tro pá, de cada dia, donaulonos Señor en lo dia de vuy. Y perdonaunos las nostras culpas, axí com nosaltres perdonam á nostros deutors. Y no permeteu que nosaltres caygem en la tentaciò ans deslliuraunos Señor de qualsevol mal. Amen. La Ave Maria. Deu nos salve Maria plena de gracia lo Señor es ab vos. Beneyte sou Vos entre totas las donas, y beneyt es lo Fruyt del vostro Sant ventre, Jesus. Santa Maria Mara de Deu, pregau per nosaltres pecadors, are, y en la hora de la nostra mort. Amen.' de cade die, donaunoslo Señor en el die d'avui, y perdonaunos las nostras culpas, axi com nosaltres perdonam a los nostros deutors, y no permeteu que nosaltres caiguem en la tentaciò; ausbè alliberaunos, Señor, de qualsevol mal; axi sie. La Salutaciò Angelica. Dèu vos salve Maria plena de gracia; el Señor es ab vos; beneita sou vos entre totas las donas, y beneit es el fruit d'el vostro Sant ventre, Jesus. Santa Maria, Mara de Déu, pregau per nosaltres pecadors, are, y a l'hora de la nostra mort; axi sie.' We now hasten to the last of the three leading dialects of Spain. III. THE GALICIAN. The name of this dialect,-Gallego or Lingoa Gallega,-sufficiently indicates its native province. Originally, however, it was not confined as now to the northwestern corner of Spain, but extended southward along the Atlantic sea-coast through what is now the kingdom of Portugal. From the old Galician Romance, the Portuguese language had its origin. The Galician dialect is now confined to a single province, and even there limited to the peasantry and common people ;-among the educated classes the Castilian is spoken. A strong resemblance appears to exist between the Gallego and the Catalan. The bishop of Orenze,' says Raynouard, having been requested to examine the vulgar dialect of Galicia, and to ascertain whether it bore any resemblance to the Catalan, answered, that the common people, by whom alone the vulgar idiom of Galicia is spoken, employ not only nouns, and verbs, and other parts of speech identically the same as those of the Catalan, but even entire phrases.' *Aldrete. Lib. II. Cap. 3. Tome VI. Discours Prélim. p. 36. This dialect has been very little employed in literature. Alfonso X., however, composed in it a book of Cánticas;* and Camoens two or three sonnets.† Some other writers are mentioned in the letter of the Marques de Santillana.‡ Adelung gives the Lord's prayer in the forms of this dialect. We subjoin them both. 'Padre nostro que estas no ceo, santificado sea o teu nome; venja a nosoutros o teu Renjo; fagase a tua voluntade asi na terra, come no ceo; o pan nostro de cada dia danolo oje; e perdonainos as nostras deudas, asi come nosoutros perdonaimos aos nostros deudores; e non nos deixes cair na tentazon; mas libra nos de male.' 'Padre noso, que estais no ceo, santificado sea il tu numbre; venja a nos i tu renjo; hajase tu voluntade asi na tierra, come nel cielo; il pan noso de cada dia da nosle oje; e perdonanos as nosas deudas, asi come nosautros perdonamos a os nosos deudores; e non nos deixes cair na tentazon; mas librainos de male.' Thus have we given, as briefly as possible, a sketch of the several languages or dialects of Spain. Perhaps we have not gone sufficiently into detail for the professed scholar, but the majority of our readers will, we think, pardon us any omissions on this head. Our object has been to present the most striking features in the history of a language, which is justly popular among us. We have given the broad and general outlines;-those who would fill them up are referred to the works from which we have drawn our illustrations, and which we have had occasion to cite in the course of this article. *Sanchez. T. I. p. 150. Obras de Grande Luis de Camões. T. III. pp. 148, 149. ART. III.-McIlvaine's Evidences of Christianity. The Evidences of Christianity, in their external Division, exhibited in a Course of Lectures delivered in Clinton Hall, in the Winter of 1831-2, under the Appointment of the University of the City of New York. By CHARLES P. McILVAINE, D. D., Rector of St. Ann's Church, Brooklyn; Professor of the Evidences of Revealed Religion and of Sacred Antiquities in the University of the City of New York. New York. 1832. It was the fate of Christianity to struggle into existence amidst a host of violent prejudices, and, from the first hour of her being, to encounter a bitter and malignant opposition. Judaism on the one hand, and Paganism on the other, were startled by her claims; and though for a time, while they looked at her in the feebleness of her infancy, they might have imagined that they could see signs of impotence enough to keep down their fears, yet they soon found that there was an energy and a majesty in her movements, which they could not contemplate without apprehension. They soon saw the infant, which they supposed too powerless to be regarded, putting forth the strength of a giant; and before many years had gone by, they could not resist the conviction, that she had reached a maturity and was exerting an influence, which had no propitious bearing on their own probable destiny. Then came the assault in good earnest;-an assault, which grew out of the conviction that religious usages, which had been consecrated by the practice and prejudices of many generations, were in danger of being set aside, and that the principalities and powers of Paganism, if not guarded with extraordinary care and sacrifice, were likely to receive their death-blow ;-an assault, which was sustained by the most vigorous and uncompromising efforts of Jewish prejudice on the one hand, and heathen superstition on the other. Every one, who has looked at all at the history of the church during the first few centuries, knows that Christianity had to make her way against an array of opposition, which no other system of religion has ever d to encounter; and that, though she marched forward with a VOL. XXXVI.-NO. 79. 44 firm and steady step, yet it was because she had fortitude enough to wade through an ocean of blood. Nor was it in the early age alone, that Christianity was opposed on the contrary there has never been a time, in which there have not been found a multitude who would gladly have driven her into perpetual exile. The mode of attack has indeed varied at different periods; but the spirit of hostility has shown itself at every period. And there has been every variety of weapon employed in the unhallowed conflict, which a malignant ingenuity could desire. Wit, and ridicule, and sophistry, and learning, and even eloquence, have been tasked to the utmost in the great effort to bring the Gospel into contempt, and, if possible, to drive it out of the world. The sentimentalism of Rousseau, the sneering sarcasms of Voltaire, the refined reasoning of Hume, the ribaldry of Paine, have each been enlisted for this malignant end. And even in our own day, though we have reason to believe that avowed infidelity, especially in all the more decent walks of life, is upon the wane, yet it cannot be denied that there are some, scattered through almost every community, who call in question the divinity of the sacred Scriptures ;-and though most of these know little of that concerning which they affirm, yet they supply to a lamentable degree by their zeal what is wanting in their knowledge to ensure them at least a limited and temporary success. We cannot regard it otherwise than as a stain upon the character of this age, that it has witnessed, on both sides of the Atlantic, the unblushing impudence of a female preacher of infidelity; and that curiosity, or some worse principle, has drawn so many within the sound of her voice or the circle of her influence. But that wise and good Providence, which from seeming evil still educes good, has taken care that the desperate opposition with which Christianity has had to struggle should be rendered subservient to her triumph. This has been effected in two ways. In the first place, the nature and extent of the opposition have been such, that the fact, that Christianity has successfully resisted it, and has held a steady and triumphant course onward, leaves no room to doubt her claims to a supernatural origin; and then again, this very opposition has been met with a corresponding defence, and the argument for the divinity of the Scriptures has been drawn out in a much greater variety of forms, and doubtless with much greater clearness and strength, than if their authority had not been so perpetually and so variously assailed. If Bolingbroke and Hume, Rousseau and Voltaire, and a multitude of their contemporaries and predecessors exerted themselves to the utmost to make the world believe that Christianity is but a miserable cheat, Locke, and Lardner, and Campbell, and Paley, and Chalmers, and Wilson, and a host of others, both among the living and the dead, have employed their noble powers in meeting these champions of infidelity upon their own ground, and demonstrating the sophistry of their reasoning and the weakness of their pretensions. If Hume's argument against miracles had never been published, the world would have been without the incomparable work of Dr. Campbell, and several other admirable treatises on the same subject; which, as they were the product of much thought and learning, will no doubt contribute to elevate the views, and confirm the faith of multitudes to the end of the world. Thus it has turned out, that the enemies of the Gospel have indirectly ministered to its success; and if it had not been for their efforts, no doubt a considerable part of that flood of light by which its divine authority is illustrated, would have been withheld. The result of the state of things to which we have referred has been, that there is scarcely any department of human thought, which has been enriched by a greater amount and variety of intellectual labor, than that of the evidences of Christianity. Some of the greatest and most accomplished minds have labored in this field with all the might, and zeal, and perseverance, which were ever displayed in any cause; and the results of their efforts have been given to the world in various publications, adapted to every order of intellect. There are books on this subject of a general character, which professedly go over the whole ground, and present the argument in all its various parts and in the harmony of its just proportions. And there are other books which exhibit insulated views of the subject, bearing only upon a single point or a few points of greater or less prominence. Here is a treatise, which contains the most common-sense and popular view of the argument, designed especially for those who are not willing to submit to the labor of deep and patient thought; and there is another, on which treasures of thought and learning have been expended, and which will repay the attentive perusal of thinking and learned men. In short, whoever desires to investigate any |