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OL, XI

321

SOUTHAMPTON.

SOUTHAMPTON is a sea-port, borough, and markettown, and a county of itself, under the designation of "The Town and County of the Town of Southampton," locally in the county of Hants, seventy-five miles from London, containing about 20,000 inhabitants. This place probably derives its name from the ancient British Ant, the original name of one of the rivers which empty themselves into its fine æstuary. To the north-east, on the opposite bank of the Itchen, the Romans had a military station called Clausentum, I which was succeeded by the Saxon town of Hantune, on the site of the present Southampton.

In 838, the Danes, with a fleet of thirty-three ships, effected a landing on the coast, but were repulsed with considerable loss by Wulphere, governor of the southern part of the county, under Ethelwolf; and in 860 they again penetrated into the county, and burned the city of Winchester. In the reign of Athelstan, two mints were established here. In 981, a party of Danish pirates, having made a descent from seven large vessels, plundered the town, and laid waste the neighbouring coast. In the reign of Ethelred the Second, Sweyn, king of Denmark, and Olaus, king of Norway, landed with a considerable force, plundered and burned the town, massacred the inhabitants, and committed the most dreadful depredations in the surrounding country, till Ethelred purchased peace by the payment of sixteen thousand pounds, on the receipt of which the invaders retired to Hantune, where they embarked for their own kingdom. Canute, after his establishment on the throne, made this town his occasional residence; and it was whilst seated on the beach here, at the influx of the tide, that he took occasion to make that memorable reproof of his courtiers, for their gross flattery, which has been recorded by historians.

visited the town, and was sumptuously entertained by the mayor and corporation. Philip, King of Spain, on his arrival in England to espouse Queen Mary, landed at this port, and was entertained by the mayor and his brethren, who sent him a present of wine, which he received on board his ship, the Grace de Dieu, then lying in the harbour.

The town is beautifully situated on a peninsular tract of ground, rising with a gradual ascent from the north-eastern shore of Southampton water, and bounded on the east by the river Itchen, and on the south and west by the fine open bay formed by the confluence of the Itchen with the river Test. The shores of the bay are richly clothed with wood, and afford a succession of beautifully-diversified scenery, the vicinity being studded with villages, mansions, and villas. Southampton water, about two miles broad at its entrance near Calshot castle, stretches northwestward nearly seven miles on the eastern shore are the ruins of Netley Abbey, forming an object romantically picturesque. The town, rising gradually from the margin of the water, is distinguished for the beauty of its situation; and the approach from the London road, through an avenue of stately elms and a well-built suburb, is extremely pleasing. The principal entrance is through Bar gate, one of the ancient gates, on the north front of which are two gigantic figures representing Sir Bevois of Southampton and the giant Ascupart, whom, according to a legendary tale, Bevois is said to have slain in combat. From this gate, which is embattled and machicolated, a spacious street, more than half a mile in length, and equal to many of the finer streets of the metropolis, leads directly to the quay

The ancient part of the town was formerly enclosed with walls, nearly a mile and a quarter in circuit, of which, with their ruined circular towers, considerable portions still remain, the principal being that reaching from the south-east of West gate along the shore northward. Of the ancient gates, the principal now remaining are West gate and South gate, in addition to Bar gate; in relation to which last, the more modern part of the town is distinguished by the appellation of Above Bar, from the other part, which is called Below Bar. In that part Above Bar are many fine ranges of building. A new

leading from the street Above Bar to the western shore, with a terrace, commanding a fine view of the surrounding scenery. The town is well paved, lighted with gas, and supplied with excellent water, chiefly from springs collected on an adjoining common, and conveyed from a reservoir into public conduits, and into many of the houses. The handsome iron pillars for the gas-lights were presented by the late William Chamberlayne, Esq., in commemoration of whose munificence the inhabitants erected a lofty cast-iron column, supporting a handsome gas-light. A floating bridge over the river Itchen, from Cross-House to the opposite shore, was completed in 1836, and is found a great convenience to the inhabitants, as it shortens the road to Gosport about two miles.

At the time of the Conquest, the town was so much reduced by the repeated incursions of the Danes, that, at the Norman survey, the king had only seventy-nine demesne tenants. Henry the Second and his queen landed at this port, on their return from France, in 1174. In the reign of Edward the Third, the town was completely destroyed by the French and their allies, but they were repulsed, with the loss of the Prince of Sicily and other commanders. Richard the Second enlarged the castle, and strength-street of handsome houses has been recently erected, ened the fortifications that had been erected for the defence of the town and harbour. Heary the Fifth, previously to the battle of Agincourt, marshalled his army here for his expedition against France, and, during his stay in the town, detected a conspiracy formed against him by the lords Cambridge and Scroop, and Sir Thomas Grey, who were here executed for treason, and buried in the chapel of an ancient hopital, still remaining, called God's House. In the reign of Edward the Fourth, Southampton was the scene of a sanguinary contest between the partisans of the houses of York and Lancaster, in which the former having gained the victory, many of the Lancastrian chiefs were, by the king's order, executed with extreme barbarity, The town had increased materially in extent and importance, and its trade had become so flourishing that, in the reign of Edward the Fifth, the lord mayor of London was appointed collector of the king's duties at this port. In 1512, Grey, marquess of Dorset, embarked here with at force for the assistance of Ferdinand, King of Spain; and ten years after, the emperor Charles the Fifth sailed from it, on his return to his own dominions, after having visited Henry the Eighth. Edward the Sixth, in his tour through the western and southern parts of the kingdom for the benefit of his health,

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Southampton contains many valuable establishments for the relaxation of its inhabitants, and the enjoyment of visiters; among these, are a literary and philosophical society, with lecture rooms, exhibition of paintings, libraries and reading rooms, assembly rooms, archery rooms, a theatre, &c. Races are held in the Autumn, and there is an annual regatta in the Summer, on the beautiful and finelysheltered river, so favourably situated for aquatic

excursions.

The salubrity of the air, and the beauty of its

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