still retain the wretched power of doing incalculable mischief. An attraction springs from something remarkable and striking; it lies in the exterior aspect, and awakens an interest towards itself. A charm acts by a secret, allpowerful, and irresistible impulse on the soul; it springs from an accordance of the object with the affections of the heart; it takes hold of the imagination, and awakens an enthusiasm peculiar to itself. An allurement acts on the senses; it flatters the passions; it enslaves the imagina tion. A musical society has attractions for one who is musically inclined; for music has charms to soothe the troubled soul. Fashionable society has too many allurements for youth, which are not easily withstood. been traced to advantage : and the “irresistible influence" of it would have been better understood by ordinary readers. CIVIL, POLITE. CIVIL, in French, civile, Latin civilis, from civis a citizen, signifies belonging to or becoming a citizen. POLITE, in French poli, Latin politus participle of polio to polish. These two epithets are empolyed to denote different modes of acting in social intercourse. Polite expresses more than civil; it is possible to be civil without being polite; politeness supposes civility and something in addition. Civility is confined to no rank, age, condition, or country; all have an opportunity with equal propriety of being civil, but not so with politeness, that requires a certain degree of equality, at least the equality of education. It would be contradictory for masters and servants, rich and poor, learned and unlearned, to be polite to each other. Civility is a christian duty; there are times when all men [every man] ought to be civil to his neighbour; politeness is rather a voluntary devotion of ourselves to others. Among the inferior orders civility is indispensable; an uncivil person in a subordinate station is an obuoxious member of society. Among The music, the eloquence of the preacher, or the crowds of hearers, are attractions for the occasional attendants at a place of worship. The society of cultivated persons, whose character and mauners have been attempered by the benign influence of Christianity, possess [es] peculiar charms for those who have a congeniality of disposition. The present lax and undisciplined age is however but ill-fitted for the formation of such society, or the susceptibility of such charms. People are now more prone to yield to the allurements of pleasure and licentious gratification in their social inter-the higher orders politeness is often a sub course. A military life has powerful attractions for adventurous minds; glory has irresistible charms for the ambitious; the allurements of wealth predominate in the minds of the great bulk of mankind. This cestus was a fine party coloured girdle which, as Homer tells us, had all the attractions of the sex wrought into it. ADDISON. How justly do I fall a sacrifice to sloth and luxury in the place where I first yielded to those allurements which seduced me to deviate from temperance and innocence. JOHNSON. Juno made a visit to Venus, the deity who presides over love, and begged of her as a particular favour, that she would lend her for a while those charms with which she subdued the hearts of gods and men. ADDISON. stitute; and where the form and spirit are combined, it supercedes the necessity of civility; politeness is the sweetener of human society; it gives a charm to every thing that is said and done. Civility is contented with pleasing when opportunity to please, it prevents the nethe occasion offers; politeness seeks the cessity of asking by anticipating the wishes; it is fu!! of delicate attentions, and is an active benevolence in the minor concerns of life. Civility is anxious not to offend, but it often gives pain from ignorance or error; politeness studies all the circumstances and situations of men; it enters into their characters, suits itself to their humours, and We leave much of this to the ladies.nesses; its object is no less to avoid giving even yields indulgently to their weakTo us it appears that attraction is a na-pain than to study to afford pleasure. tural power: allurement is an inten- Civility is dictated by the desire of servtional and studied art; charms shoulding, politeness by that of pleasing. Civility have been explained not from the Latin carmen, a verse, only; but from the witcheries of those who professed by incantations to controul the powers of nature; to call the moon from her sphere, the dead from their repose, &c. &c. The force of the term might thus have often confines itself to the bare intention of serving; politeness looks to the action and its consequences. When a peasant is civil he often does the reverse of what of the wants and necessities of others.would be desired of him; he takes no heed Politeness considers what is due to others and from others; it does nothing super fluously; men of good breeding think before they speak, and move before they act. It is necessary to be civil without being troublesome, and polite without being af fected. Civility requires nothing but goodness of intention; it may be associated with the coarsest manners, the grossest ignorance, and the total want of ail culture. Polite ness requires peculiar properties of the head and the heart, natural and artificial; much goodness and gentleness of character, and even current of feelings, quickness and refined delicacy of sentiment, a command of temper, a general insight into men and manners, and a thorough acquaintance with the forms of society. Civility is not incompatible with the barshest expressions of one's feelings; it allows the utterance of all a man thinks without regard to person, time, or season; it lays no restraint upon the angry passions. Politeness enjoins upon us to say nothing to another which we would not wish to be said to ourselves; it lays at least a temporary constraint on all the angry passions, and prevents all turbulent commotions. Civility is always the same; whatever is once civil is always so and acknowledged as such by all persons; politeness varies with the passions and times, what is polite in one age or in one country may be unpolite in another. The true effect of genuine politeness seems to JOHNSON. be rather ease than pleasure. A polite country squire shall make you as many bows in half an hour as would serve a courtier for a week. ADDISON. We have some doubts whether polite may not be primarily derived from the Greek polis, a city, and originally signify the behaviour of a person who had been educated in a city, contrasted with the coarse manuers of a peasant. It is well known, that the Romans sent their sons to Athens, &c. in Greece, for education or to finish their education; because the manners of the Athenians were esteemed more polite than those of the ruder citizens of Rome, however civil. By this we do not mean to deny that subsequently, an allusion to politure might be intended: polished like steel, instead of being rough like iron. GLAD, PLEASED, JOYFUL, GLAD is obviously a variation of glee and glow (v. Fire). PLEASED, from to please, marks the state of being pleased. JOYFUL bespeaks its own meaning. either as full of joy or productive of great joy. "CHEERFUL, v. Cheerful. merry. If civility be not a splendid virtue, it has at least the recommendation of being ge- Glad denotes either a partial state, or a nuine and harmless, having nothing arti-permanent and habitual sentiment; in the ficial in it; it admits of no gloss and will former sense it is most nearly allied to never deceive; it is the true expression of pleased; in the latter seuse to joyful and good will, the companion of respect in inferiors, of condescension in superiors, of hu- Glad and pleased are both applied to the manity and kindness in equals. Politeness ordinary occurrences of the day; but the springs from education, is the offspring of former denotes rather a lively and momenrefinement, and consists much in the exte-tary sentiment, the latter a gentle but rarior. It often rests with the bare imitation of virtue, and distinguished into true and false. In the latter case it may be abused for the worst of purposes, and serve as a mask to conceal malignant passions under the appearance of kindness. Hence it is possible to be polite in form without being civil, or any thing else that is good. ther more lasting feeling. We are glad to see a friend who has been long absent; we are glad to have good intelligence from our friends and relatives: we are glad to get rid of a troublesome companion; we are pleased to have the approbation of those we esteem; we are pleased to hear our friends well spoken of: we are pleased with the company of an intelligent and coinmunicative person. Glad, joyful, and cheerful, all express more or less lively sentiments; but glad is less vivid than joyful, and more so than cheerful gladness seems to arise as much from physical as mental causes; wine is said to make the heart glad joy has its source in the mind as it is influenced by external circumstances; instances of good fortune, either for ourselves, our friends, or our country, excite joy cheerfulness is an even tenor of the mind, which it may preserve of itself independently of all external circumstances; religious contemplation produces habitual cheerfulness. We are afraid the non-recollection of Saxon etymology here has been inju rions to correctness. Perhaps glee is a state of transitory enjoymentiato which a person is put, as one who being cold apA comfortable meal to an indigent per-faction. Hence the glee man among our proaches a fire, and is warmed to his satisson gladdens his heart. A nation rejoices at the return of peace after a long pro-Saxon ancestors, i. e. the jester, the ditracted war. A traveller is cheered in averting fellow. Cheerful may denote solitary desert by the sight of a human that state of satiety which a guest feels being, or the sound of a voice. Or a suf- after having partaken of the good cheer ferer is cheered by his trust in Divine Pro- of his host. These bodily sensations vidence. transferred by easy metaphor to the mind, are easily understood. Glad is seldom employed as an epithet to qualify things, except in the scriptural or solemu style, glad tidings of great joy. Joyful is seldomer used to qualify persons than things: hence, we speak of joyful news, a joyful occurrence, joyful faces, joyful sounds, and the like. Cheerful is employed either to designate the state of the mind or the property of the thing; we either speak of a cheerful disposition, a cheerful person, a cheerful society, or a cheerful face, a cheerful sound, a cheerful aspect, and the like. When used to qualify one's actions, they all bespeak the temper o, the mind; gladly denotes a high degree of willingness as opposed to aversion; one who is suffering under excruciating pains, gladly submits to any thing which promises relief. Joyfully denotes unqualified pleasure, uumixed with any alloy or restrictive consideration. A convert to Christianity joyfully goes through all the initiatory ceremonies which entitle him to all its privileges, spiritual and temporal. Cheerfully denotes the absence of unwillingness, it is opposed to reluctantly; the zealous Christian cheerfully submits to every hardship to which he is exposd in the course of his religious profession. O sole, in whom my thoughts find all repose, MILTON. Our author will, we trust, excuse these remarks: his work will be greatly improved by the various opinions it will encounter. We wish it to acquire authority for to say truth, there is scarcely any portable work to which we can appeal without hesitation or doubt, on the subject of English Synonyms. : To the enterprising politics of the French nation, and to the intended enterprizes of the French armies, we are indebted for much valuable information on the state of various parts of the Levant. The multitude of agents sent thither by the rulers of France before the their politics tended; while the patro rise of Buonaparte, shewed which way nage bestowed by the Fi Consul afterwards Emperor, could leave no rational doubt of his approbation, and postpoved, but not relinquished, intention. What preserving power interposed to protect the Ottoman Empire, it may not be easy to say; but certain it is, that the order of events which really did ned in the Cabinet of the Tuillieries.— take place was not that originally planThe east rather than the north was placed earlier on the list of subversions, and though one effort had failed, another and another would have been attempted. The Sovereignty of Italy main undecided. The Russians did not afford them an opportunity, perhaps; and this writer says that they misbehaved exceedingly, in their attempt to rouse the Greek nation in 1770. He afforded both means and opportunity for intercourse of every kind, from that of open mercantile transactions, to that of the most confidential smuggling, with the opposite coast of Greece; and when the provinces at the head of the Adria-declares without reserve that the people tic, were occupied by French power, nothing seemed to be wanting but the signal for marching to conquest and plunder. The were disgusted by the misconduct of the Russian Officers; others have thought that the Greeks wanted to have every thing done for them; and that they had From circumstances deemed more im- not the spirit to do any thing for themselves. Feelings may have changed portant by Napoleon, that signal was not given; and thus all the preparations with times since then; and a few years for revolutionising Greece, were render-more may find this people less reluctant ed useless. They had been long in train, and better prepared to strike a blow.→ of knowledge is in their faprogress extensively combined, and carefully matured; but they failed, from no fault vour; and the late indications of this in the agents, but merely from the progress, many of which we have recorded, are hopeful symptoms of better shock of occurrences elsewhere. In the knowledge, and consequently of a more mean while, general literature has received many favours from the reports patriotic and liberal spirit. On the other hand, there are sympand communications of these Envoys; toms, in the power and management of they have fully disclosed to their suAli Pacha, which may call every periors whatever they knew: and from these disclosures, selected portions, and friend to the liberty of Greece to deep reflection. He has subdued more than discreetly chosen memoirs have formed valuable volumes, and been extremely one tribe that never before had submitted to the Turkish dominion. Liberty well received by the public. It is not to be supposed that all was published that had sought shelter in the mountains; was known; but so much as was pub-herself against the whole hosts of the and there, for ages, had maintained, lished entitled the writers to due acknowledgements from the liberal and ingenuous. Osmanlis: Ali Pacha contrived by fraud, or force, to dislodge the Goddess, and to deprive her of her strong hold.He pursued his plans with that perseverance which does not always distinguish a partizan of the crescent; and he took advantage of opportunities, as they rose, with a promptitude that rarely has been manifested by the zeal of Pachas for their master of the Seraglio, though sometimes they can display it, when their own interest is at stake, as it was in the instance of this most humble subject of the Sublime In reading works like this before us, we should never forget the purpose kept in view by the writer, as a principal part of his duty; nor the bias on his mind, to which he could not bat incline, wittingly or unwittingly. And further, so far as the Greek nation is concerned, we have little hesitation in affirming that Frenchmen are much more likely to bring their purposes to bear than Englishmen, or perhaps any nation under the sun. There is something more congenial in the manners of modern Greeks A most humble subject-while steaand modern Frenchmen, in their course dily aiming at independence! Grasping of thinking and reasoning, and in their at the whole of power and influence mode of acting, than there is between around him, yet punctually paying his the manners of our countrymen, and tribute to the Divan, giving no cause of those of the now occupants of the coun-offence, professing most devoutly his detry of classical recollections. Porte. ference, his duty, his obedience-but, Whether the Greeks could ever have carefully keeping away from the seat of been combined into one body, of one Government, and trusting to his own way of thinking, and capable of direct-guards, his own people for protection, ing its efforts to one point, must re- and personal security. The history of this adventurer is already known among us, by the visits paid him by Mr. Hobhouse, Dr. Clarke and others. These gentlemen have anticipated much that might otherwise be recommended by its novelty; and have furnished materials for various detached histories and lives, which have appeared in the form of articles, and paragraphs. We direct, therefore, our attention principally, to the Ionian Islands. These are now under British protection. They form nominally a sovereign power; and within themselves they may be competent to the office of Sovereignty: but all who know the import of Political protection, know, that the Protector claims a right, as he exercises the power, to do whatever is necessary for the public welfare; which he usually both determines and executes. Our author asserts that the Government of the Venetians, to which these islands were long subject, was a system of oppression, fraud, and tyranny. That the Proveditors sent by the Venetians to preserve order stirred up, in every province, private hatreds among families, as well patrician as plebeian: that they cherished and promoted animosities, nor did they refrain from shedding blood. When blood flows with impunity, because the wretch who sheds it can appeal to patrons sufficiently powerful to protect him against justice, the sovereignty must be corrupt indeed. When the Governing power, the Senate, judged it necessary to its own interests to maintain the nobility in dissipation, and to allow them to use their strength in private quarrels which time rendered implacable, what can be thought of the Government? If an assassin was sure by the intervention of his patron to escape from prison and from punishment, where is private safety, or public honour? 1 As an instance of disproportionate punishment of crimes-a fatal error in governors, we are informed that, The Author, in examining the registers of the prisons of Palma Nova, in the year 1797, found one person entered on the books as condemned to ten year's confinement, for having killed ten men, and his neighbour to twenty years, for having spoken ill of the Government. From this we may judge on other points, not less subversive of every principle of honour and conscience. A very cunning mode of keeping these people in weakness, by keeping them in ignorance, was adopted by the Venetians: they conferred degrees, even to the Doctor's bonnet, on those among them who had enrolled their names in the books of the institution for instruc, tion,-but had never studied! They received College honours without having earned them, or more than seen the inside of the building; an effectual way of perpetuating ignorance, and with ignorance weakness, and with weakness servility, which was the very end and purpose held in view by the Venetias Senate. Under French administration the Seven the extortions of the Venetian pro-consuls, Islands began to breathe; and, freed from the weight of a military government, which the state of war rendered still necessary, though it did not, in their eyes, counterbalance the real advantage of a liberal go. vernment, paved the way to a return of tranquillity and the re-union of the public A police, administered with exactitude and mind, so long banished from among them. military severity, caused the civil war in of a government which, through political the country to cease, and the destruction system and the corruption of its agents, sustained interior disorder, put an end to the causes so long opposed to the re-establishment of harmony among the citizens. The only rivality which still existed was that of the different islands with each other; and this rivality, which the commuin time have deadened, could not disappear uity of government would, undoubtedly, unless by the effect of a spirit of geueral union and patriotism, which could not be expected but from the progress of public instruction, particularly of a national kind, During the time the Ionian Islands were in the hands of the French government, the schools of Italy and France were open to the young Greeks. The spirit of liberty and of independence they brought back with them found ample nourishment. Pub lic instruction, ameliorated in these same schools by the progress of the spirit of the age,uotwithstanding the exaggerations inse parable from a moral revolution so complete, communicated to them useful knowledge. Their natural avidity for learning, and the perspicacity with which nature has gifted them, caused them to make a rapid pro |