if for a state office; or a petition signed by at least five per cent of such voters of the county, including five per cent of such voters in at least one fourth of the precincts of the county, if for a county office.

Limit to Campaign Expenses. - All candidates must make a sworn statement of their expenses during the primary campaign. No candidate for Congress, the United States Senate, or a state office, is allowed to expend in the campaign more than the equivalent of 25 per cent of the yearly salary of the office for which he is a candidate; no candidate for district judge may expend in the campaign more than 15 per cent of the yearly salary; no candidate for a county office, more than ten per cent of the yearly salary; and no candidate for county commissioner or member of the Legislature, more than one hundred dollars.

Official Primary Ballot. The form of the official primary ballot is prescribed by law, as are also the instructions to voters. (See Session Laws, 1913, p. 355.) The voter receives only the ballot of his own political party.

"Instructions: You may at your option vote for both first and second choice in case there are more than twice as many candidates as there are positions. To vote for a person for first choice make a cross (X) in the first square at the right of the name of the person for whom you desire to vote. To vote for a person for second choice make a cross (X) in the second square at the right of the name of the person for whom you desire to vote. You may vote for any qualified elector whose name is not printed on the ballot by writing the name of such person thereon under the appropriate heading and making a cross (X) in the proper square at the right of such name. Do not vote for the same person for both first and second choice. In voting for

candidates for Justice of the Supreme Court and District Judge, you should vote for twice as many candidates as there are positions to be filled at the ensuing general election. In the space provided therefor, write in the name of one qualified elector of your precinct for member of the county central committee. After marking the ballot hand it to a judge to be placed in the ballot box for votes."

Counting Votes and Determining Who Are Nominated. The Primary Election is conducted, and returns of it are made, as nearly as possible in the same manner as a General Election. The following paragraph from the Session Laws of 1911 tells who are to be declared nominees:

"Section 34. The person receiving the highest number, and not less than forty per cent of the first choice votes at a Primary Election as the candidate of the party for an office shall be the candidate of that party for such office, and his name as such candidate shall be placed on the official ballot at the following General Election; Provided, That if no candidate at the Primary Election shall receive as many as forty per cent of the first choice votes, then and in that event a canvass shall be made of the second choice votes received by the candidates for said office and said second choice votes shall be added to the first choice votes received by each candidate for such office, and the candidate receiving the highest number of first and second choice votes shall be the nominee for such office of the party nominating him, and his name as such candidate shall be placed on the official ballot at the following General Election; Provided, That if no second choice votes are cast for any candidate for such office the person receiving the highest number of first choice votes for such office shall be the candidate of his party for that office."

Justices of

Nomination and Election of Judges the Supreme Court and District Judges are nominated and elected on non-partisan tickets. The candidates who receive in the primary election the highest and the next highest number of votes for each position to be filled have their names placed upon the general election ballot in November.

Central Committee. The voters of each political party at the primary election in each precinct elect a member of the county central committee. It is the duty of the county central committee to choose its chairman, to take charge of the political campaign in the county, and to choose one member of the party in the county to serve as a member of the State Central Committee. The state committee, made up of one member from each county, conducts the campaign in the state and calls a state convention to choose delegates to the National Convention. It is the business of the National Convention to adopt the national platform of the party and to nominate candidates for President and Vice President.

SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS

1. In what precinct do you live?

2. Where do the people usually vote in your precinct?

3. Do you think an educational or a property qualification for voting advisable?

4. Could the state make such a change? If so, how? If not, why not?

5. Some states permit persons to vote, who have declared their intention of becoming citizens. What do you think of the plan?

6. What is the advantage of the "Second Choice" in the Primary Elections?

7. How many political parties in Idaho, within the definition of political party" in the Primary Election law, are there? 8. Define "freeholder."

9. Why does the law place a limit upon the amount of money a candidate may spend in the campaign?

CHAPTER III

THE SCHOOL DISTRICT

Need of Schools. The United States government leaves public education to the laws of the states, but recognizing its importance in the perpetuation of a free government, has set aside sections 16 and 36 in every township in all the Western states to be sold and the proceeds used as a permanent school fund for the support of the public schools. Section 1 of the Ninth Article of the Constitution of Idaho says: "The stability of a republican form of government depending mainly upon the intelligence of the people, it shall be the duty of the Legislature of Idaho to establish and maintain a general, uniform and thorough system of public, free, common schools."

School Districts. In accordance with this section of the state Constitution, the Legislature has given the board of county commissioners power to divide the county into as many school districts as may be necessary, and to change the boundaries of such districts when the public welfare may demand it. A new district may be formed by the commissioners whenever they receive a petition signed by the parents or guardians of ten children of school age in such proposed new school district. Boundaries may be changed upon a petition bearing the signatures of at least twothirds of those who are heads of families and residents