two as a duchy, which, on the extinction of the Farnese in 1731, came into the possession of the Spanish Bourbons. In Modena and Reggio, the house of Este maintained its supremacy in spite of the papal pretensions, while Ferrara in 1597 was incorporated with the States of the Church. The whole of the existing institutions were at length overthrown by the French Revolution. Napoleon I. united Parma to France and annexed Modena and the Romagna to his kingdom of Italy. Though thus under foreign domination the country now enjoyed a period of active and useful internal reform, which, however, was rudely interrupted by the fall of Napoleon and the establishment of Austrian supremacy. Parma was awarded to Marie Louise and Modena to Archduke Francis, the heir of the last Este (who died in 1803 with the title of Duke of Breisgau). The worst lot befel the Romagna, in spite of the entreaty addressed by its ambassadors at the Congress of Vienna, rather to hand over their country to an 'infernal than to the papal government'. By an edict of 15th August, 1814, no fewer than 1824 dissolved monasteries and 612 nunneries were re-erected in the States of the Church. The Code Napoléon was abolished and the ecclesiastical administration, as organized by Sixtus V. in 1590, re-established. The four northernmost provinces, Bologna, Ferrara, Ravenna, and Forlì, were governed by a cardinal with the title of Legate (whence these districts were called legations), whose sway was arbitrary and despotic in the extreme. The courts of justice and all the chief magistracies were administered by priests, and never probably did a government earn for itself such a fund of hatred from its subjects. In 1821, 1831, and 1848 the Emilia succeeded in throwing off the yoke of its dukes and legates, but on each occasion the insurrection was crushed by Austrian intervention. The war of 1859 rendered the rising under Farini a more successful undertaking, and by the plebiscite of 12th March, 1860, the annexation of the Emilia to Piedmont was accomplished. 56. From Turin to Piacenza viâ 117 M. RAILWAY in 312-7 hrs. (fares 21 fr. 85, 15 fr. 30, 9 fr. 85 c.; express 22 fr. 90, 16 fr. 10, 10 fr. 40 c.). From Turin to Alessandria, 561/2 M., see R. 13b and c. Beyond Alessandria we traverse the battlefield of Marengo (p. 62). - 611/2 M. Spinetta (p. 62), to the S.E. of Marengo. 65 M. San Giuliano Piemonte. The train crosses the Scrivia. At (70 M.) Tortona (p. 244) our line unites with that from Milan to Genoa viâ Voghera (R. 38), which we follow to (8011⁄2 M.) Voghera (p. 243). 2 We then skirt the N. spurs of the Apennines. 8612 M. Casteggio (445 ft.), the Clastidium (p. 150) of the wars between the Romans and Gauls. 94 M. Broni (290 ft.). - 96 M. Stradella (330 ft.), a town of 6600 inhabitants. From Stradella to Bressana - Bottarone and Pavia, see p. 243; steamtramway to (152 M.) Voghera, see p. 243. At (981/2 M.) Arena-Po we enter the plain of the Po. 103 M. Castel San Giovanni (245 ft.). Beyond (112 M.) San Nicolò we traverse the plain of the Trebbia (ancient Trebia)memorable for the victory gained by Hannibal, 218 B. C., over the Romans. 117 M. Piacenza, see p. 435. 57. From Milan to Bologna viâ Parma and Modena. Piacenza. Reggio. 134 M. RAILWAY in 3-61/2 hrs. (fares 25 fr. 10, 17 fr. 55, 11 fr. 30 c.; express 25 fr. 70, 18 fr., 11 fr. 60 c.). To Piacenza, 43 M., in 1-2 hrs. (fares 8 fr. 5, 5 fr. 65, 3 fr. 65 c.; express 8 fr. 85, 6 fr. 20, 4 fr. 5 c.). A dining-car (L. 31⁄2, D. 41⁄2 fr.) is attached to the fastest trains. The lightning express' mentioned at p. 449 may be used as far as Parma. Milan, see p. 152. At (412 M.) Rogoredo the line to Pavia, Voghera, and Genoa diverges to the right (see p. 190 and R. 38). 11 M. Melegnano (290 ft.), formerly Marignano. Here, on 14th Sept., 1515, Francis I. of France, in his campaign against Massimiliano Sforza (p. 151), defeated the Swiss allies of Milan, 7000 of whom fell in the action. Here, too, a conflict took place between the French and the Austrians, on 7th June, 1859, resulting in the retreat of the latter. The Parish Church contains a Baptism of Christ, by Borgognone. Steam-tramway to Sant' Angelo (see below). 152 M. Tavazzano. Innumerable cuttings for purposes of irrigation and drainage intersect the plain. 2012 M. Lodi (260 ft.; Alb. Sole e Gambero, R. 2-21/2, omn. 1/2 fr.; Alb. Vignolo), a town with 17,300 inhab., founded by Frederick Barbarossa in 1162 after the destruction of Lodi Vecchio (see below), was one of the bitterest enemies of Milan in the middle ages. It is celebrated as the scene of Napoleon's storming of the bridge over the Adda, 10th May, 1796. Parmesan cheese is largely exported. The Cathedral contains an altar-piece by Calisto Piazza of Lodi. San Lorenzo, a Romanesque church of the 12th cent., has been restored in the original style since 1889. The church of the *Incoronata, erected by Giov. Battagio, Giov. Dolcebuono, and others in 1488-94, but somewhat spoiled by restoration, contains altar-pieces by Borgognone (1498) and Calisto Piazza, a fine organgallery by Dan. Gambriano (1507), and elaborate choir-stalls by C. A. Lanzani (ca. 1700). From Lodi steam-tramways runs to Pavia (p. 240), viâ Sant' Angelo Lodigiano; to Bergamo (p. 248), viâ Treviglio; and to Soncino (p. 259), Via Crema. Lodi Vecchio, the old Roman colony of Laus Pompeia, destroyed by the Milanese in 1111 and 1158, lies 41/2 M. to the W. of Lodi. The unimportant village contains some Roman remains and two interesting churches: San Bassiano, a handsome brick building with 15th cent. frescoes, and the Badia di San Pietro, also embellished with frescoes. 321 M. Casalpusterlengo (200 ft.; to Pavia, see p. 243). 35 M. Codogno (190 ft.), with 10,300 inhab. and a large trade in cheese, is the junction for a branch-line to Cremona (R. 39). We cross the Po immediately before reaching Piacenza, below the iron bridge (Ponte Vittorio Emanuele Terzo; 1905-8), 660 yds. in length, which carries the road. 43 M. Piacenza (*Railway Restaurant). HOTELS (comp. p. xxi). *Alb. San Marco (Pl. a; D, 2), Via San Marco, R. from 4, omn. 3/. fr. ; Croce Bianca (Pl. b; D, 2), Via del Dazio Vecchio, opposite the market, with good restaurant, R. 212-312, omn. 3, fr.: Italia (Pl. c: C, 3), Via Garibaldi. CAFES. Caffè Roma and others, in the Piazza dei Cavalli; Caffè Grande, Corso Vitt. Emanuele Secondo (Pl. C, 3). CAB. Per drive 70 c.; from the station to the town 1 fr. (30 c. more at night); per hr. 11/2 fr.; each box 25 c. TRAMWAY from the station to the town. CHIEF ATTRACTIONS (1/2 day): Palazzo Municipale; Cathedral; Palazzo Farnese; San Sisto. The churches are closed from 12 to 3. Piacenza (200 ft.), with 35,600 inhab., the capital of a province and the see of a bishop, lies 1/3 M. from the S. bank of the Po. The town possesses a Town Wall, 4 M. in length, dating from 1525-47, but now partially robbed of its bastions, and several interesting churches and Renaissance palaces. Piacenza was founded by the Romans, 219 B.C., as Colonia Placentia, in a position commanding one of the passages of the Po, which lent it importance as a fortress against the Gauls. In the middle ages Piacenza held a high rank in the league of the Lombard towns, then it came under the domination of the Visconti, the Sforza, and the popes, and finally, in 1515, into the possession of the Farnese family (p. 442). The picturesque PIAZZA DEI CAVALLI (Pl. C, D, 2), the chief centre of traffic, derives its name from the affected equestrian bronze Statues of the Dukes Alessandro and Ranuccio Farnese (pp. 442, 443), by Francesco Mocchi of Tuscany (1620-25). To the S.W. of the piazza is situated the *PALAZZO MUNICIPALE, erected in 1281 et seq. and described by Burckhardt as 'one of the earliest instances of a worthy and monumental embodiment in stone and lime of the growing spirit of municipal independence'. On the groundfloor there is a marble arcade with five pointed arches; in the upper floor are six rich round-arch windows (of terracotta), and the attic is crowned with battlements. Near the piazza, in the Via Venti Settembre, which leads to the Piazza del Duomo, rises San Francesco (Pl. 2; D, 2), a Gothic brick edifice of 1278, preceded by a marble statue of G. D. Romagnosi, the jurist (d. 1835). The *Cathedral (Pl. D, 3), a Lombard-Romanesque edifice dating from 1122, has a superstructure added in the 13th century. On the façade are three projecting porches (the central with columns resting on lions), above which are à circular window and open galleries with dwarf pillars; the sculptures are by Wiligelmus and Nicolaus (p. xlii). The choir is fine. The entire edifice was restored in 1898-1901. INTERIOR. Over the high-altar is a rich Gothic reredos (15th cent.). The church contains admirable *Frescoes by Guercino (prophets and sibyls), in the dome, and by Lodovico Caracci (angels strewing flowers) on the arches in front of the choir. The crypt is borne by 100 columns. To the S.W. of the Piazza del Duomo, opposite the Via Chiapponi, rises SANT' ANTONINO (Pl. D, 3), formerly the cathedral, dat |