Ionospheric Precursors of EarthquakesSpringer Science & Business Media, 31 авг. 2004 г. - Всего страниц: 315 Using the kind permission given to me by my co-author, this short preface will be written in my name. I want to devote this book to San Juan city in Argentina. It is not only due to the fact that the city was twice completely destroyed after the devastating ear- quakes in 1941 and 1977, but also because my stay there completely changed my life. Changes included changing my career from the field of space plasma physics to Earth sciences and geophysics, and changes in my personal life giving me h- piness and compliance in my present family. Going back to the subject of the book, it should be noted that the history of the question asked by the book is very complicated and intricate. Starting in the 1930s from the observation of seismogenic electric fields, the area of seismo-ionospheric coupling became an area of fighting and conflicts, hopes and frustrations. Spe- lation and misunderstanding on the interdisciplinary borders made this field for many years (even up to now) taboo for so-called "serious scientists". But due to the courageous efforts of several groups in Russia and the former USSR states such as Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, Japan, later France and Taiwan, Greece and Italy the situation started to improve. |
Содержание
Chapter 1 The Basic Components of Seismolonospheric Coupling | 1 |
12 Seismology | 2 |
121 Physical Background of Earthquake Prediction | 8 |
122 Radon Emanation as a Precursory Phenomenon | 10 |
123 Other Geochemical Precursors | 13 |
125 Earthquake Preparation Zone | 15 |
126 Concluding Remarks | 18 |
131 Ionosphere Formation | 19 |
42 Wave Channel | 131 |
422 Wave Propagation and Penetration into the Ionosphere | 132 |
423 AGW Effects on the Ionosphere | 134 |
424 Limitations and Contradictions | 135 |
43 Electric Field Channel | 139 |
432 Calculation of the Electric Field in the ERegion Cylindrical Source | 140 |
433 Calculation of the Electric Field in the ERegion Elongated Source | 143 |
434 Effects of the Anomalous Electric Field in the ERegion | 145 |
132 DRegion | 20 |
133 ERegion | 21 |
134 FRegion | 22 |
135 F2Layer | 23 |
136 Vertical Ionospheric Sounding | 24 |
137 The Global Structure of the Earths Ionosphere | 27 |
138 Ionospheric Regular Variations | 30 |
139 Effects of Magnetic Storms in the Ionosphere | 32 |
1310 DaytoDay Ionosphere Variability | 35 |
1311 Concluding Remarks | 36 |
141 Ionizing Radiation Effect on the Atmosphere | 38 |
142 Sources of Ionization of the Earths Atmosphere | 39 |
143 The Primary Processes of Atmospheric Air Ionization | 40 |
144 The Secondary Processes and Ion Clusters Formation | 42 |
15 The Global Electric Circuit and Atmospheric Electricity | 43 |
152 Electrode Effect | 45 |
153 Variability in the Boundary NearGround Atmospheric Layers | 46 |
154 Concluding Remarks | 47 |
Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes as they are seen from the Ground and from Space | 49 |
21 Good Friday 1964 | 50 |
211 Geophysical Conditions Around the Time of the Alaska Earthquake in 1964 | 53 |
212 Ground and Space Portraits of the Alaska Earthquake Precursor | 54 |
22 Ionospheric Precursors Registered by Ground Based Ionosondes | 60 |
221 Ionospheric Precursors Visualization | 61 |
222 The Diversity of the Ionospheric Precursors Shape | 63 |
23 Precursory Effects in the DLayer | 65 |
24 ELayer Reaction to the Earthquake Preparation | 67 |
25 The FLayer Upper Ionosphere and Magnetosphere | 71 |
252 Vertical ReDistribution of Electron Concentration Before Earthquakes | 73 |
253 ShortPeriod Variations in the Ionosphere Before Earthquakes | 75 |
2541 Electromagnetic Fields and Noises | 76 |
2542 Variations of Local Plasma Parameters Before Earthquakes | 78 |
2543 Particle Precipitations Associated with Earthquakes Registered by the Satellites | 81 |
26 Optical Emissions Associated with Earthquakes | 83 |
261 Earthquake Lights | 84 |
262 Optical Emissions Registered in the Ionosphere | 86 |
27 Conclusion | 88 |
Near Ground and Troposphere Plasmachemistry and Electric Field | 89 |
32 Atmospheric Plasma | 92 |
33 Atmosphere Ionization | 93 |
34 The Characteristics of Radiative Sources | 94 |
342 Beta Emission | 95 |
344 Radon | 96 |
35 Ionized Atmosphere Models | 97 |
352 The Model of the HighEnergy Particle Track in the Lower Atmosphere | 99 |
353 Numeric Modeling of the Molecular Processes within the Track | 100 |
354 The Model Application Criterion | 103 |
355 The Low Degree of Ionization the Model of Stable Ions Formation in the Low Layers of the Atmosphere | 105 |
356 Analysis of the Most Probable IonMolecular Reactions of the Lower Atmosphere | 106 |
357 Analysis of Processes of the Main Negative Ions Formation in the Lower Atmosphere | 107 |
358 Analysis of Processes of the Main Positive Ions Formation in the Lower Atmosphere | 109 |
359 Numeric Solution of the Kinetic Equations | 112 |
36 On the Conception of Neutral Ion Clusters in Air | 115 |
37 Electric Field Generation | 120 |
371 Electrode Effect | 121 |
372 Electric Field Reversals | 124 |
373 Active Experiments | 126 |
Physics of SeismoIonospheric Coupling | 129 |
435 Formation of Sporadic Layers in the ERegion | 146 |
436 Electric Field Effects in the FRegion | 149 |
437 Effects in the F2Region from Large Tectonic Faults | 152 |
438 Generation of Acoustic Gravity Waves in the Ionosphere and their Possible Effects | 156 |
439 Electric Field Effect in Upper Ionosphere and Magnetosphere | 159 |
4310 From the Magnetosphere to the DRegion | 163 |
4311 Ion Mass Changes in the Ionosphere as a Precursory Effect | 165 |
44 The Model Generalization | 166 |
441 Block Diagram of the SeismoIonospheric Coupling Model | 169 |
Main Phenomenological Features of Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes | 173 |
52 When the Ionosphere Starts to feel Earthquake Preparation | 174 |
522 Temporal Parameters of Ionospheric Precursors | 175 |
523 Spatial Distribution of Ionospheric Precursors | 181 |
524 Local Ionospheric Plasma Parameter Variations Before Earthquakes | 186 |
525 Magnetic Disturbances and Earthquakes Precursors | 190 |
526 Altitude Changes in the Ionosphere Before Earthquakes | 195 |
527 Periodic Variations Within the Ionosphere | 196 |
53 Statistical Parameters of the SeismoIonospheric Variations in the FLayer | 197 |
54 ELayer Precursors | 201 |
55 Conclusions | 203 |
Are we Ready for Prediction? The Practical Applications | 207 |
62 One Point Measurements Precursor Mask | 208 |
63 Two or More Ionosondes Available | 213 |
64 Ionospheric Mapping with Several Stations | 218 |
65 The Complex Analysis Irpinia Earthquake 23111980 | 220 |
66 The GroundBased and Satellite Systems of Electromagnetic and Ionospheric Precursors Monitoring | 229 |
6612 Russian Ground Based Systems | 231 |
6613 Taiwanese iSTEP Project | 232 |
6615 PREVENTION Project Mexico | 233 |
6621 COMPASS Satellite Russia | 234 |
6623 DEMETER Satellite France | 235 |
6625 Japanese ELMOS Project | 236 |
6626 The SSTL Small Satellite for Earthquake Prediction | 237 |
6627 Russian Satellite Constellation Vulkan | 238 |
6628 Italian ESPERIA Mission | 242 |
67 How to use Ionospheric Precursors in Real Prediction? | 243 |
672 When? | 244 |
68 Conclusion | 245 |
69 The Possible Ideal System for the Ionospheric Precursors Monitoring and ShortTerm Earthquake Prediction | 246 |
Ultimate Results Unexplained Phenomena Future Tasks | 249 |
712 Experimental Setup | 251 |
713 Results of Measurements | 253 |
714 Interpretation | 255 |
715 Discussion of the Molecular Mechanism of HPEmission | 261 |
72 On the Nature of the VLF Emission Registered on the Ground Surface Before Strong Earthquakes | 264 |
73 Biological Effects of Anomalous Electric Field | 265 |
731 Conclusion | 267 |
74 Anomalous Neutron Fluxes Possibly Related to Earthquakes | 268 |
742 Results of Measurements | 269 |
75 SolarTerrestrial Relations and Earthquakes | 270 |
751 Exotic Cases of the Relationship Between the Magnetic Storms and Seismic Activity | 275 |
76 Latent Heat Flux Thermal Effects and the Ionosphere | 277 |
77 Future Tasks | 284 |
772 Precursors Recognition and Regional Studies | 286 |
773 Interaction with Other Kinds of Precursory Phenomena | 287 |
References | 289 |
313 | |
Другие издания - Просмотреть все
Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes Sergey Pulinets,Kyrill Boyarchuk Недоступно для просмотра - 2010 |
Часто встречающиеся слова и выражения
aerosols altitude anomalous electric field atmospheric electric Burakin calculations Chapter cm³ critical frequency daily variations deviation distribution E-layer E-region Earth earthquake epicenter earthquake lights earthquake precursors earthquake prediction earthquake preparation zone effects electron concentration electron density energy epicenter equatorial anomaly experimental flux foF2 formation geomagnetic storm global gravity waves ground based ground surface H₂O height increase Intercosmos-19 interval ionization iono ionosonde ionosphere variability ionospheric precursors ionospheric station ions Irpinia earthquake irregularities latitudes layer Legen'ka longitude magnetic storm magnetosphere magnitude maximum measurements molecules monitoring negative ions neutron observed Ondoh orbit parameters particles period plasma precursors of earthquakes presented in Fig processes profiles Pulinets quake radiation radioactive radon reaction recombination region registered satellite scale scale height seismic shock seismo-ionospheric coupling strong earthquakes Taiwan Taking into account technique temperature tion topside track troposphere velocity vertical VLF emissions
Популярные отрывки
Стр. 308 - David, C., 1990, Geometry of subduction and depth of the seismogenic zone in the Guerrero gap, Mexico: Nature, v.
Стр. 299 - Larkina VI, Migulin VV, Molchanov OA, Khar'kov IP, Inchin AS, Schvetcova VB (1989) Some statistical results on very low frequency radiowave emissions in the upper ionosphere over earthquake zones. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 57: 100-109 Larkina VI, Migulin VV, Sergeeva NG, Senin BV (2001) A Comparative Analysis of Electromagnetic Effects above Tectonic Fracture Zones.
Стр. 299 - Kossobokov, VG, Keilis-Borok, VI, Turcotte, DL, and Malamud, BD (2000) Implications of a statistical physics approach for earthquake hazard assessment and forecasting, Pure Appl. Geophys. 157, 2323-2349.
Стр. 308 - SUGISAKI, R., ANNO, H., ADACHI, M. and Ui, H. (1980), Geochemical features of gases and rocks along active faults, Geochem. J. 14, 101-112. SUGISAKI, R., IDO, M., TAKEDA, H., ISOBE, Y., HAYASHI, Y., NAKAMURA, N., SATAKE, H.
Стр. 304 - Khegai, VV (1997) Radon and metallic aerosols emanation before strong earthquakes and their role in atmosphere and ionosphere modification, Adv. Space Res. 20, 2 1 73-2 1 76.