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is given wherever it was sufficiently intelligible articles. The house was generally divided into two and concise. This work has been very successful. apartments by a couple of box-beds, placed end to endThree other volumes by its author are devoted a bad style of bed prevalent in cottages all over Scotto local and national annals-The History of the land; they were so close as almost to stifle the inmates. Rebellion of 1745-6, Traditions of Edinburgh, and Among these humble people, all costumes, customs, and Popular Rhymes of Scotland. These are valuable ways of living smacked of old times. You would see as embodying much curious information presented Sunday, with a long-backed, swing-tailed, light-blue a venerable patriarch making his way to church on in a form agreeable and attractive. The History coat of the style of George II., which was probably his of the Rebellion is, indeed, an important contribu- marriage coat, and half a century old. His head-gear tion to our historical literature. Dr Chambers's was a broad-brimmed blue bonnet. The old women best services, as has been justly remarked, 'were came out on the same occasions in red scarfs, called devoted to his native country; and, with the ex- cardinals, and white mutches (caps), bound by a black ception of his illustrious contemporary, Sir Walter ribbon, with the gray hair folded back on the forehead. Scott, no other author has done so much to There was a great deal of drugget, and huckaback, and illustrate its social state, its scenery, romantic serge in that old world, and very little cotton. One historical incidents, and antiquities-the lives of almost might think he saw the humbler Scotch people its eminent men-and the changes in Scottish of the seventeenth century before his eyes. society and the condition of the people (especially those in the capital) during the last two centuries.' The life of Dr R. Chambers has been written by his brother, Dr W. Chambers. Both were born in Peebles-William, April 16, 1800; Robert, July 10, 1802-of an old Peeblesshire family, who, at the beginning of the century, were substantial woollen manufacturers. Robert has thus graphically described his native town:

Picture of an old Scottish Town.

From Memoir of Robert Chambers.

William Chambers, in that part of the volume devoted to his autobiographic reminiscences, says of Peebles :

Among that considerable part of the population who circulated at third or fourth hand, or was merged in conlived down closes and in old thatched cottages, news versation on religious or other topics. My brother and I derived much enjoyment, not to say instruction, from the singing of old ballads, and the telling of legendary stories, by a kind old female relative, the wife of a decayed tradesman, who dwelt in one of the ancient closes. At her humble fireside, under the canopy of a huge chimney, where her half-blind and superannuated In the early years of this century, Peebles was little husband sat dozing in a chair, the battle of Corunna and advanced from the condition in which it had mainly other prevailing news was strangely mingled with disrested for several hundred years previously. It was quisitions on the Jewish wars. The source of this intereminently a quiet place- As quiet as the grave or as Peebles,' is a phrase used by Cockburn. It was said to translation of Josephus, a small folio of date 1720. esting conversation was a well-worn copy of L'Estrange's be a finished town, for no new houses (exceptions to be The envied possessor of the work was Tam Fleck, of course allowed for) were ever built in it. Situated, a flichty chield,' as he was considered, who, not partichowever, among beautiful pastoral hills, with a singularly ularly steady at his legitimate employment, struck out a pure atmosphere, and with the pellucid Tweed running sort of profession by going about in the evenings with over its pebbly bed close beside the streets, the town his Josephus, which he read as the current news; the was acknowledged to be, in the fond language of its only light he had for doing so being usually that imparted inhabitants, a bonny place. An honest old burgher was by the flickering blaze of a piece of parrot coal. It was enabled by some strange chance to visit Paris, and was his practice not to read more than from two to three eagerly questioned, when he came back, as to the charpages at a time, interlarded with sagacious remarks of acter of that capital of capitals; to which, it is said, he his own by way of foot-notes, and in this way he answered that 'Paris, a'thing considered, was a wonder- sustained an extraordinary interest in the narrative. ful place-but still, Peebles for pleesure!' and this has Retailing the matter with great equability in different often been cited as a ludicrous example of rustic prejudice households, Tam kept all at the same point of informaand narrowness of judgment. But, on a fair interpretation, and wound them up with a corresponding anxiety tion of the old gentleman's words, he was not quite so benighted as at first appears. The 'pleesures' of Peebles were the beauties of the situation and the opportunities of healthful recreation it afforded, and these were certainly considerable.

There was an old and a new town in Peebles-each of them a single street, or little more; and as even the new town had an antique look, it may be inferred that the old looked old indeed. It was indeed, chiefly composed of thatched cottages, occupied by weavers and labouring people-a primitive race of homely aspect, in many instances eking out a scanty subsistence by having a cow on the town common, or cultivating a rig of potatoes in the fields close to the town. Rows of porridge luggies (small wooden vessels) were to be seen cooling on window-soles ; a smell of peat smoke pervaded the place; the click of the shuttle was everywhere heard during the day; and in the evening, the gray old men came out in their Kilmarnock night-caps, and talked of Bonaparte, on the stone seats beside their doors. The platters used in these humble dwellings were all of wood, and the spoons of horn; knives and forks rather rare

as to the issue of some moving event in Hebrew annals. Although in this way he went through a course of Josephus yearly, the novelty somehow never seemed to

wear off.

'Weel, Tam, what's the news the nicht?' would old Geordie Murray say, as Tam entered with his Josephus under his arm, and seated himself at the family fireside.

'Bad news, bad news,' replied Tam. Titus has begun to besiege Jerusalem-it's gaun to be a terrible business; and then he opened his budget of intelligence, to which all paid the most reverential attention. The protracted and severe famine which was endured by the besieged Jews, was a theme which kept several families in a state of agony for a week; and when Tam in his readings came to the final conflict and destruction of the city by the Roman general, there was a perfect paroxysm of horror. At such séances my brother and I Tam Fleck. were delighted listeners. All honour to the memory of

Misfortune overtook the old bourgeois family of Chambers, in Peebles. They removed to EdinMemoir of Robert Chambers, with Autobiographic Remin-burgh, and there the two brothers, William and Robert Chambers, fought hard and nobly to gain

iscences, by William Chambers, 1872.

a position in life. How they struggled, manfully and cheerfully-never relaxing, never complaining-is told in the Memoir from which we have quoted, and which is the most interesting and instructive narrative of the kind that has issued from the press since Hugh Miller wrote his Schools and Schoolmasters. In 1868, the university of St Andrews conferred on Robert the honorary degree of LL.D. He then resided chicfly in St Andrews, and there he died on the 17th of March 1871. On William, who survives, the university of Edinburgh conferred the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1872.

SIR JAMES Y. SIMPSON.

Professional biographies-legal, military, medical, &c.—are numerous, but having only a special interest, do not seem to require mention here. We make an exception in the case of SIR JAMES YOUNG SIMPSON (1811-1870), because he proved, by his discovery of the anaesthetic virtues of chloroform, to be a benefactor of mankind. He made other improvements and innovations in medical practice, which are, we believe, considered valuable. His chief distinction, however, was the relief of human suffering by this agent of chloroform-wrapping,' as he said, 'men, women, and children in a painless sleep during some of the most trying moments and hours of human existence; and especially when our frail brother man is laid upon the operating table, and subjected to the tortures of the surgeon's knives and scalpels, his saws and his cauteries.' Chloroform was first discovered and described at nearly the same time by Soubeiran (1831) and Liebig (1832); its composition was first accurately ascertained by the distinguished French chemist, Dumas, in 1835.

Indirect Value of Philosophical Investigation.

It is (said Sir James Simpson) not unworthy of remark, that when Soubeiran and Liebig and Dumas engaged in those inquiries and experiments by which the formation and composition of chloroform was first discovered, their sole and only object was the investigation of a point in philosophical chemistry. They laboured for the pure love and extension of knowledge. They had no idea that the substance to which they called the attention of their chemical brethren could or would be turned to any practical purpose, or that it possessed any physiological or therapeutic effects upon the animal economy. I mention this to shew that the cui bono argument against philosophical investigations, on the ground that there may be at first no apparent practical benefit to be derived from them, has been amply refuted in this, as it has been in many other instances. For I feel assured that the use of chloroform will soon entirely supersede the use of ether; and from the facility and rapidity of its exhibition, it will be employed as an anesthetic agent in many cases, and under many circumstances, in which ether would never have been had recourse to. Here, then, we have a substance which, in the first instance, was merely interesting as a matter of scientific curiosity and research, becoming rapidly an object of intense importance, as an agent by which human suffering and agony may be annulled and abolished, under some of the most trying circumstances in which human nature is ever placed.'

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"toil," and in the very next verse the very same word means this. Adam was to eat the ground with "sorrow." That does not mean physical pain, and it was cursed to bear thorns and thistles, which we pull up without dreaming that it is a sin.' Dr Chalmers thought the 'small theologians' who objected should not be heeded, and so thought every man of sense. The use of chloroform extended rapidly over all Europe and America, and is now an established recognised agent in the mitigation of human suffering.

Professor Simpson was born at Bathgate in Linlithgowshire, one of a numerous but poor and industrious family. Having studied at Edinburgh University, he graduated as doctor in medicine in 1832. In 1840 he succeeded Professor Hamilton as Professor of Midwifery, and in 1847 first introduced the use of chloroform. After a prosperous career, the Queen, in 1866, conferred upon him the honour of a baronetcy, and the university of Oxford gave him the honorary degree of D.C.L. Sir James was a keen antiquary, and published a treatise on Archaic Sculpturings of Cups, Circles, &c. upon Stones and Rocks, 1867.

J. E. BAILEY-H. CRABB ROBINSON—
C. WENTWORTH DILKE.

In 1874 MR JOHN EGLINGTON BAILEY, Manchester, published a Life of Thomas Fuller, D.D., with notices of his books, his kinsmen, and his friends-an elaborate and valuable memoir of the celebrated church historian, 'undertaken,' as the author states, 'out of admiration of the life and character of the very remarkable man whom it concerns,' and 'the result of the study and research of the leisure hours of many years.

In the Diary, Reminiscences, and Correspondence of HENRY CRABB ROBINSON, three volumes, 1869, will be found a great amount of literary anecdote and information concerning German and English authors. The inscription on his tombstone may suffice for a biographical notice: HENRY CRABB ROBINSON, born May 15, 1775, died February 5, 1867; friend and associate of Goethe and Wordsworth, Wieland and Coleridge, Flaxman and Blake, Clarkson and Charles Lamb; he honoured and loved the great and noble in their thoughts and characters, his warmth of heart and genial sympathy embraced all whom he could serve, &c. The best account we have of Wordsworth's literary life and opinions is in Crabb Robinson's diary.

Much interesting and curious literary history, with a dash of politics intermixed, is contained in two volumes, Papers of a Critic, 1875, selected from the writings of the late CHARLES WENTWORTH DILKE by his grandson, the baronet of the same name, author of a book of travels, Greater Britain. Mr Dilke was born in 1787, served for many years in the Navy Pay Office, and on his retiring with a pension, devoted himself to literary inquiry and criticism. He was a man of a solid, clear judgment, of unwearying industry, and of thorough independence of character. He became proprietor of the Athenæum literary journal, the price of which he reduced from eightpence to fourpence, and vastly increased its circulation One objection made to the use of anesthesia and influence. Charles Lamb, Hood, Leigh Hunt, was, that it enabled women to avoid one part of the Howitts, Allan Cunningham, Lady Morgan, &c. the primeval curse! Simpson said 'the word were among its writers. To insure impartiality as translated sorrow (Gen. ii. 16) is truly “labour,” | a critic and editor, Mr Dilke made it à rule not to

go into society of any kind—a self-denying ordinance that it must have been hard to keep.* He had, however, a band of intimate friends among his regular contributors. In the Athenæum Mr Dilke produced his critical papers on Pope, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Swift, Junius, Wilkes, Grenville, and Burke. The most important of these are the papers on Pope, Junius, and Burke. It may safely be said that, notwithstanding all the labours of Warton, Bowles, and Roscoe, the personal history of Pope was never properly understood until it was taken up by Mr Dilke. On the authorship of Junius, he differed from great authorities-Brougham, Macaulay, Lord Stanhope, and others. He investigated the subject with his usual acuteness and research, but though he cor- Queen Victoria's First Days of Sovereignty. rected numerous errors in previous statements on the subject, he brought forward no name to super-after two yesterday morning; and the young Queen met June 21, 1837.-The king died at twenty minutes sede that of Sir Philip Francis. With respect to the council at Kensington Palace at eleven. Never was Burke, Mr Dilke also pointed out many errors in anything like the first impression she produced, or the the works of biographers, and convicted the great chorus of praise and admiration which is raised about statesman of a fault not uncommon-buying an her manner and behaviour, and certainly not without estate before he had money to pay for it, and justice. It was very extraordinary, and something far entering on a scheme of life far too expensive for beyond what was looked for. Her extreme youth and his means. Mr Dilke died, universally respected inexperience, and the ignorance of the world concerning and regretted, August 16, 1864. her, naturally excited intense curiosity to see how she would act on this trying occasion, and there was a considerable assemblage at the palace, notwithstanding the short notice that was given. The first thing to be done was to teach her her lesson, which for this purpose Melbourne had himself to learn. I gave him the council papers, and explained all that was to be done, and he went and explained all this to her. He asked her if she would enter the room accompanied by the great officers of state, but she said she would come in

succeeded to the clerkship of the council, which he held for about forty years. Though too free in his comments and disclosures, and not always just or correct, Mr Greville's journal will be valuable to future historians. His sketches of character are drawn with discrimination and talent, and in his gallery of portraits are the two sovereigns whom he served (George IV. being painted as destitute of truth and honour, and a mere selfish sensualist), and nearly all the public men, statesmen, and authors, who figured during that period. The contrast between the Queen and her uncle is vividly set forth in the following passage:

JOHN MORLEY-PROFESSOR MORLEY-WILLIAM

MINTO-C. C. F. GREVILLE.

JOHN MORLEY, born at Blackburn, Lancashire, in 1838, has published Edmund Burke, a Historical Study, 1867; and Lives of Voltaire, 1872, and Rousseau, 1873. Mr Morley has been editor of the Fortnightly Review since 1867.

HENRY MORLEY, Professor of English Literature at University College, has written various works, biographical and critical, and contributed extensively to literary journals. Lives of Palissy the Potter, 1852; Jerome Cardan, 1854; Cornelius Agrippa, 1856; Clement Marot, 1870; First Sketch of English Literature, 1873, are among the most important of his productions, and he is now engaged on an elaborate Library of English Literature, in course of publication by Messrs

Cassell and Co.

MR WILLIAM MINTO, M.A., is author of two excellent compendiums of English biography and criticism: A Manual of English Prose Literature, designed mainly to shew characteristics of style, 1872; and Characteristics of English Poets from Chaucer to Shirley, 1874. Shortly after the publication of the latter work, Mr Minto became editor of The Examiner weekly paper, so long distinguished by its former editors, Leigh Hunt, Albany Fonblanque, and John Forster.

Great interest was excited by the appearance, in 1874, of The Greville Memoirs, a journal of the reigns of King George IV. and King William IV., by CHARLES C. F. GREVILLE, clerk of the council to those sovereigns. Mr Greville was a grandson of the third Duke of Portland. At the age of twenty he was appointed private secretary to Lord Bathurst, and seven years afterwards he

*The late Mr Rintoul of the Spectator adopted the same rule. 'I don't quite understand Rintoul's point,' wrote Mr Quillinan, the son-in-law of Wordsworth. Making it a rule to avoid authors, he makes it a rule to exclude himself from the best intellectual society-that is, if he applies his rule rigorously. If he means that he avoids the small cliques of authorlings and criticlings who puff one another and abuse every one else, I quite understand him, and "small blame to him," as the Irishman says.'

alone. When the lords were assembled the Lord President informed them of the king's death, and suggested, as they were so numerous, that a few of them should repair to the presence of the queen and inform her of the event, and that their lordships were assembled in consequence: and accordingly the two royal dukes, the two archbishops, the chancellor, and Melbourne went room alone. As soon as they had returned, the prowith them. The queen received them in the adjoining clamation was read and the usual order passed, when the doors were thrown open and the queen entered, accompanied by her two uncles, who advanced to meet her. She bowed to the lords, took her seat, and then read her speech in a clear, distinct, and audible voice, and without any appearance of fear or embarrassment. She was quite plainly dressed and in mourning. After she had read her speech, and taken and signed the oath for the security of the Church of Scotland, the privy councillors were sworn, the two royal dukes (Cumber land and Sussex; the Duke of Cambridge was in Hanher uncles, knelt before her, swearing allegiance and over) first, by themselves; and as these two old men, kissing her hand, I saw her blush up to the eyes, as if she felt the contrast between their civil and their natural relations, and this was the only sign of emotion she evinced. Her manner to them was very grateful and engaging; she kissed them both, and rose from her chair and moved towards the Duke of Sussex, who was farthest from her, and too infirm to reach her. She seemed rather bewildered at the multitude of men who were sworn, and who came, one after another, to kiss her hand; but she did not speak to anybody, nor did she make the slightest difference in her manner, or shew station, or party. I particularly watched her when any in her countenance, to any individual of any rank, Melbourne, and the ministers, and the Duke of Wellington approached her. She went through the whole ceremony, occasionally looking at Melbourne for instruction when she had any doubt what to do, which hardly ever occurred, and with perfect calmness and

self-possession, but at the same time with a graceful modesty and propriety particularly interesting and ingratiating. When the business was done, she retired as she had entered, and I could see that nobody was in the adjoining room.

discreet part. The two principal ministers of his reign, the Duke of Wellington and Lord Grey (though the former was only his minister for a few months), have both spoken of him to me with strong expressions of personal regard and esteem. The young Queen, who might well be either dazzled or confounded with the grandeur and novelty of her situation, seems neither the one nor the other, and behaves with a decorum and propriety beyond her years, and with all the sedateness and dignity, the want of which was so conspicuous in her uncle.

THEOLOGIANS.

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Lord Lansdowne insisted upon being declared president of the council, and I was obliged to write a declaration for him to read to that effect, though it was not usual. The speech was admired except by Brougham, who appeared in a considerable state of excitement. He said to Peel (whom he was standing near, and with whom he is not in the habit of communicating): 'Amelioration-that is not English; you might perhaps say melioration, but improvement is the proper word.' 'Oh,' said Peel, 'I see no harm in the word; it is generally used.' 'You object,' said Brougham, 'to the sentiment; I object to the grammar.' 'No,' said Peel, 'I don't object to the sentiment.' 'Well, then, Members of the University of Oxford, four volumes, The publication of the Tracts for the Times, by she pledges herself to the policy of our government,' said Brougham. Peel told me this, which passed in the 1833-37, forms an era in the history of the Church room, and near to the Queen. He likewise said how of England. The movement was commenced,' amazed he was at her manner and behaviour, at says Mr Molesworth, 'by a small knot of young her apparent deep sense of her situation, her modesty, men, most of them under thirty years of age. and at the same time her firmness. She appeared, in The two most energetic and original minds fact, to be awed, but not daunted, and afterwards the among them were RICHARD HURREL FROUDE Duke of Wellington told me the same thing, and added and JOHN HENRY NEWMAN. Froude died at that if she had been his own daughter he could not the early age of thirty-three of a pulmonary have desired to see her perform her part better. It complaint, but lived long enough to witness the was settled that she was to hold a council at St James's commencement of the Tracts, and to rejoice in this day, and be proclaimed there at ten o'clock; and their unexpected success. Newman was the prime she expressed a wish to see Lord Albemarle, who went mover and real leader of the movement, and one to her, and told her he was come to take her orders. She said: 'I have no orders to give; you know all this who, not only by his writings, but by his sermons, so much better than I do, that I leave it all to you. of his pure motives and lofty intelligence, nurhis conversation, and, above all, by the influence I am to be at St James's at ten to-morrow, and must beg you to find me a conveyance proper for the occasion.' tured and carried it forward. With them came Accordingly, he went and fetched her in state with a to be associated two kindred spirits, less energreat escort. The Duchess of Kent was in the carriage getic indeed, but not less firm or earnest-DR with her, but I was surprised to hear so little shouting, PUSEY, the learned young Regius Professor of and to see so few hats off as she went by. I rode Hebrew, and KEBLE, the sweet singer of the down the Park, and saw her appear at the window Church of England, whose Christian Year will when she was proclaimed. The Duchess of Kent was live as long as the church endures (see ante, there, but not prominent; the Queen was surrounded p. 183). With these were associated other men of by her ministers, and courtesied repeatedly to the people, less mark and note, of whom WILLIAM PALMER who did not, however, hurrah till Lord Lansdowne gave them the signal from the window. At twelve, she and ARTHUR PERCEVAL were the chief. They held a council, at which she presided with as much were connected with the higher authorities of the ease as if she had been doing nothing else all her life; church, and a large body of the most influential of and though Lord Lansdowne and my colleague had the clergy, by Hugh Rose, chaplain to the archcontrived between them to make some confusion with bishop of Canterbury, and regarded as the first the council papers, she was not put out by it. She theological and German scholar of his day. Purer, looked very well; and though so small in stature, and holier, and more unselfish men than those who without much pretension to beauty, the gracefulness composed this little band never lived.'* The of her manner and the good expression of her counten- tenets or beliefs of this sacerdotal party were all of ance give her, on the whole, a very agreeable appearance, a Romanising stamp-judgment by works equally and, with her youth, inspire an excessive interest in all as by faith, baptismal regeneration, the supreme who approach her, and which I can't help feeling my-authority of the church, the apostolical succession self. After the council she received the archbishops of the clergy, &c. At the same time the Tractand bishops, and after them the judges. They all kissed arian preachers adopted certain peculiarities in the her hand, but she said nothing to any of them; very different from her predecessor, who used to harangue performance of divine service-as abjuring the them all, and had a speech ready for everybody. . . . black Geneva gown and preaching in the white No contrast can be greater than that between the surplice, bowing to the altar and turning their personal demeanour of the present and the late sove- backs to the people, arraying the altar with tippet reigns at their respective accessions. William IV. was a and flowers and medieval embellishments, placing man who, coming to the throne at the mature age of lighted candles on the altar, &c. One effect of sixty-five, was so excited by the exaltation, that he these innovations was to stir up a violent controwent nearly mad, and distinguished himself by a thou-versy, in which High and Low and Broad Church sand extravagances of language and conduct, to the alarm or amusement of all who witnessed his strange freaks; and though he was shortly afterwards sobered clown into more becoming habits, he always continued to be something of a blackguard, and something more of a buffoon. It is but fair to his memory, at the same time, to say that he was a good-natured, kind-hearted, and well-meaning man, and he always acted an honourable and straightforward, if not always a sound and

all mingled; while a few, like Dr Arnold, proposed that the Established Church should be so comprehensive as to include not merely the churches of England and Scotland, but nearly all the bodies of Dissenters. Another effect of the innovations was to drive many supporters of

* Molesworth's History of England.

655

the establishment into the ranks of the Dissenters, the Established Church and joined the Church of and some into the Church of Rome. Mr Newman published a work, Remains of the late Rev. Richard H. Froude, who was not a man,' observed his editor, who said anything at random,' and Mr Froude spoke of 'unprotestantising the church,' and called the Reformation a limb badly set, which required to be broken again,' &c. The serious and peaceable heads of the church became alarmed. The tracts were stopped by recommendation of the bishop of Oxford, and the last of the series, written by Mr Newman, was condemned by many of the bishops and censured by the Hebdomadal Board. The controversy, however, was not at an end-books, sermons, reviews, charges, memoirs, novels, and pocms, continued to be issued by the opposing parties, and church vestries were occasionally in commotion. Of the 18,000 clergymen said to be in the Church of England, 7000, it was calculated, belonged to the High Church party, 6500 to the Low Church, 3500 to the Broad Church, and about 1000 were peasant clergy in the mountain districts.*

DR PUSEY.

The REV. EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY is the second son of the late Hon. Philip Bouverie (halfbrother of the first Earl of Radnor), and was born in 1800. He studied at Christ Church, Oxford, was elected to a Fellowship at Oriel College, and in 1828 was appointed Regius Professor of Hebrew in the university of Oxford. Dr Pusey was one of the most persistent of the Tractarians. A sermon preached by him before the university, was said to contain an avowal of his belief in the doctrine of transubstantiation; an examination took place on the part of judges appointed by the university, and the result was a censure and sentence of suspension from the duties of a preacher within the precincts of the university. The works of Dr Pusey are numerous, and are all theological. Among them are Remarks on Cathedral Institutions, 1845; Royal Supremacy, 1850; Doctrine of the Real Presence Vindicated, 1855; History of the Councils of the Church, 51-381 A.D.; Nine Sermons, 1843-55; and Nine Lectures, 1864; and other professional treatises and sermons. The publications of Dr Pusey are very numerous, but not one of them bids fair to take a permanent place in our literature. He is a man of exemplary piety as well as learning.

DR JOHN HENRY NEWMAN-F. W. NEWMAN. This eminent controversialist and man of letters is a native of London, son of a banker, and born in the year 1801. He graduated at Trinity College, Oxford, in 1820, was afterwards elected a Fellow of Oriel, and in 1825 became Vice-principal of St Alban's Hall. He was sometime tutor of his college, and incumbent of St Mary's, Oxford, and was associated, as we have stated, with Hurrel Froude and others in the publication of the Tracts for the Times. More consistent than some of his associates, Dr Newman seceded from

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Rome. Since then he has been priest of the Oratory of St Philip Neri, rector of a Catholic university in Dublin, and head of the Oratory near Birmingham. Dr Newman has been a voluminous writer. His collected works form twentytwo volumes, exclusive of various contributions to periodicals. From 1837 to the present time his pen has rarely been idle, and the variety of his learning, the originality and grace of his style, his sincerity and earnestness, have placed him high among living authors. The following is a list of his works as collected and classified by himself: Parochial and Plain Sermons, eight volumes; Sermons on Subjects of the Day; University Sermons; Catholic Sermons, two volumes; Present Position of Catholics in England; Essay on Assent; Two Essays on Miracles; Essays, Critical and Historical, two volumes; Discussions and Arguments on Various Subjects; Historical Sketches; History of the Arians; History of My Religious Opinions (Apologia). Dr Newman has also published a volume of Verses on Various Occasions, 1868.

Description of Athens.-From 'Historical Sketches? The political power of Athens waned and disappeared; kingdoms rose and fell; centuries rolled away -they did but bring fresh triumphs to the city of the poet and the sage. There at length the swarthy Moor and Spaniard were seen to meet the blue-eyed Gaul; and the Cappadocian, late subject of Mithridates, gazed without alarm at the haughty conquering Roman. Revolution after revolution passed over the face of Europe, as well as of Greece, but still she was thereAthens, the city of mind-as radiant, as splendid, as delicate, as young as ever she had been. blue gean, many a spot is there more beautiful or sublime to see, many a territory more ample; but there was one charm in Attica, which in the same perfection was nowhere else. The deep pastures of Arcadia, the plain of Argos, the Thessalian vale, these had not the gift; Boeotia, which lay to its immediate north, was notorious for its very want of it. The heavy atmosphere of that Boeotia might be good for vegetation, but it was associated in popular belief with the dullness of the Boeotian intellect; on the contrary, the special purity, elasticity, clearness, and salubrity of the air of Attica, fit concomitant and emblem of its genius, did that for it which earth did not; it brought out every bright hue and tender shade of the landscape over which it was spread, and would have illuminated the face even of a more bare and rugged country.

Many a more fruitful coast or isle is washed by the

A confined triangle, perhaps fifty miles its greatest length, and thirty its greatest breadth; two elevated rocky barriers, meeting at an angle; three prominent mountains, commanding the plain-Parnes, Pentelicus, and Hymettus; an unsatisfactory soil; some streams, not always full-such is about the report which the agent of a London company would have made of Attica. He would report that the climate was mild; the hills were limestone; there was plenty of good marble; more pasture land than at first survey might have been expected, sufficient certainly for sheep and goats; fisheries productive; silver mines once, but long since worked what he would not think of noting down, was, that the out; figs fair; oil first-rate; olives in profusion. But olive tree was so choice in nature and so noble in shape, that it excited a religious veneration; and that it took so kindly to the light soil, as to expand into woods upon the open plain, and to climb up and fringe the hills. He would not think of writing word to his employers, how that clear air, of which I have spoken,

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