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tion, by preventing the possibility of being mistaken able naiveté on this custom :for a ship of war.

It is sufficiently connected with this subject to observe, that the NATIONAL COCKADE* of this country is in wretched taste. A plain black Cockade conveys no meaning, and produces no associations; and it is moreover worn by officers' servants, whereas a National Cockade should be the peculiar badge of the servants of the Crown and of the Nation. The American officers, who also use it, distinguish themselves by the appropriate addition of a golden Eagle in the centre. As a badge of a great country, the Cockade ought to be peculiar, and should be founded upon the National colours. English soldiers were formerly marked with the Cross of St. George, and the present anomalous, if not ridiculous distinction, seems to have been adopted by accident. Is it not enough to suggest that the National Cockade of Great Britain should be the UNION BADGE, to ensure a cordial approbation of the idea whether considerations of elegance of appearance, or of patriotism be allowed their influence? The present era is an auspicious one for the change; for as the Union Badge was generally used as a Badge of Reform before that great measure was carried, the adoption of it now by the Crown as the National Cockade, would commemorate that event, and convert the emblem of a party into the distinguishing badge of the Nation's defenders against foreign enemies.

ANCIENT CUSTOM OF SALUTATION.

NO. II.

MR. EDITOR,-Your correspondent B. (vide p. 24) has quoted several instances in proof of the antiquity of the kiss as a mode of salutation in England, but has not mentioned that it was peculiar to this country, and considered by foreigners as characteristic of the English people only. The three following passages will sufficiently illustrate this point. Cavendish, in one of the most graphic episodes in his delightful biography of his master, Cardinal Wolsey, dwells with consider

* It is remarkable, when the use and import of a COCKADE are considered as national or party emblems, that no other meaning should be given to the word in Todd's edition of Johnson's Dictionary than the following:

"Cockade, n s. [from Cock] a ribband worn in the hat," and that the only example which the Editor adduces of the use of the word is,

"Pert infidelity is wit's Cockade."-YOUNG.

66

I being in a fair great dining chamber," (in a castle belonging to Mons. Crequi, a nobleman born,') says he, "where the table was covered for dinner, and there I attended my lady's (Crequi's wife) coming; and after she came thither out of her own chamber, she received me most gently, like one of noble estate, having a train of twelve gentlewomen. And when she with her train came all out, she said to me, For as much,' quoth she, as ye be an Englishman, whose custom is in your country to kiss all ladies and gentlewomen without offence, and although it be not so here in this realm (France), yet will I be so bold to kiss you, and so shall all my maidens.' By means whereof I kissed my lady and all her women.”*

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This was in France, in the reign of Henry VIII., we will now descend some years lower, to the reign of James I. and observe how it was regarded by the Spaniards. In the library at the British Museum there is a pamphlet in Spanish, in 4to. dated 1604, which gives an account of the ceremonies observed during the residence of the Duke de Frias (Ambassador Plenipotentiary from the Spanish Court) in England. "The Embassador," says the writer, afterwards kissed her Majesty's hands, craving at the same time permission to salute the ladies present, a custom of which the non-observance on such occasions is deeply resented by the fair sex of this country," and leave was accordingly given.†

Again, at a still later period, when the celebrated Bulstrode Whitelock was at the court of Christina, Queen of Sweden, as Ambassador from Cromwell, he waited on her on May day to invite her "to take the air, and some little collation which he had provided as her humble servant." Having obtained her consent, she with several ladies of her court accompanied him, and her Majesty, "both in supper time and afterwards," being "full of pleasantness and gaiety of spirits, among other frolics, commanded him to teach her ladies the English mode of salutation, which after some pretty defences, their lips obeyed, and Whitelock most readily." From these passages it is evident that the custom was as much admired by the ladies of other countries as it was peculiar to this.||

*Cav. Life of Wolsey, p. 171, ed. 1827.

+ Ellis' Letters on English History, v. 3, s. 2, p. 211. The pamphlet from which the extract is taken was King James's own copy, and is said by Mr. Ellis to be of the "utmost scarcity." Gent.'s Mag. v. 92, part 1, p. 325.

It has been stated that the old English practice of salutation was discountenanced by the Puritans after the Reformation,

ON THE STUDY OF ANTIQUITY. No. II.

retain the name of Bothel; and, on account of an oak near the spot the place is called Bothel-ac, a compound of the British name of the stones and the Saxon name for the oak.

THESE unsculptured, unlettered, and unhewn stones bespeak a time prior to the arts of architecture and sculpture. They were also evidently erected before the invention of letters. The investigation therefore of this subject will require that we should commence our researches with the infancy of the post diluvian world; for it irresistibly carries us back to that point. The earliest notice that we have of the unhewn pillar is in the Scriptural account of the flight of Jacob from the presence of his justly-offended brother Esau. Being benighted in his journey towards Padanaram, the residence of Laban, his mother's brother, we are informed that "he took of the stones of that place, and put them for his pillows, and lay down to sleep." Whilst sleeping he was visited with a vision from the Lord, the recollection of which, on his awaking, filled his mind with an awful sensation; so that he exclaimed, “How dreadful is this place! this is none other but the house of God, and this is the gate to this day to pour oil on their Pandoo Koolies when

The Grecians for a long time had no other sepulchral monument than these unhewn pillars, which they erected on the summit of the tumulus, as the patriarch Jacob set up one of these pillars on the grave of his beloved Rachel, which remained to be called the pillar of Rachel's grave. These pillars the Greeks designated by the more sonorous epithet of Batuloi, evidently derived from the ancient word Bethel. But when these people became eminent for sculpture, they gave a more artificial form to the sepulchral pillar, and loaded it with long and fulsome eulogies on the person whose memory they were intended to perpetuate; and to such an extreme was this folly carried, that at length the legislature interfered, and enacted that no sepulchral inscription should exceed certain prescribed limits.

of Heaven. And Jacob rose up early and took the stone
that he had put for his pillows, and set it up for a
pillar, and poured oil on the top of it. And he called
the name of that place Beth-el:"-i. e. the House of
God.
Though this is the earliest mention of the
unhewn stone being set up as a pillar, it does not
follow, of course, that this was the first of such erec-
tions; it is very likely that such pillars were in use
in Palestine perhaps centuries before this; they were
probably before the discovery of the art of writing,
set up to commemorate some remarkable occurrence
in the place where they were thus erected, and they
are in the sacred writings called stones of memorial.
It is however not unreasonable to suppose that the
name Bethel was now, for the first time, imposed on
these pillars, from the peculiarity of the circumstances
that led Jacob to apply it. This name was adopted
by the Phoenicians, with a small dialectic change from
Bethel to Bothel, of which there is an instance in
Cornwall; for some pillars erected in that part of
Britain by the Phoenician miners settled there still

but even prior to that era we find it subjected to animadversion.
In Whytford's Pype of Perfection (fol. 213, b. 1532) is this
passage, "It becometh not therefore the persones religious to
folow the maner of secular persones, that in theyr congresses or
commune metyngs, or departyngs, done use to kysse, take hands,
or such other touchings that good religious persones shulde
utterly avoyde."-Ed.

* Vide Genesis, chap. xxviii.

But to return to Jacob's pillar, we are told "he poured oil on the top of it." The Hindoos, the writer of this article has been credibly informed, continue

stones.

they have to pass them, and a name given to such
stones by the Phoenicians is men-ambres, the anointed
Such very probably was the origin of Am-
The name Stonehenge
bres-bury, near Stonehenge.
is not British but Saxon; its proper British name
was Gwaith Emrys, or Emries,---the Structure of
the Revolution. The stones were
most likely
anointed, and in consequence might be called men-
ambres; hence the settlement in its vicinity was
named Ambres-bury, or the town near the Ambres.

The pillar in earliest times was a stone no bigger
than what a man might carry to its destined spot,
as in Jacob's Bethel, and the Gilgal of Joshua; yet
stones that one man could bring to any place, and
another might carry away from it, we find remained
in their places for ages. This shews that the practice
was a general one and of long standing, and that
these deposits were regarded with inviolable respect.
In time the magnitude of the pillar, or of the altar, of
unhewn stone was considered as a circumstance con-
ferring dignity on the erection. Thus the pillar near
the oak at Shechem, in the vicinity of which the
Israelites were assembled by Joshua, is noticed as
being a 66
great stone."-Joshua, xxiv. 26. And
the altar erected by the tribe of Reuben and of Gad,
and the half tribe of Manasseh, on the banks of Jor-
dan is said to be "a great altar to see to."-Joshua,
xxii. 10. Some of the stones employed in building

Solomon's Temple are also noticed as

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costly stones, -stones of eight and of ten cubits in length." The pillar or stone of memorial had various applications in patriarchal times, being raised in commemoration of some instance of Divine interposition, as Jacob's Bethel and Samuel's Ebenezer; of some solemn covenant entered into with the Almighty, as the pillar at Shechem; and of a civil compact between man and man, as the Galeed of Jacob and Laban; it was also used as a sepulchral memorial, as in the pillar of Rachel's grave; and lastly, these stones were set up in remembrance of individuals, as the stone of Abel and the pillar which Absalom erected in the King's Dale. The circumstance is thus related: "Now Absalom had, in his life time, reared up for himself a pillar, which is in the King's dale, for he said, "I have no son to keep my name in remembrance; and he called the pillar after his own name. And it is called unto this day Absalom's Place."* Thus of these stones of memorial set up in patriarchal times we have very satisfactory and circumstantial accounts from about a thousand to sixteen hundred years before the birth of Christ. The groups of stones set up by the Israelites were twelve in number, according to the number of the tribes; and this circumstance distinguished them from the similar works of the Canaanites, their neighbours.

Of the pillars and other remains of rude unhewn stones in India, on the shores of the Red Sea, and of the Mediterranean, as well as those in Gaul, the northern parts of Europe, and in almost every part of Britain, we have no means of ascertaining for whom or on what occasion they were set up; and in every country they are accounted for by some absurd tradition. Their similarity in places so remote from each other would almost induce the belief of an intercourse existing between these countries, and indeed there is but one way of accounting for them, and that is by ascribing to the Canaanites of Tyre and Sidon the introduction of these primeval works, so strongly resembling each other, into countries so far separated. The Tyrians inhabited a narrow slip of sterile land, incapable of being profitably cultivated, but affording convenient harbours for shipping, and Hermon and the adjacent hills abounded in cedar and timber of various kinds, suitable for the building of vessels of every dimension. Thus situated, the Tyrians of necessity became a commercial people, and the population of Tyre and its coasts were in the commencement of their establishment chiefly mariners and fish

"Samuel," ii. c. 18.

ermen. Their commerce at first consisted in the article of corn, which they conveyed from Egypt to various neighbouring countries, accessible by sea. By this they gradually became the most expert and adventurous navigators of antiquity, and in the days of King Solomon, in conjunction with a fleet sent out by that King, circumnavigated the peninsula of Africa. Before this they had made a settlement at Utica, on the southern coasts of the Mediterranean sea, and another at Gades, now Cadiz; on the northern coast they had also ventured to explore the British channel, and settle a colony at the western extremity of Britain, on account of the tin and other metals which they found there. That the main support of the Tyrian commerce was the corn of Egypt is asserted by the prophet Ezekiel, in these words: "The harvest of the river (Nile) was thy revenue." The settlement at Cadiz constituted the dépôt of the Phoenician merchants for the tin of Britain, together with its lead and the silver obtained from it by the separating process of testing, and the iron of Sweden. This station was also called Tartessus, and is allowed by the most approved writers to be the Tarshish of the Scriptures. Ezekiel thus notices this branch of the Phoenician commerce: "Tarshish was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of all kind of riches; with silver, iron, tin, and lead, they traded in thy fairs." These are the very articles which Britain and the northern countries bordering on the German Sea would supply; between which places and Tyre, Tarshish would be a most convenient intermediate station. Tin, a metal peculiar to the western extremity of Britain, is mentioned by Moses, who flourished fifteen centuries before Christ was born. Homer also frequently names tin in his Iliad; and the Grecians designated the Scilly isles by the title of Cassiterides, or the Tin Islands.

The pillars and altars established by the patriarchs were dedicated to the service of Jehovah, the only true God; but those, by the Canaanites, were desecrated to the purposes of an idolatrous worship, of which Baal or the sun was the chief object. To this false god these Phoenician merchants erected the pillar, the altar, &c. wherever they established a settlement. This accounts for the striking semblance that is to be found in the remains of ancient days still extant in places so widely remote from each other; at the same time these remains attest the wide range that commerce had taken but a very few centuries after the Deluge. In this country there are many of these rude pillars, some of which are immense stones, standing from fifteen to more than twenty feet out of the ground, of which there are instances in all parts of Bri

tain, the low and fenny counties excepted. At Rudstone, in Yorkshire, stands one of these large pillars, of which the annexed wood-cut gives a correct delineation:*

at Brighton, where a stone is placed at the foot of a sepulchral mound, reminding one of the pillar of Rachel's grave. There are also similar instances in other parts of the kingdom.

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The immense single stone represented in the cut, stands within a few yards of the north-east corner of Rudstone church, on the Wolds, in the East Riding of Yorkshire: the church itself is situated on an eminence, not very far from the sea-shore. Drake, in his "Eboracum," describes it as "coarse rag-stone, or mill-stone grit; and its weight is computed at between forty and fifty tons. In form (the sides being slightly concave) it approaches to the oval, the breadth being five feet ten inches, and the thickness two feet three inches, in its general dimensions. Its height is twenty-four feet, and, according to a brief account communicated to the late Mr. Pegge, in the year 1769 (vide "Archæologia," vol. v. p. 95) its depth underground equals its height above," as appeared from an experiment made by the late Sir William Strickland." There is no tradition of any authority, either respecting the time, manner, or occasion, of its erection. It is very probable that the village of Rudstone,-written in old documents both Rud-ston, and Ruddeston, derived its name from this pillar. In Yorkshire, as well

EXTRACTS FROM THE PORTFOLIO OF A TRAVELLER. No. I.

In a preceeding article of this work (vide p. 29.) an engraving is given of Arthur's Stone, a Cromlech in South Wales, and as we are intimately acquainted with the beautiful district in which it is situated, perhaps the following desultory notes may not be entirely devoid of interest to the reader.

The circumstances which led to the Norman Conquest of South Wales, almost belong to the Romance of History. We must premise that Glamorgan, (in Welsh Gwlad Morgan), once the country of the Silures, originally extended from the river Tawe to the banks of the Severn, at Gloucester. About the year 1091, a quarrel arose between Jestyn ap Gwrgan, Lord of Glamorgan, and Rhys ap Tewdyr, Prince of South Wales. Rhys had invited Jestyn to a meeting for the apparent purpose of establishing a friendly intercourse between them; but with the real design of carrying off the wife of the latter, who is represented as a woman of great beauty. A timely discovery of this plot frustrated his intentions, but it led After a furious contest, Jestyn proved the to a war. weaker party; however, he sent a messenger to Eineon ap Cadifor, a revolted vassel of Rhys, who was then

as in the British and Saxon languages, the word Rud or Rhúdd, and peod, means red.

In its shape and character, this stone forcibly corroborates an old opinion, which Mr. Higgins, in his recent work, intituled "The Celtic Druids," (vide p. 209) has thus expressed :"Throughout all the world, the first object of idolatry seems to have been a plain, unwrought stone, as an emblem of the generative or procreative powers of nature. In its origin, this seems to have been of a very simple and inoffensive character, though at last it came to be abused to the grossest and most superstitious purposes. In all parts of India these kinds of stones are to be found under the name of Linghams: many of them are of immense size, and they generally stand near some magnificent temple. It is probable that most of them, at least of those that were very ancient, were themselves the first objects of adoration, and that the temples were built near to them as in a place of peculiar sanctity." The sepulchral pillar is incidentally noticed by Homer (vide "Iliad," book xi. l. 475) where, speaking of the fate of Achilles, he says, 'Paris shot his arrows, bending behind the pillar, placed on the tumulus, that contained the ashes of Ilus, the son of Dardanus, the ancient king of Troy.'-ED.

in London, requesting he would call in the aid of the | near Savathan Lake, in company with two English

Normans, and promising him his daughter in marriage, with a large portion, if he proved successful. Eineon, who had served in the Anglo-Norman armies, gladly entered into the views of Jestyn, and induced Sir Robert Fitzhamon, a near relation of the English monarch, to march to the relief of Jestyn. Twelve Norman knights, viz: Sir Richard de Granavella, (brother of Fitzhamon) Sir William de Londres, Sir Paine Tuberville, Sir Richard Seward, Sir Gilbert Humphreville, Sir Roger Berkrolles, Sir Reginald de Sully, Sir Peter le Soare, Sir John Fleming, Sir Oliver St. John, Sir William le Esterling, and Sir Robert de St. Quintin, accompanied him in the adventure, and they joined Jestyn at the head of a small but well disciplined force. A severe battle took place at Hirwain Wrgan between the combined army and that of Rhys, which ended in the total defeat of the latter. In the pursuit he was overtaken and beheaded at a place called Penrhys, where a monastery was afterwards built; a mound which was made over the place of his interment is still known as Bryn y beddau, (hill of Graves). The Normans then withdrew, but Jestyn instead of fulfilling his engagements with Eineon, treated him with the utmost contempt. Eineon immediately left the camp, and followed the Normans with the greatest expedition. When he reached the sea-shore (it is said at Pennarth, near Cardiff) they had already embarked; but in consequence of the lightness of the wind were still close to the land; and he waved his mantle and made other signals for their Sir Robert Fitzhamon then came ashore, and being easily induced to listen to the representations of Eineon, he disembarked his forces, marched towards Jestyn and claimed the performance of his promise. The latter refusing, his army was soon defeated and dispersed near the river Taff; and Fitzhamon then divided the country among the twelve knights, reserving for himself Cardiff castle and the surrounding district, with the seignory of the whole. Neath Castle and the Manor of Monk Ash were awarded to Sir R. de Granavilla; and Sir W. le Esterling had St. Donats Castle, an important fortification on the coast, near Cowbridge, which we shall allude to in a future paper. Eineon was rewarded with a hilly tract in the northern part of the country. The Lords of the Marches were thus established in Wales; and many descendants of the Norman families now exist in Glamorgan.

return.

The following traditionary story is said to refer to Griffith, the son of Rhys ap Tewdyr, the rightful Prince of South Wales. Happening to be passing

nobles who had obtained a large grant of the conquered country, one of them remarked to Griffith, that a tradition existed that if the rightful lord of the land should command the birds afloat on the lake to sing, they would instantly obey his mandate. Griffith replied that as the lake was now their property they had better put the prophecy to the test. But if their title had only rested on this evidence, it would have fared ill with them. An echo alone replied to their commands; silence prevailed on the lake and amongst the hills. Observing this, Griffith alighted from his horse, and offering up a prayer, to the astonishment of the strangers, the whole of the feathered tribe on the lake rose in the air, and the unison of voices ascended clearly and joyously in the solitude. This, according to Giraldus, occurred in the reign of Henry I. The Normans having established themselves in the country, many military adventurers were attracted to enter the field. The Peninsulated district of Gower, which now forms the western portion of Glamorgan, was yet unconquered. All the country, says Camden, beyond the river Nedd (or Neath) to the river Loughor, or British Llwchyr, the west boundary of this county, is called by us Gower, and by the Britons Gwyr. In 1099, Henry de Newburgh, Earl of Warwick, entered Gower, and defeated the sons of Caradoc ap Jestyn, the independent Lords of the Seignory. He practised many cruelties, and built Swansea castle and several other strongholds to defend his territories against the aggressions of the Welsh.

In the year 1108, a numerous party of Flemings landed in the South of England, having been driven from their own country by an encroachment of the sea. They greatly annoyed the inhabitants on the coast, and Henry I. sent them into South Wales, one division settling in Gower, and another in the Peninsula of Castle Martin, in Pembrokeshire. The industrious habits, language, and manners of the new settlers presented a striking contrast to the warlike pursuits and restless dispositions of the surrounding people. The country was, in consequence, for a long period in an unsettled state. However, they never intermixed with the Welsh, and it is a very interesting circumstance to find, in the nineteenth century, the descendants of these Flemings in a great measure distinct from the other inhabitants; and it is rare to meet with a person in Gower who does not speak the English language. Many families indeed are to be found (as we have been informed) in the south-western portion of the Peninsula, who are not acquainted with the Welsh language, still preserve many Flemish words,

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