545 642 656 661 671 1. GENERAL MAP OF NORTHERN ITALY (1: 1,350,000), WESTERN HALF, 2. GENERAL MAP OF NORTHERN ITALY, EASTERN HALF, after the Index. 3. ENVIRONS OF LUGANO (1:150,000), p. 14. 4. EASTERN ENVIRONS OF TURIN (1: 66,200), p. 46. 5. SOUTHERN GRAIAN ALPS (STURA VALLEYS; 1: 250,000), p. 64. 6. NORTHERN GRAIAN ALPS (1: 250,000), p. 78. 7. BIELLA ALPS (1: 250,000), p. 86. 8. ENVIRONS OF GENOA (1: 100,000), p. 116. 9. RIVIERA DI PONENTE FROM GENOA TO CERIALE (1: 500,000), p. 118. 10. RIVIERA DI PONENTE FROM CERIALE TO MENTONE (1:500,000), p. 120. 11. ENVIRONS OF BORDIGHERA (1: 50,000), p. 127. 12. RIVIERA DI LEVANTE FROM GENOA TO SPEZIA (1:500,000), p. 130. 13. GULF OF RAPALLO (Recco-Chiavari; 1: 100,000), p. 134. 16. ENVIRONS OF THE CERTOSA DI PAVIA (1: 86,400), p. 191. 17. RAILWAY MAP OF THE ENVIRONS OF MILAN (1:500,000), p. 193. 18. ENVIRONS OF COMO (1: 28,000), p. 199. 19. LAKES OF COMO AND LUGANO (1: 250,000), p. 202. 20. ENVIRONS OF LOCARNO (1: 75,000), p. 227. 21. LAGO MAGGIORE AND LAGO D'ORTA (1: 250,000), p. 230. 22. ENVIRONS OF PALLANZA (1: 65,000), p. 234. 23. ENVIRONS OF BAVENO AND STRESA (1: 65,000), p. 235. 24. BERGAMASQUE AND BRESCIAN ALPS (1: 500,000), p. 254. 25. LAGO DI GARDA (1:500,000), p. 279. 26. ENVIRONS OF GARDONE RIVIERA (1: 75,000), p. 282. 27. ENVIRONS OF RIVA AND ARCO (1: 75,000), p. 291. 28. VENETIAN LAGOONS (1: 340,100), p. 340. 29. THE LIDO AT VENICE (1: 12,500), p. 411. 30. LAGOONS OF GRADO (1: 250,000), p. 428. 31. ENVIRONS OF CANOSSA (1: 250,000), p. 438. 32. SOUTH-WESTERN ENVIRONS OF BOLOGNA (1: 86,400), p. 489. 33. ENVIRONS OF RAVENNA (1: 86,400), p. 495. 34. ENVIRONS OF FLORENCE (1: 55,000), p. 642. 35. VALLOMBROSA AND THE CASENTINO' (1: 280,000), p. 656. 36. KEY MAP. OF ITALY (1: 7,000,000), at the end of the Handbook. Chronological Table of Recent Events. 1846. June 16. Election of Pius IX. 1848. March 18. Insurrection at Milan. March 22. Charles Albert enters Milan. Republic proclaimed at Venice. May 15. Insurrection at Naples quelled by Ferdinand II. ('Re Bomba'). May 30. Radetzky defeated at Goito; capitulation of Peschiera. July 25. Radetzky's victory at Custozza. Aug. 6. Radetzky's victory at Milan. Aug. 9. Armistice. Nov. 25. Flight of the Pope to Gaeta. 1849. Feb. 5. Republic proclaimed at Rome. March 16. Charles Albert terminates the armistice (ten days' campaign). - Mar. 23. Radetzky's victory at Novara. Mar. 24. Charles Albert abdicates; accession of Victor Emmanuel II. Mar. 26. Armistice. - Mar. 31. Haynau conquers Brescia. April 5. Republic at Genoa overthrown by Lamarmora. - - Apr. 30. Garibaldi defeats the French under Oudinot. May 15. Subjugation of Sicily. July 4. Rome capitulates. Pius IX. returns to Rome. 1850. April 4. 1856. Congress 1859. May 20. Tuscany. July 20. Oct. 1. at Paris. Cavour raises the Italian question. Battle of Montebello. June 4. Battle of Magenta. June 24. Battle of Solferino. Nov. 10. Peace of Zurich. 1860. March 18. Annexation of the Emilia. Mar. 22. Annexation of Mar. 24. Cession of Savoy and Nice. May 11. Garibaldi lands at Marsala. May 27. Taking of Palermo. Battle of Melazzo. Sept. 7. Garibaldi enters Naples. Battle of the Volturno. Oct. 21. Plebiscite at Naples. Annexation of the principalities, Umbria, and the two Sicilies. 1861. Feb. 13. Gaeta capitulates. March 17. Victor Emmanuel assumes the title of King of Italy. June 6. Death of Cavour. July 5. Cession of Venetia. 1866. June 20. Battle of Custozza. July 20. Naval battle of Lissa. 1870. Sept. 20. Occupation of Rome by Italian troops. declared the capital of Italy. 1878. Jan. 9. Death of Victor Emmanuel II.; 1903. July 20. Death of Leo XIII. - Aug. 4. Election of Pius X. 1911-12. War with Turkey for the possession of Tripoli. XII. Post and Telegraph Services xxviii XIII. Climate. Winter Stations. Seaside Resorts. Health xxix XIV. History of Italian Art, by Prof. A. Springer. "Thou art the garden of the world, the home Thy wreck a glory, and thy ruin graced With an immaculate charm which cannot be defaced.' I. Travelling Expenses. Money. BYRON. Expenses. The cost of a tour in Northern Italy need not exceed that incurred in other much-frequented parts of the Continent. The average expenditure of a single traveller, apart from railway-fares, may be estimated at at least 20-30 francs per day, or at 15-25 francs when a prolonged stay is made at one place; but persons acquainted with the language and habits of the country may easily restrict their expenses to still narrower limits. Those who travel as members of a párty effect a considerable saving by sharing the expense of guides, carriages, and other items. When ladies are of the party the expenses are generally greater. Money. The French monetary system is now in use throughout the whole of Italy. The franc (lira or franco) contains 100 centesimi; 1 fr. 25 c. 1s. (comp. p. ii). In copper (bronzo or rame) there are coins of (1, 2,) 5, and 10 centesimi, in nickel pieces of 20 and 25 c., and in silver pieces of 1, 2, and 5 fr. The gold coins (10, 20, and 100 fr.) are seldom met with, their place being taken by Biglietti di Stato (treasury-notes) for 5, 10, and 25 fr., the banknotes of the Banca d'Italia, and the new notes (stamped with a profile-head of Italia in red) of the Banco di Napoli and the Banco di Sicilia. All other banknotes should be refused. The gold coins of the Latin Monetary League (Italy, France, Belgium, Switzerland, and Greece), as well as those of Great Britain (see below), Austria-Hungary (10 and 20 crown-pieces), Russia, Spain, Tunisia, Roumania, Servia, and Monaco, circulate at their facevalue. The silver five-franc pieces (scudi) of the Latin Monetary League are accepted at their full value, and also those of the former small Italian states, with the exception of the Papal states and the Duchy of Lucca. The traveller should refuse all other Italian silver coins issued before 1863, French coins issued before 1864, Belgian and Swiss coins issued before 1866, Greek coins issued before 1867, and coins of the Republic of San Marino issued before 1898. Obsolete and worn coins are frequently offered to strangers at shops and inns and even at railway ticket-offices. These, however, may be exchanged at the Cassa di Tesorería of the Banca d'Italia. A piece of 5 c. is called a soldo or palanca, and as the lower classes often keep their accounts in soldi, the traveller will find it useful to accustom himself to this mode of reckoning (dieci soldi 50 c., dodici soldi 60 c., etc.). BEST MONEY FOR THE TOUR. Circular Notes or Letters of Credit, obtainable at the principal English and American banks, and the Travellers' Cheques issued by the great American express companies and by the American Bankers' Association are the most convenient medium for the transport of large sums and realize the most favourable exchange. English and German banknotes also realize their nominal equivalents in the principal towns. Sovereigns are received at the full value (not less than 25 fr.) by the principal hotel-keepers. Italian post offices of the first class issue so-called Titoli di Crédito for sums ranging from 200 to 5000 fr., the holders of which may draw from 50 to 1000 fr. at any post office of the first or second class (fee 25 c. for 500 fr., 50 c. for 1000 fr., 75 c. for 2000 fr., and so on). EXCHANGE. Foreign money is most advantageously changed in the larger towns, either at one of the English bankers or at a respectable money-changer's ('cambiavaluta'). As a rule, those money-changers are the most satisfactory who publicly exhibit a list of the current rates of exchange. The traveller should always be provided with an abundant supply of silver and small notes, as it is often difficult to change notes of large amount. It is also advisable to carry 1-2 fr. in copper and nickel in a separate pocket or pouch. Money Orders payable in Italy, for sums not exceeding 401., are granted by the British Post Office at the following rates: up to 1., 4d.; 6l., 18.; 10l., 18. 6d.; 20l., 28. 9d.; 40l., 58. 3d. These are payable at the rate of 25 fr. 20 c. per il. The identity of the receiver must be guaranteed by two well-known residents or by an exhibition of the passport. The charge for money-orders granted in Italy and payable in England is 40 c. per 11. sterling. Telegraph Money Orders are allowed for certain places in Italy only. II. Period and Plan of Tour. Season. As a general rule, the spring and autumn months are the best season for a tour in North Italy, especially April and May or the second half of September and October. The moisture-laden and oppressive S.E. wind (Scirocco) sometimes makes itself felt even at the end of September, especially on the coast and in Tuscany. The heaviest rainfall usually takes place between the middle of October and the middle of November, but sometimes in the following six weeks. The pleasantest resorts in winter are the Lago di Garda and the Riviera; the former has less wind and more sunshine, but the latter, despite its more frequent winds and showers, is considerably warmer. The sea-bathing places are crowded by Italians in July, the other resorts in August. The height of summer can hardly be recommended for travelling. The scenery, indeed, is then at its best and the long days are well adapted for sight-seeing; but the fierce rays of an Italian sun seldom fail to impair the physical and mental energies. Plan. The following short itinerary, beginning and ending at Milan, though far from exhausting the beauties of Northern Italy, includes most of the places usually visited, with the time required for a glimpse at each. Milan (R. 25), and excursion to Pavia (the Certosa, p. 191). Turin (R. 8) From Turin to Genoa (R. 13c). Days 21/2 3 1 1/2 Genoa (R. 21), and excursion to Pegli (Villa Pallavicini, p. 117). Florence (R. 71). 5 From Florence to Bologna (R. 64) Bologna (R. 63), with excursion to Ravenna (R. 65) From Ravenna or Bologna viâ Ferrara (R. 62) to Padua, see p. [Or to Modena (R. 60) and Parma (R. 58), see R. 57 . Padua (R. 51), and thence to Venice, see R. 50 Venice (R. 52) 1/2 21/ 468 1 11/2 11/2] 1 4 2 1] 11/2 2 From Venice (via Vicenza) to Verona (R. 48), see R. 50 From Desenzano viâ Brescia (R. 44) and Bergamo to Milan (RR. 43, 42, 40) To those who wish to visit only a part of Northern Italy (whether the eastern or western), the following intineraries may be recommended: a, Eastern Part, starting from the Brenner Railway. From Mori to Riva (p. 25), Lago di Garda (R. 47). Verona (R. 48) Excursion to Mantua (p. 314). '. From Verona viâ Vicenza (p. 323) to Padua, see R. 50. |