Trends in Field Theory ResearchNova Publishers, 2005 - Всего страниц: 215 Gang activity in the United States has been traced to the early 19th century when youth gangs emerged from some immigrant populations. Now, as then, gangs provide identity and social relationships for some young people who feel marginalised by the dominant social, economic and cultural environments in which they live. Gangs, however, are not simply a "street family" to some of the nation's disenfranchised. As distinguished by the U.S. Department of Justice, "a group must be involved in a pattern of criminal acts to be considered a youth gang." Between 1980 and 1996, the U.S. experienced significant growth in youth gangs, when the number of cities and jurisdictions that reported gang problems rose from 2863 to approximately 4,800. From 1996 through 1998, the growth seemed to slow down, but according to the 1999 National Youth Gang Survey, the number of gang members is again on the rise. |
Содержание
| 1 | |
Tensor Gauge Fields with the Mixed Symmetry of Rectangular TwoColumn Young Diagrams | 41 |
Topological Field Theories with NonSemisimple Gauge Group of Symmetry and Engineering of Topological Invariants | 61 |
Wavelet Based Regularization for Euclidean Field Theory and Stochastic Quantization | 103 |
NonHamiltonian Nature of Nucleon Dynamics in an Effective Field Theory | 117 |
Interactions Symmetry Breaking and Effective Fields from Quarks to Nuclei A Primer in Nuclear Theory | 155 |
Index | 211 |
Часто встречающиеся слова и выражения
action algebra amplitudes applications becomes behavior breaking BRST C-S field theories calculations called classical commutation commutation relations components condition consider constant construct contains coordinates correlation function corresponding defined definition deformed denotes density depends derivatives describe diagrams differential discussed dynamics effective elements energy equation evolution operator example expression fact force formalism gauge gauge field given gives Hamiltonian hence Hilbert space integral interaction introduce Lagrangian density leads limit link invariants low energy mass matrix means mechanics method noncommutative nuclear nucleon objects observables obtained parameter particles Phys physical possible potential present problem properties quantization quantum group quantum mechanics quark regularization representation represented requirement respect satisfies scale shown solution space structure symmetry tensor topological field theory topological invariants trajectories transformations usual vector wave function zero
Популярные отрывки
Стр. 208 - This work was supported in part by the Polish Committee for Scientific Research (KBN) under Grant No.
Стр. 124 - The probability of an event is the absolute square of a complex number called the probability amplitude. The joint probability amplitude of a time-ordered sequence of events is the product of the separate probability amplitudes of each of these events. The probability amplitude of an event which can happen in several different ways is a sum of the probability amplitudes for each of these ways.
Стр. 146 - Hin do not manifest themselves in any way, and the dynamics of the system can be described in terms of the...
Стр. 41 - Saliu Faculty of Physics, University of Craiova 13 AI Cuza Str., Craiova 200585, Romania...
Стр. 121 - As is well known, the basic concept of the canonical formalism of quantum mechanics is that the theory can be formulated in terms of vectors of a Hilbert space and operators acting on this space. This formalism rests on the following postulates, which establish the connection between these mathematical object and observables and prescribe how to compute the probability of an event: (i) The physical state of a system is represented by a vector (properly by a ray) of a Hilbert space. (ii) An observable...
Стр. 119 - ... from the equations of motion of a system with which it interacts. This can be extended directly for application to quantum electrodynamics. A formal extension which includes the effects of spin and relativity is described. 2. THE SUPERPOSITION OF PROBABILITY AMPLITUDES The formulation to be presented contains as its essential idea the concept of a probability amplitude associated with a completely specified motion as a function of time. It is, therefore, worthwhile to review in detail the quantummechanical...
Стр. 40 - Algebraic q-integration and Fourier theory on quantum and braided spaces, J. Math. Phys., 35:6802-6837, 1994.
Стр. 39 - Drinfeld, VG Hopf algebras and the quantum Yang-Baxter equation, Sov. Math. Dokl., 32:254-258, 1985.
Стр. 121 - An eigenvector \(p(r/ corresponding to the eigenvalue ar represents a state in which A has the value ar . If the system is in the state |^), the probability Pr of finding the value ar for A, when a measurement is performed, is given by where Pv is the projection operator on the eigenmanifold Vr corresponding to ar , 1.s and the sum 1,s is taken over a complete orthonormal set #>