and Manchester. These trains leave the Liverpool and Manchester routes, at the termination of the Grand Junction Railway at Parkside, which is 823 miles from Birmingham, and 195 from London. The mail trains leave London at 9h. 45m. A. M., and at 8h. 30m. P. M.; they leave Birmingham at 2h. 45m., P. M., and 1h. 45m., A. M.; and arrive at Liverpool at 7h. 45m., P. M. and 7h. A. M.; the day trains making the passage in 10 hours, and the night being allowed 10 hours. The Lancaster branch leaves Parkside at 7h. 15m. P. M., and 6h. 30m., A.M., and arrives at Lancaster at 9 P. M., and 8h. 15m., A. M.; performing the whole distance of 237 miles, from London to Lancaster, in 11 1-4 to 12 hours. The third train, being a mixed train, leaves at 9 P. M. and arrives at about 2 P. M. on the following day. Coaches leave Lancaster for Edinburgh and Glasgow on the arrival of each of the trains, and passengers who leave London at half-past 8 o'clock in the evening, reach Edinburgh on the following day. The journey is performed with about the same rapidity by the eastern route, by way of Derby, York, and Darlington. The fare from London to Liverpool, in the first class train, is 2. 10s., and in the mail train 2l. 15s.

The following table shows the length of each railway named, the number of passengers, and the amount of receipts for the conveyance of passengers and parcels, and of goods, cattle, and coal, for the period of one week, ending on the 24th, 25th, or 29th of July last.

This statement shows an average receipt of 967. for each mile of

railway, in one week. The receipts are less in winter, but the amounts are less variable than on the railways of this country.

The foregoing table embraces but about two-thirds in number of the railways in Great Britain, which are already in part or wholly in operation. Some notice of the rest, and some further notice of a part of those already enumerated, will be given hereafter.

It is a fact suited to inspire confidence in the continued and increasing success of railways, that on nearly all the works of this description in England, including those which have been several years in operation, there is an increase from year to year, of the income which they produce, under circumstances adverse to the general industry of the country. The accounts of most of the railways in 1840, exhibited a large increase of profits, compared with those of 1839; and those for the first half of 1841 show a small increase upon those of the corresponding part of 1840. The directors of the London and Birmingham Railway, in their report for the first six months of the present year, remark that, considering the depressed state of trade in this period, and the unfavorable influence which it might have been expected to exercise on the operations of the railway, they may congratulate themselves on the results exhibited by the accounts. These accounts show that the receipts of this half year, to the 30th of June last, amounted to £382,452, or £39,258 more than were realized in the first six months of the preceding year, and that in the same period there was a decrease in the amount of expenses. So also on the Grand Junction Railway, the receipts of the first six months of 1841 exhibited a small increase, viz., £212,645, compared with $210,226, received in the corresponding period of the preceding year; and, but for the depressed state of trade, it was apparent that the receipts of this year would have been much greater.

For the purpose of more convenient reference, and also for the purpose of exhibiting some additions in the map of British railways, given in illustration of a former article on this subject, that map is here reinserted. It is recommended to the reader to study with some attention the direction of the principal railway routes, as he will find that by having these routes distinctly impressed on his memory, he will be the better able to understand the references which he will frequently meet with, to the relative geographical situation of different places, and to the methods of communication between them.

MISCELLANY.

TRANSYLVANIA AND HUNGARY.

THE following letter, from a gentleman now in Europe to his friend in Boston, affords fresh information from a part of Europe little visited by travellers from this country, which is worthy of being preserved : CIBINII, (Roman colony, among the Dacians.) Hermanstadt, May 1st, 1841. My Dear : -Take out your mapslook at the end of the earth search for the very centre of terra incognita- and there you will find the spot from which I am now writing to you. I give you first its Latin name, because Latin is the general language for all public documents, for all debates, and, until within a few years, for general conversation, in society. The Valachians, who are the descendants of the Dacians, and the Romans left here by Trajan, still speak a language bearing some resemblance to the Latin.

But let me quit the Valachians for the present, (who, although covering nearly half of Transylvania, are here merely as the subjects of another power,) and come back to Hermanstadt, the capital of the country of the Saxons. You are aware, perhaps, that Transylvania, to use for a moment its Latin name, is divided into three grand districts, according to the race of men who occupy it. 1st. The Seeklers or Siculiares. 2d. The Magyars, or Huns. 3d. The Saxons. The first, although of Hunnish origin, got here, nobody knows how, springing, probably, like mushrooms, from the ground; for they were found here when the old Hungarian Arpad led his forces to the conquest of the country, and, as they both spoke the same language, had the same manners, (the Seeklers being a little more laborious only than their war-making rivals,) they shook hands, and sat down very quietly together to smoke the excellent tobacco, which the country even then

and this is nearly one thousand years ago-produced. About 1140, the Huns found it more agreeable to fight and wander about than to work, and hearing, that on the banks of the Elbe were a set of men very skilful in tilling the ground, King Glysa 2d, in one of his invasions of Central Europe, invited them to come and settle in Tran sylvania. In 1224, Andrew 2d gave them a charter, containing all their privileges and immunities, which they have preserved, or think they have preserved, intact until the present day. They were to have an assembly of their own, the power of enacting all laws, the appointment of officers, and almost all the privileges of a complete independence.

The Saxons have here kept up within themselves the same institutions, the same habits, the same industry, and even the same ugly

costume, as their old brethren of the Elbe. How they have preserved this, shut off, as they were, for some centuries, during the time that they were tributary to the Turks, from all intercourse with Germany, is truly surprising. The villages still look like the villages of Germany; the people work in the same manner, with the same tools, notwithstanding that they are surrounded on all sides by a people as different as it is possible to conceive;-at the south, the cunning, deceitful, revengeful, lazy, brilliant Valack; all around them the fiery, strongminded and strongheaded Magyars. Yet here are these 300,000 Saxons, trudging along their old way, drinking beer in the land of the vine, and boasting, whenever their feelings become elated, which is rare, of their privileges and their constitution. Poor fellows, all is wearing away very fast! Francis II. cut off the power of choosing their chief; and himself naming the most popular man among them, as chief for life, blinded their eyes, and established the precedent that Austria wished for. Their boasted assembly, the "Diet of Hermanstadt," has already dwindled down to twenty persons, who have to perform the duties of a Court of Appeal - something given to occupy their time and even then their decision can be corrected by the Governor of Transylvania, residing at Chausenburg, who depends directly upon Vienna. Even the liability to have new laws forced upon them from Vienna - something which the Hungarians have resisted most stoutly is hardly held out against here. And yet they are a good set of people, industrious, honest, and successful. Hermanstadt itself has a college, a fine library I really believe better than any in America a picture gallery certainly better than any in America; a fine old Gothic Lutheran "cathedral "-(here every denomination has a "bishop ;") — also a theatre, where last night I heard Weber's Der Freyschutz, and H-'s favorite "Hunter's Chorus" in its original language. The weak faculties of some of the good Saxons were quite astounded at hearing that precisely the same music was played on our side of the waters, among the "woods of America." The language of the well educated is German, and this is the only written language; but the spoken language of the 300,000 is the ancient Saxon; probably the language from which ours was formed. With the help of Professor Schuler here, a very intelligent man, and who inquired after Mrs. Robinson, I have got together a vocabulary of many of the Saxon words now spoken here, and have compared them with the English and German. Professor Schuler has published a large number of Taxar ballads in the real language of the country, making notes of all the differences between the German words and the Saxon, and tracing out their probable points of departure one from the other.

Among the books I have sent home you will find a work in Latin containing the principles of faith of the Unitarians of Transylvania. This is almost the only place in Europe, (except at Geneva and in England,) where Unitarians are to be found; and it was greatly interesting to me to see them all in the cities and villages, fighting up