."

It is not to be denied that means were used to seduce his goldiers from his side, and that these means were eminently successful. The Royal regiment, which had volunteered to share his exile almost to a man, "dwindled from 1,400 men to 500." Other regiments fell off still more. At length Ireland was pacified, as Poland has been pacified in our own day, and as Hungary would have been, except for a vitality which defies the heel of the dragoon and the sword of the gendarme. Order reigned in Dublin. Of the hopeless prostration of the Celtic race after William's lieutenants had done their work, and the British and French transports had taken on

board all that remained of the Catholic

army,

Mr. Macaulay shall tell us in one of his most powerful passages:

content, but of mere stupefaction and brokenness of heart. The iron had entered into the soul. The memory of past defeats, the habit cowed the spirit of the unhappy nation. of daily enduring insult and oppression, had There were indeed Irish Roman Catholics of great ability, energy and ambition; but they were to be found everywhere except in Ireland, at Versailles and at Saint Ildefonso, in the armies of Frederic and in the armies of Maria Theresa. One exile became a Marshal of France. Another became Prime Minister he would have been regarded as an inferior of Spain. If he had staid in his native land by all the ignorant and worthless squireens who drank the glorious and immortal memory. In his palace at Madrid he had the pleasure of being assiduously courted by the ambassador of George the Second, and of bidding defiance in high terms to the ambassador of George the Third. Scattered over all Europe were to be found brave Irish generals, dextrous Irish diplomatists, Irish Counts, Irish Barons, Irish Knights of Saint Louis and of Saint Leopold, of the White Eagle and of the Golden Fleece, who, if they had remained in the house of bondage, could not have been ensigns of marching regiments or freemen of petty corporations. These men, the natural chiefs of their race, having been withdrawn, what remained was utterly helpless and passive. A rising of the Irishry against the Englishry was no more to be apprehended than a rising of the women and children against the men.

All this loss does not seem to trouble Mr. Macaulay. His sympathies, indeed, are very warm on one side, and he easily finds merit in his friends. But he has a very sharp eye

"The sails disappeared. The emaciated and broken-hearted crowd of those whom a stroke more cruel than that of death had made widows and orphans, dispersed, to beg their way home through a wasted land, or to lie down and die by the roadside of grief and hunger. The exiles departed, to learn in foreign camps that discipline without which natural courage is of small avail, and to retrieve on distant fields of battle the honor which had been lost by a long series or the blunders of those men who are not of of defeats at home. In Ireland there was peace. The domination of the colonists was his party. When a French refugee, driven absolute. The native population was tran- from his country by religious persecution, quil with the ghastly tranquillity of exhaus-mounts the breach at Athlone, Mr. Macaulay tion and of despair. There were indeed sees the stupidity which had caused Louis to outrages, robberies, fire-raisings, assassina- send such gallant fellows "to recruit the tions. But more than a century passed away armies of his deadliest enemies." When the without one general insurrection. During chiefs of the Irish race, as brave men as ever that century, two rebellions were raised in

Great Britain by the adherents of the House drew sword, are driven into foreign countries, of Stuart. But neither when the elder to recruit the armies of William's "deadliest Pretender was crowned at Scone, nor when enemies," Philosophy goes to sleep over the

send the whole of this fair-weather armament to the bottom of the Channel. Indeed, the galley, like the ancient trireme, generally sight of land only when the water was unkept close to the shore, and ventured out of ruffled and the sky serene. But the qualities which made this sort of ship unfit to brave tempests and billows made it peculiarly fit for the purpose of landing soldiers. Tourville determined to try what effect would be produced by a disembarkation. The English Jacobites who had taken refuge in France were all confident that the whole population of the island was ready to rally round an invading army: and he probably gave them credit for understanding the temper of their countrymen. Never was there a greater error. Indeed, the French admiral is said by tradition to have received, while he was still out at sea, a lesson which might have taught him not to rely on the assurances of exiles. He picked up a fishing-boat, and interrogated the owner, a plain Sussex man, about the sentiments of the nation.

1

"Tourville had, since the battle of Beachy Head, ranged the Channel unopposed. On the 21st of July his masts were seen from the rocks of Portland. On the 22nd he anchored in the harbor of Torbay, under the same heights which had, not many months before, sheltered the armament of William. The French fleet, which now had a considerable number of troops on board, consisted of 111 sail. The galleys, which formed a large part of this force, resembled rather those ships with which Alcibiades and Lysander “Are you,' he said, for King James?' disputed the sovereignty of the Egean than I do not know much about such matters,' those which contended at the Nile and at answered the fisherman. I have nothing Trafalgar. The galley was very long and to say against King James. He is a very very narrow, the deck not more than two worthy gentleman, I believe. God bless feet from the water edge. Each galley was him! A good fellow!' said Tourville : propelled by fifty or sixty huge oars, and then I am sure you will have no objection each oar was tugged by five or six slaves. to take service with us.' What!" cried The full complement of slaves to a vessel the prisoner; go with the French to fight was 336; the full complement of officers and against the English? Your honor must exsoldiers 150. Of the unhappy rowers some cuse me: I could not do it to save my life.' were criminals who had been justly con- This poor fisherman, whether he was a real or demned to a life of hardship and danger; a an imaginary person, spoke the sense of the few had been guilty only of adhering obsti- nation. The beacon on the ridge overlooking nately to the Huguenot worship; the great Teignmouth was kindled; the High Tor and majority were purchased bondsmen, general- Causland made answer; and soon all the hill ly Turks and Moors. They were of course tops of the West were on fire. Messengers always forming plans for massacring their were riding hard all night from Deputy Lieutyrants and escaping from servitude, and could tenant to Deputy Lieutenant. Early the be kept in order only by constant stripes and next morning, without chief, without sumby the frequent infliction of death in horrible mons, 500 gentlemen and yeomen, armed and forms. An Englishman, who happened to mounted, had assembled on the summit of fall in with about twelve hundred of ese Haldon Hill. In twenty-four hours all most miserable and most desperate of human Devonshire was up. Every road in the beings on their road from Marseilles to join country from sea to sea was covered by mulTourville's squadron, heard them vowing litudes of fighting men, all with their faces that, if they came near a man-of-war bear- set towards Torbay. The lords of a hundred ing the cross of Saint George, she would manors, proud of their long pedigrees and never again see a French dockyard. In the old coats-of-arms, took the field at the head Mediterranean galleys were in ordinary use; of their tenantry, Drakes, Prideauxes and but none had ever before been seen on the Rolles, Fowell of Fowelscombe, and Fulford stormy ocean which roars round our island. of Fulford, Sir Bourchier Wray of Tawstock The flatterers of Louis said that the appear- Park, and Sir William Courtenay of Powderance of such a squadron on the Atlantic was ham Castle. Letters written by several of one of those wonders which were reserved the Deputy Lieutenants who were most for his reign and a medal was struck at active during this anxious week are still preParis to commemorate this bold experiment served. All these letters agree in extolling in maritime war. English sailors, with more the courage and enthusiasm of the people. reason, predicted that the first gale would But all agree also in expressing the most

painful solicitude as to the result of an en- | him. Those who most disliked him did him counter between a raw militia and veterans the justice to own that, where his schemes of who had served under Turenne and Luxem-policy were not concerned, he was a very burg; and all call for the help of regular good-natured man. There is not the slightest troops, in language very unlike that which, reason to believe that he gained a single when the pressure of danger was not felt, pound Scots by the act which has covered country gentlemrn were then in the habit of his name with infamy. He had no personal using about standing armies. Tourville, reason to wish the Glencoe men ill. There finding that the whole population was united had been no feud between them and his as one man against him, contented himself family. His property lay in a district where with sending his galleys to ravage Teign- their tartan was never seen. Yet he hated mouth, now a gay watering-place consisting of twelve hundred houses, then an obscure village of about forty cottages. The inhabitants had fled. Their dwellings were burned; the venerable parish church was sacked, the pulpit and the communion-table demolished, the Bibles and the Prayer-Books torn and scattered about the roads: the cattle and pigs were slaughtered; and a few small vessels, which were employed in fishing or in the coasting trade, were destroyed. By this time

sixteen or seventeen thousand Devonshire

them with a hatred as fierce and implacable as if they had laid waste his fields, burned his mansion, murdered his child in the cradle."

The passions of Breadalbane and Argyll are easily understood. These chiefs were at feud with the Macdonalds. They had received insults and suffered wrongs. But the Master of Stair was a stranger to the clan: what then is the explanation of his share in

men had encamped close to the shore; and the crime? Mr. Macaulay answers, "a reall the neighboring counties had risen. The morseless zeal for what seemed to him the intin mines of Cornwall had sent forth a great terest of the state." He adds, by way of multitude of rude and hardy men mortally illustration: hostile to Popery. Ten thousand of them had just signed an address to the Queen, in which they had promised to stand by her against every enemy; and they now kept their word. In truth, the whole nation was stirred."

"We daily see men do for their party, for their sect, for their country, for their favorite schemes of political and social reform, what they would not do to enrich or to avenge themselves. At a temptation directly addressed to our private cupidity or to our Mr. Macaulay has a long and careful ac- private animosity, whatever virtue we have count of the massacre of Glencoe; including takes the alarm. But virtue itself may cona vindication, such as it is, of William's share tribute to the fall of him who imagines that in that act of memorable and atrocious severity rule of morality, to confer an important it is in his power, by violating some general Our friends in Scotland will have many lances benefit on a church, on a commonwealth, on to break with the historian of this transac-mankind. He silences the remonstrances of tion, and we may very safely leave him in conscience, and hardens his heart against the their hands. The general question being thus most touching spectacles of misery, by reput aside, those who like to study motives peating to himself that his intentions are and characters will be glad to see what Mr. pure, that his objects are noble, that he is Macaulay has to say about the share taken doing a little evil for the sake of a great in the massacre by the Master of Stair-a forget the turpitude of the means in the good. By degrees he comes altogether to subject which puzzled his contemporaries and excellence of the end, and at length perpehas puzzled posterity as greatly as most mys-trates without one internal twinge acts which teries :

"The Master of Stair was one of the first men of his time, a jurist, a statesman, a fine scholar, an eloquent orator. His polished manners and lively conversation were the delight of aristocratical societies; and none who met him in such societies would have thought it possible that he could bear the chief part in any atrocious crime. His political principles were lax, yet not more lax than those of most Scotch politicians of that age. Cruelty had never been imputed to DCXII. LIVING AGE. VOL. XII. 27

would shock a buccaneer. There is no reason to believe that Dominic would, for the bestarchbishopric in Christendom, have incited ferocious marauders to plunder and slaughter a peaceful and industrious population, that Everard Digby would for a dukedom have blown a large assembly of people into the air, or that Robespierre would have murdered for hire one of the thousands whom he murdered from philanthropy. The Master of Stair seems to have proposed to himself a truly great and good end, the pacification and civilization of the Highlands. He was,

which could not be dislodged from a stronghold among the Apennines. Beasts of burden were therefore loaded with poisoned food and wine, and sent by a road which ran close to the fastness. The robbers sallied forth, seized the prey, feasted, and died; and the pious old Pope exulted greatly when he heard that the corpses of thirty ruffians, who had been the terror of many peaceful villages, had been found lying among the mules and packages. The plans of the Master of Stair were conceived in the spirit of James and of Sixtus; and the rebellion of the mountaineers furnished what seemed to be an excellent opportunity for carrying those plans into effect."

by the acknowledgment of those who most tell us that there was one formidable gang hated him, a man of large views. He justly thought it monstrous that a third part of Scotland should be in a state scarcely less savage than New Guinea, that letters of fire and sword should, through a third part of Scotland, be, century after century, a species of legal process, and that no attempt should be made to apply a radical remedy to such evils. The independence affected by a crowd of petty sovereigns, the contumacious resistance which they were in the habit of offering to the authority of the Crown and of the Court of Session, their wars, their robberies. their fire-raisings, their practice of exacting black mail from people more peaceable and more useful than themselves, naturally excited the digust and indignation of an enlightened and politic gownsman, who was, both by the constitution of his mind and by the habits of his profession, a lover of law and order.

"His object was no less than a complete dissolution and reconstruction of society in the Highlands, such a dissolution and reconstruction as, two generations later, followed the battle of Culloden. In his view the

ions. He had been bound to a tree and mur

Here, for the moment, we must pause. Next week we propose to return to these animated and pictorial volumes.

MR. MACAULAY is fond of dark figures, but his veritable bête noire is Marlborough. We are no admirers of Marlborough — except as clans, as they existed, were the plagues of regards his courtly manners and his marvelthe kingdom; and of all the clans, the worst lous military genius: yet even his moral was that which inhabited Glencoe. He had, character must be judged by the standard of it is said, been particularly struck by a fright- his age. A liberal philosophy would seek for ful instance of the lawlessness and ferocity of some general cause for a general corruption, those marauders. One of them, who had been - not explain it as if it were merely a perconcerned in some act of violence or rapine, sonal infamy. Were not all the statesmen of had given information against his compan- that time seeking to protect themselves against dered. The old chief had given the first the future, against that restoration which stab; and scores of dirks had then been seemed to all possible to Halifax, to Notplunged into the wretch's body. By the tingham, to William himself? The favored mountaineers such an act was probably re- Russell, for example, desired nothing so garded as a legitimate exercise of patriarchal earnestly as an opportunity to serve King jurisdiction. To the Master of Stair it James. He promised to effect by means of seemed that people among whom such things the Fleet what Monk had done by means of were done and were approved ought to be treated like a pack of wolves, snared by any the Army; yet when appointed to command device, and slaughtered without mercy. He he would not put his neck under the axe. was well read in history, and doubtless Though still profuse in promises, he told his knew how great rulers had, in his own and friend, the agent of James, that if he met the other countries, dealt with such banditti. He French fleet he would fight it were even the doubtless knew with what energy and what severity James the Fifth had put down the King himself on board, —“an odd way,” moss-troopers of the border; how the chief as James observed, "to restore the King." of Henderland had been hung over the gate The proof of his sincerity was the Battle of of the castle in which he had prepared a La Hogue. So Marlborough pledged himself banquet for the King; how John Armstrong to bring over the army in Flanders; yet, and his thirty-six horsemen, when they came when he was appointed to command, and forth to welcome their sovereign, had James claimed the fulfilment of his promise, scarcely been allowed time to say a single the hypocrite," says Mr. Macaulay, “evadprayer before they were all tied up and ed the demand." Of course he did: he turned off. Nor probably was the Secretary ignorant of the means by which Sixtus the Fifth had cleared the ecclesiastical state of outlaws. The eulogists of that great pontiff

never meant to keep the promise, except under favorable circumstances; yet he was no more a hypocrite than Russell was a hyp

ocrite; and Godolphin, and the petted caulay does, that the attack on Brest failed Shrewsbury, and all who were in correspond- in consequence of the information conveyed ence with the Court at St. Germains-all by Marlborough. Marlborough's letter was were hypocrites. They all made these professions to save their heads.

transmitted in one from Sackville of the 3rd of May, and was sent by special messengers. There is, however, one special infamy The facilities of communication between Lonwhich Mr. Macaulay fixes on Marlborough, don and Paris were few; and this messenger to justify his exceptional indignation : would have to travel by some circuitous route "Talmash," he says, "perished by the to the coast, probably to Romney Marsh, and basest of all the hundred villanies of Marl- secretly to cross the channel when opporborough." Nay, he was sacrificed to the tunity offered. When arrived at St. Germeanest personal motives, for "Marlborough mains the despatches would be delivered to was never less a Jacobite than when he ren- Lord Melfort, to whom they were addressed, dered this wicked and shameful service to the submitted to James,-transmitted to Louis, Jacobite cause." The historian calls Marl-communicated to the War Minister,— who borough "the murderer" of the brave men had then to commence operations, to instruct who perished at Brest. Vauban, to collect troops, march them to

bay.

Murderer! There is something awful in Brest, and then to have those forts and batsuch a charge; most awful when it is launch-teries erected which made the place impreged against one of the most glorious men in nable. Brest, says Burchet, was fortified in the roll of English history. Can it be sus- every place, and intrenched almost in every tained? The accusation is, double: it is The Bays of Camoret and Berasserted that Marlborough meant to give such tram were in a manner a citadel, for, where information to King James as would cause there was any place to put forces on shore, the descent on Brest to fail, and that the there had the French batteries and retrenchinformation so conveyed was the cause of ments, and they threw bombs at our ships failure. If both the charges were proved Mr. from five or six different places." All this Macaulay would have a right to brand Marl- done within a month from the date of the borough "murderer." But neither part transmission of Marlborough's letter from of the assertion is made out. London via Paris, and through all the interMarlborough's letter to James is undated. mediate agencies! It is impossible. The In it, however, he says, "Russell sails to- destination of the Fleet, says Mr. Macaulay, morrow." It is clear, therefore, that Marl-was a profound secret; it was to the last borough kept back his information to the hour a subject of speculation at the Rose and very last moment: -until he thought it was at Garraway's; even L'Hermitage did not too late to be of real use. Communication know it. The question is, did the French with St. Germains was then tedious and dan- Government know it? Happily, we are gerous. Had the Fleet sailed as proposed, aware that they learned the secret, - not Brest ought to have been destroyed as from Marlborough, or from any other Engdoubtless Marlborough believed it would belishman, but from Frenchmen who were before his letter reached the King. That the consulted as to the expedition. Nay, their Fleet did not sail that the winds were not knowledge of it was a fact patent at the favorable was not Marlborough's fault. Admiralty. Burchet, Secretary to the AdThe delay was unforeseen, and was purely miralty, - -an authority with Mr. Macaulay, accidental:- but it does not affect the ques- though overlooked on this occasion, — contion of Marlborough's intention. That seems cludes his account of the repulse at Brest in clear. Mr. Macaulay's idea, therefore, that these words: the hero of Blenheim betrayed a State secret with the malicious design to "murder," or to disgrace, his rival Talmash, appears, on the evidence now before us, a monstrous assumption unsustained by evidence.

Nor is the fact any more certain than the design. Even the unforeseen delays do not entitle an historian to assume, as Mr. Ma

"Thus ended this unlucky expedition; but I cannot leave it without making this observation, that the French would not in all probability had not early advice been given them of our have been in such a posture to receive our troops debates and resolutions concerning that affair, by Frenchmen who were consulted and advised. with therein."

Here, then, in the evidence of a contem