genos, kind), unlike or dissimilar in kind; opposed to homogeneous. HEXAG'ONAL, having six angles. HEYWOOD, THOMAS, an English dramatic writer, said to have written 220 plays between the years 1596 and 1640. Of these plays only twenty-four have been preserved. Extract from, 294. HIGGINSON, FRANCIS, an eminent preacher, born in England, but who emigrated to Salem, Mass., in June, 1629, when there were but seven houses in the place. He died in 1630. He had a son also named Francis. HILLARD, GEORGE S., an accomplished American writer, author of "Six Months in Italy." The Colosseum, by, 386. On a Literary Taste, 399. HIPPOCRATES (Hip-pocrates), the most famous among the Greek physicians, b. 456 B. C. In his method of cure, precepts as to diet take the first rank. HISTORY (Gr. istoreo, I know by inquiry), an account of facts; not only of such as relate to the political annals of nations and states, but to their manners and customs, literature and great men. Natural history treats of the works of nature generally. HISTORICAL CHARACTERS, 144, 243. HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL, an American physician and a gifted poet, 265, 337. HOMER, the great poet of the Greeks. He flourished in the ninth century before the Christian era, and is supposed to have been a strolling bard, poor and blind. His Iliad is a poem descriptive of the siege of Troy, in Asia Minor; and his Odyssey describes the wanderings of Ulysses. These poems have been translated by Pope; but Cowper's version of the Iliad is the most faithful. HOMILY, a discourse or sermon read or pronounced to an audience. HO-MO-GENEOUS (Gr. omos, the same, and genos, kind), of the same kind. See Heterogeneous. HOOD, THOMAS, an English poet, comic and pathetic, b. 1798, d. 1845. Ode to his Son, by, 45. Retrospective Review (abridged), 127. The Lee-shore, 359. HOODED BELL. By this striking image of a bell covered with a hood, Grahame describes the effect of the snow in hiding it. HORACE, one of the most popular Latin poets; b. 65 B. C., d. 9 B. C. HORIZON (Gr. orizo, I limit), the line which terminates the view on all sides. HORNE, GEORGE, an English bishop; b. 1730, d. 1792. The Government of the Thoughts, 97. HOUSEWIFE. By Walker and Worcester pronounced hůz'wif; by Webster, as spelled. HOUSEHOLD. Used (p. 426) as an adjective, in the sense of familiar. HOWARD, JOHN, a celebrated English philanthropist, b. 1726, and d. 1790, from a malignant fever caught in visiting a suf ferer. He did much to reform the prisons and hospitals of Europe. His deathhour was so serene, that he said to a friend who tried to divert his thoughts from the subject, "Death has no terrors for me it is an event I have always looked to with cheerfulness, if not with pleasure; and be assured that it is to me a more grateful subject than any other." See Burke's eulogy, 146. HOWITT, MARY, Lines by, 297. HUDSON, or NORTH RIVER, a river of New York, rising in a mountainous country west of Lake Champlain, and flowing into the Atlantic below New York city. tide flows up as far as Troy. Its scenery is very beautiful. The HULKS; old, dismasted ships, formerly used as prisons in England. HUME, DAVID, author of a celebrated history of England, b. at Edinburgh in 1711. d. 1776. In his history he generally favors the side of power against the people ; and his insidious hostility to the Christian religion leads him to undervalue the labors and sufferings of many illustrious martyrs, religious and political. Extract from, 145. HUMILITY. The root of this word is the Latin humus, the ground. HURRICANE, THE, by Bryant, 211. HUSBAND, according to the Saxon deriva tion, is house-band, the binder of the household by his labor and his govern ment of love. HYDROSTATICAL, relating to the science of weighing fluids. HYPERBOLICAL (Gr. uperballo, I throw beyond, overshoot), in rhetoric, exaggerated, tumid. The hy-perbo-le is a figure, which may be extravagant either from its expressing too little or too much. HYPOTHESIS (Gr.), a supposition. Pl., ses.. IBID, or IB, a contraction of the Lat., ibidem, meaning, in the same place, or also there. IDEA, a Gr. word, from idein, to see; liter ally the image or resemblance of any object conceived by the mind. IDES, one of the three epochs or divisions of the ancient Roman month. The calends were the first days of the different months; the ides, days near the middle of the months, and the nones, the ninth day before the ides. Brutus reminds Cassius of the ides of March (43 B. C.) as the time when Julius Cæsar fell beneath their daggers and those of the other conspirators. "Tu quoque Brutë!” (thou, too, Brutus!) was Cæsar's exclamation on seeing Brutus stab. Cassius was married to the half-sister of Brutus. ILIAD. See Homer. IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL, Thoughts on the, 150, 314, 315, 412. IMPEACH, to accuse; to bring charges against a public officer before the proper tribunal. IMPRESS', to compel to enter the public ser vice as a seaman. IMPROVISE, to speak extemporaneously, | JENNER, EDWARD, an English physician, especially in verse. INCONVENIENT IGNORANCE, 181. INSTRUCTION. (Lat. in and struo, I fur- INTENSE (Lat. intendo, I stretch), strained, can writer, born in the city of New York, Climate of the Catskill Mts., 111 celebrated for having introduced, about the year 1776, the practice of vaccination, was born 1749, died 1823. JERUSALEM, the capital of Palestine, and the scene of the crucifixion of the Saviour, is situated in the southern part of the coun try, about thirty miles from the sea. It has been long in the hands of the Mahom etans, and is now a ruinous place, with about twenty thousand inhabitants, of whom five thousand are Christians. JEW, WANDERING, The (p. 442), an imagi nary personage, whose existence is derived from a legend, that when our Saviour was on his way to execution he rested on a stone before the house of a Jew, named Ahasuerus, who drove him away with curses; whereupon, Jesus replied, "Wander thou upon the earth till I return." The fable runs, that the Jew, racked with remorse, has ever since been wandering over the earth. There is no foundation in reason or history for this legend, but it has been made the subject of stories by many writers, and there are many allusions to it in literature. JEWELL, JOHN, an English bishop in the ISRAEL. By this name is sometimes under- JA (pronounced ya, the a either as in father or water), an adverb in German, corresponding to our yes. JACKSON, ANDREW, President of the United States from 1829 to 1837, was born in S. Carolina, in 1767; died, 1845. He commanded at the battle of N. Orleans, where he displayed great military capacity. Extract from, 288. JACOBIN. In French history, a political club, during the first revolution, bore this name, having taken it from holding their meetings in the hall of a suppressed Jacobin monastery. The members were the most sanguinary and violent of the revolutionists; and Jacobinism came to mean a factious and bloody radicalism. JANUARY, the first month of the year. By some the name is derived from Janus, a Roman divinity; by others, from janua, a gate. JEFFERSON, THOMAS, third President of the United States, was born in Virginia, in 1743, d died on the 4th July, 1826, simultaneously with John Adams, the second president. It was Jefferson who drew up the famo:s Declaration of Independence, 381. Extract from, 287. JEFFREY, FRANCIS, Lord, famous as a critic, b. in Scotland 1773, d. 1850. On the Steam-engine, 405. JOHNSON, DR. SAMUEL, born at Litchfield, Eng., 1709; died 1784. His is one of the greatest names in English literature. His style, though somewhat pompous and wanting flexibility to modern ears, is wielded by him with a peculiar mastery. He was the compiler of the first good dictionary of the English language. His biography, written by Boswell, is a storehouse of literary portraiture and informa tion, 371. JOVE (from Jovis, the genitive of Jupiter), the name of the supreme deity among the Romans. JUBAL is spoken of in the Bible (Gen. 4: 21) as "the father of all such as handle the harp and organ." JUDAH, the name of the fourth son of Jacob and Leah; also of a tribe; and, finally, of a kingdom occupying the southern part of Palestine. The name Jew is derived from it. JULY is so named from Julius Cæsar, who reformed the calendar, so that this month stood, as it does now with us, the seventh in order. JUNE, the sixth month, so named, according JUPITER, in mythology, the Latin name of Roman satirists; and he may be called KARR, ALPHONSE, a French writer, distin guished for his taste and knowledge in botany. See pp. 125, 353. KEBLE, REV. JOHN, an English devotional poet, much esteemed, 59, 113. KEEN. The use of this word as a verb (as on p. 128) is very unusual. KHAN (pronounced kawn), in Persia a governor of a province. KOSCIUS KO, THADDEUS, a Polish general and patriot; b. 1746, d. 1817. Joining the American cause, he served under Washington during the revolution. Returning home, he twice bravely attempted to free his native country, but, being wounded and taken prisoner in 1794, passed the rest of his days in exile. KEY-STONE, the stone on the top or middle of an arch or vault, which, being wider at the top than at the bottom, enters like a wedge, and binds the work. KNOWLES, JAMES SHERIDAN, a dramatic writer and an actor; born in Ireland, in 1784. He is the author of many successful plays. In the latter part of his life he became a Baptist preacher. The Abuse of Genius, by, 147. LABAUME (pronounced La-bom, the first a as in father). Engene Labaume was a colonel in the French army, who wrote a graphic account of Bonaparte's campaign, described p. 327. LA BRUYERE, JOHN DE, an eminent French writer, b. 1644, d. 1696. LA'CONISM, a short and pointed saying; so termed from the celebrity which the Lacedæmonians (or people of Laconia) anciently had for their brief and sententious mode of expressing themselves; so that this mode is still called laconic. The work entitled "Lacon" (quoted p. 78) was by Colton, an English clergyman. LAMB, MARY, a sister of the celebrated English humorist, Charles Lamb, who died 1834. See p. 77. LAMARTINE, ALPHONSE DE, distinguished as a poet, orator, historian, and politician, was born at Macon, in France, in 1790. He rose to great distinction during the revolution of 1848, but was superseded because of his liberal and popular tendencies. Extracts from, 291, 393. LAMMENAIS, Félicité Robert, Abbé, a distinguished French ecclesiastic, politician, and author; b. 1782, d. 1854. The Poor Exile, 82. Efficacy of Prayer, 318. LANGUET, pronounced Lang-gwa', the first a as in father, 172. LARBOARD, the left side of a vessel, looking forward. LARDNER, DR. D., 138. LARK, a name given to a genus of birds, of which the sky-lark is much celebrated by European poets. It is one of those few birds that chant whilst on the wing. When it first rises from the earth, its notes are feeble and interrupted; as it ascends, however, they gradually swell to their full tone, and long after the bird has reached a height where it is lost to the eye, it still continues to charm the ear with its melody. The sky-lark is not found in the United States, but we have the shore-lark, resembling it in some respects, but an inferior bird. See Lines to a Sky-lark, p. 415. LATIN, the language spoken by the ancient Romans, or the inhabitants of Latium, whence its name. LAUNCH OF THE SHIP, 143. LAUREATE. Literally, crowned with laurels. In England the "poet laureate" is an officer of the king's household, whose duty it was, formerly, to write odes on royal birthdays. Southey was laureate for several years; and Alfred Tennyson held the office in 1854. LAUREL. The ancient laurel was a species of evergreen shrub or bay-tree, with the leaves and branches of which it was the custom to crown the victors in various games. LEAD. "The plunging lead," 191. An allusion to the practice of "heaving the lead" on ship-board, on approaching a coast, to learn the depth of the water. The lead used for sounding is in the shape of a cone, with a small hole at the base, into which some grease is put, that sand or mud may adhere. LE-AN'DER, a famous youth of Aby'dos, who swam every night across the Hellespont to visit Hero, his lady-love. During a stormy night he perished in the waves. LEARNING TO WRITE, 87. LEEWARD (pronounced lu'ard), the lee side; that is, the side opposite to that from which the wind blows, which is called windward. A lee shore is the shore upon which the wind is blowing. LEIBNITZ (Lib'nitz), an eminent mathematician and philosopher, born in Leipsic, 1646, died 1716. LEIPSIC (Lip'sic), the largest commercial town of Eastern Germany, celebrated for its extensive book trade. LE SAGE, Alain René, a celebrated French novelist and dramatic writer, b. 1668, d. 1747. He is principally remembered for his novel of "Gil Blas," which first appeared in 1715. Gil Blas and the Archbishop, 340. Gil Blas and the Parasite, 429. LESSON. The Latin word from which this is derived means simply to read; thus indicating that reading should hold a primary rank in a pupil's lessons, since it gives its name to the word. LE'VER (Lat. le-va'-rë, to raise or lift up), a bar for raising a great weight by turning on a fulcrum or prop; the second mechanical power. LEYDEN, JOHN, a Scotch poet and scholar, b. 1755, d. 1806, from over-study. See p. 171. LIBRARY. In this word we have a record of the fact that books were once written on the bark (liber in Latin) of trees. LIEBIG (pronounced Lee-big), Justus, distinguished chemist, b. in Germany, 1803. On Light, 406. LIEUTENANT. This word is composed of LIFE-BOAT, THE, a poem, 89. LILY. "The lilies of France," 259. The lily, LILLIPUTIAN, diminutive; from Swift's satir- LINGARD, DR. JOHN, an English priest, au- LINGUIST (Lat. lingua, the tongue), a person skilled in languages. LINNE'US, or Linne, Charles von, the most LION AND SPANIEL, The, 139. work), anciently a public work, or office; now applied to a form or ritual of public worship in certain Christian churches. LIV'ERY, a word believed to be derived from the delivery of clothes by masters to their servants; a particular garb or dress. LLOYD, ROBERT, an English poet, b. 1733, d. 1764. On Expression in Reading, 155. the science, and also the art, of reasoning. LONGEV'ITY, length of life; long life. LONGFELLOW, HENRY WADSWORTH, an accomplished American poet and scholar, born 1807. Launch of the Ship, 143. LOUIS XIV. (pronounced Loo-ee), King of and the arts flourished remarkably under LOWERTZ. Pronounced Lo-vairtz'. LUNGS, Complaint of a pair, 360. Henry King, drowned in sailing from LYING. The proverb, p. 65, condenses inte The Treasures by the Way, 423. Translation from Sophocles, 436. M'CARTHY, D. F., a young Irish poet, 17%. Death of Addison, 245. Progress of Civilization, 338. MACEDON (pronounced Mass'e-don), the MACKAY, CHARLES, 156, 336. MANITOU (pronounced Ma-nee'too), an In- He MANOEUVRE. Pronounced ma-nü'-vūr. MARCH, the first month of the Roman year, 1 MARITAL (mital), pertaining to a hus- | METAPHOR (Gr. metaphero, I transfer; in band. MARS, the god of war among the ancient Romans. MARTYRDOM (Gr. martur, a witness), lite rally, the suffering of death on account of one's adherence to the truth. MARY STUART. See pp. 244, 247. MASSANIEL'LO, a poor fisherman of Naples, who, in 1647, headed a rebellion against the Spanish viceroy, became governor of Naples, and caused sixty of the principal palaces to be reduced to ashes. He was treacherously induced to lay down his arms, and was finally shot dead by four conspirators, formerly his friends. MATERIALIST, one who believes that all existence may be resolved into modifications of matter, independent of spirit. MATHEMATICS (Gr. mathesis, learning), the science which treats of whatever can be numbered or measured. MAUDLIN, stupid, fuddled. The derivation of this word is singular; it being a corruption of Magdalen, the penitent, who is generally drawn by painters with eyes red and swelled with weeping. MAUGRE (maw ger), in spite of. MAY, the fifth month of our year, but the third of the Roman. The derivation of the name is uncertain. MAYER, BRANTZ, an American writer, formerly secretary of legation in Mexico, and author of an excellent work on that country, 205. MEDICINE (med-de-sin). The Latin root is medeor, I heal. MEDITERRANEAN (Lat. medius, middle, and terra, land), enclosed or nearly enclosed with land; as the Mediterranean Sea, between Europe and Africa. The English translation may be Midland. MELODY (Gr. meli, honey, and ode, song or tune), sweet song or sound. In music, it differs from harmony in being an arrangement of sounds for a single voice or instrument. MEMBER. The Latin root of this word is membrum, a limb of the animal body. MEMENTO MORI. Two Latin words, signifying be mindful of death. MENTOR, a wise friend and counsellor, so called from Mentor, the faithful adviser of Ulysses, who, during his absence at the siege of Troy, intrusted to him the care of his domestic affairs, and the education of his son Teleinachus. MENTZ, a city of Germany, at the conflux of the Rhine and Maine. John Faust and John Guttenberg are believed to have invented printing here, about the year 1442. MERCURY, a Roman divinity of commerce and gain. His mercantile character is clear from his name, said to be formed from mercor, I traffic. In the Solar System, Mercury is the name of the planet nearest the sun. MERRICK, JAMES, an English divine and poet, b. 1720, d. 1766. His capital fable of the Chameleor tp. 413) has been superseded by cothing better of its kind. dicating the substitution of one word for another of similar meaning). "The silver moon" is a metaphorical expression; the "moon, bright as silver," is a compari son. METAPHYSICS (Gr. meta, after, and phusis, nature), the science of mind or intelli gence. MEXICO, VALLEY of, 205. MICROSCOPE (Gr. mikros, little, and skopeo, I view), an optical instrument which enables us to see objects too minute to be seen by the naked eye, 406. MIDLAND SEA. See Mediterranean. MILKY WAY. See Galaxy. MILMAN, REV. HENRY HART, an English poet and historian, b. 1791. See p. 385. MILTON, JOHN, ranked with Shakspeare as the foremost of English poets, author of that immortal poem, Paradise Lost, was born in London in 1608, died 1674. An affection of the eyes, brought on by intense study, terminated in blindness, to which he makes touching allusions in his poems. Eulogy on, 146. Extracts from, 348, 410. In MINISTER. In politics, a servant of the sovereign executive power in a state; generally speaking, the head of a department or branch of government. G. Britain, the responsible head is called prime minister. MIRABEAU (pronounced meer-ah-bo), the most eloquent of the political orators of France; b. 1749, d. 1791. His contemporaries speak of the effects of his eloquence as surprising and irresistible. Extracts from, 270. MISOCAP NOS. From two Greek words, signifying a smoke-hater. MITCHELL, Professor O. M., a distinguished American astronomer, director of the Observatory at Cincinnati. First Predictor of an Eclipse, 174. MITHRIDATES (Mithri-da'tēs), a King of Pontus, who, to evade designs against his life, accustomed himself to poisons, by the aid of antidotes. He was conquered by Pompey, 66 B. C. Seeing that death or captivity was inevitable, he took poison; but his constitution had been so inured to it, that it failed of effect, and he called in one of his men to despatch him by the sword. MOD'ICUM (Lat.), a pittance, a small quantity. MOIETY, the half of a thing. MON'AD (Gr. monas, unity, from monos, alone), an indivisible particle; atom. MONDAY, the second day of the week, means literally moon-day, or the day of the moon. MONOPOLY (Gr. mõnös, alone, and poles, I sell), the exclusive right of selling or possessing a thing. MONTGOMERY, JAMES, an English devotiona poet, b. 1771. He is the author of "Leotures on Poetry." See p. 160. M N'UMENT (Lat. moneo, I admonisnj, ■ |