mation, when all the terms and conditions have been complied with, announcing such fact, and then Utah shall be deemed admitted to the Union on an equal footing with the other States. Bills providing for the admission of the Territories of Arizona and New Mexico as States passed the House of Representatives at the same session, and are now pending in the Senate.

PAGE 355.-The number of volumes of "U. S. Reports," so called, to date is 63, making a total of 153 volumes.

PARAGRAPH 706.-In 1893, Colorado, by an amendment to her Constitution, put women on the same footing as men in respect to the suffrage. (See also 240.)

PARAGRAPH 710.-Massachusetts has now repealed the provision referred to in regard to the Governor of the State.

PARAGRAPH 761.-In 1893, the Legislature of Michigan passed an act granting the University of that State one-sixth of a mill on a dollar on the grand duplicate, annually.

INTRODUCTION.

THE SCIENCE OF POLITICS.

1. DEFINITION.-One of the greatest living masters of the Science of Politics says its field comes into view when, passing beyond such related sciences as Political Economy and Ethics, we come to consider man, not only as a member of society, but as a member of some particular society, organized in a particular way, and exercising supreme authority over its members; in other words, when we consider man as a citizen, and the citizen in his relations to the state." He mentions as the natural heads under which the topics of this science may be grouped, "the foundation and general constitution of the state;" "the form and administration of government;" "the principles and method of legislation," and "the state as a single and complete unit of a higher order, capable of definite relations to other like units."1

The present treatise will not deal with the Science of Politics as thus outlined. It is not a general contribution to political philosophy. It deals with a specific and concrete theme rather than with a general and abstract one. But it will conduce to clearness and strength of treatment to devote a few pages to defining some leading terms, before entering upon the proper subjectmatter of the book.

(1). SOCIETY.

2. MAN A SOCIAL BEING.-It is a famous saying of Aristotle's that man has a social instinct implanted in him by nature. The meaning of this saying is, that men tend to live together and to depend upon one another. In all ages and countries we find them sharing a more or less common life. They cannot make

1 Sir Frederick Pollock: An Introduction to the History of the Science of Politics, 8.

2 Politics, 1, 2, 15.

(1)

progress, be happy, or in the end even exist otherwise. There are indeed men called hermits, who bury themselves in the solitude of some forest or desert, mountain or island. But these men are always few in number; besides, they are born and reared in society, and they either return to it, or they become more and more like the animals in their way of living, and finally die alone. Men cannot live separate and apart; they must obey their social nature and live together, or they will lose their humanity. As Aristotle says: "The individual when isolated is not self-sufficient; and therefore he is like a part in relation to the whole. But he who is unable to live in society, or who has no need because he is sufficient for himself, must be either a beast or a God; he is no part of a state." Or, as another writer puts it: "A man would no more be a man if he lived alone in the world, than a hand would be a hand without the rest of the boy."2

3. SOCIETY DEFINED.-Men living together in human relations constitute society in the general sense of the term. The men so living in any region or district form a society. But since these local societies are also connected; since they have much in common; and since men have one social nature, we also use the word in the broadest sense, and speak of the human race as forming one society. Social means pertaining to society.

The Latin verb sociare means to meet together, to associate; the noun socius, a fellow or sharer, an associate or companion; and societas, from which society is derived, a union, communion, or association.

(2). THE NATION AND THE STAte.

4. THE NATION.-Professor Burgess points out that nation is a term belonging to the Science of Ethnology. It is derived from the Latin nascor, and has reference, therefore, primarily to the relations of birth and race-kinship." A nation is properly one people, having common ancestry and descent, common language and traditions, manners and customs. The writer just quoted, in his definition of nation, joins the two ideas of ethnic or race unity and of a national home or territory marked by geographical unity.

1 Politics, 1, 2, 15.

2 Sir F. J. Stephen: Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity, 128.

3 Political Science and Comparative Constitutional Law, I. 1.

But there are nations that do not present all the elements that have been enumerated. The central idea is suggested by nascor.

1

5. THE STATE.-Mr. Wheaton, following Cicero and most modern jurists, defines a state as "a body politic, or society of men united together for the purpose of promoting their mutual advantage by their combined strength." Professor Burgess says it is "a particular portion of mankind viewed as an organized unit." Such a society occupies its own territory and is called sovereign. Mr. Wheaton remarks that this definition excludes all corporations, both public and private, that the state itself creates, such as the London and Plymouth companies, to be mentioned hereafter. It excludes all voluntary associations of robbers and pirates, and all hordes of wandering savages not yet formed into a settled society. The definition also excludes the States of the American Union, because they are not sovereigns in the sense of international law. The United States, France, Germany, and Russia are states.

6. THE NATION AND THE STATE DISCRIMINATED.-There is a constant tendency, especially in the United States and England, to use these two terms synonymously. While this usage may answer the purpose of popular discussion, it is too loose and inaccurate for scientific definition. A nation may belong to different states; a state may be composed of two or more nations or parts of nations. The Germans and Poles are nations, although found in several different states; and so are the Jews and the Gypsies, in a loose sense, although scattered over so many different countries. The British, Austrian, and Russian Empires consist of many nations or parts of nations. In recent times, there has been a strong tendency to make nationality the basis of the state. Examples are seen in the attempts "to realize national unity," found in the history of Germany and Italy since the downfall of Napoleon. Sometimes, as in the United States, the nation and the state are coextensive.

7. SOVEREIGNTY.

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In defining the state this much-used word has been employed. In every independent society, such as a state, there must be some authority from which the whole law and

1 International Law, Chap. II.

2 Political Science, I. 50.

administration ultimately proceed. This authority is called sovereignty, the person or persons who wield it the sovereign or sovereigns. The following particulars are essentials to a full understanding of the subject:

(1). Sovereignty is unlimited power over the individual member of the state and all associations of members. This proposition is sometimes denied as savoring of despotism. It has been pointed out that the difficulty lies in the fact that men do not carefully distinguish between the state and the government.' For example, the people of the United States, in their Constitutions, have delegated certain powers to their governments, National and State; their governments are, therefore, relative and limited. But, plainly, the power of the people of the United States to change these governments to please themselves is absolute and unlimited. The discussion of this topic will be renewed when we come, in a later page, to discuss the relations of the American States to the Union.

(2). As sovereignty makes the law, it is necessarily superior to it and cannot be bound by it. It is not, however, higher than duty or moral obligation.

(3). In the absolute sense sovereignty cannot be divided; the very supposition implies two highest, or sovereign, authorities in the state. Still, the sovereign authority may delegate certain powers to one government, and certain other powers to another, as is done in the United States; but this is not dividing the ultimate supreme power.

(4). Sovereignty may vest in one person, in the few, or in the many, according to the nature of the state. In a democratic state, like the United States, it is vested in the many-that is, in the people or the nation.

(3). THE ORIGIN of the State.

8. THE HISTORICAL THEORY.-The true account of the origin of the state is that given by Aristotle, which may be thus summarized: Man cannot exist in solitude; the union of the two sexes is necessary to the perpetuation of the race, and to its proper direction and guidance. The relations of husband and wife, parent and child, master and servant, determine the household or family. Families coming together form the village or tribe, and 1 Burgess: Political Science, I.