1141 Ephesus burnt by the Amazons. 1124 Commencement of the Eolic migrations; the first migration under Penthilus, son of Orestes. 1100 The Eolians colonize the coast from Cyzicus to the Hermus. 1044 The Ionians under Neleus come into Asia Minor, where, with the assistance of some Thebans, and a host of other Greeks, they found Phocæa and Ephesus, and ten other cities on the southern coast of Lydia and the northern coast of Caria. 1044 Meles, king of Lydia (1050, Pococke). 1015 Smyrna founded. Minos, according to some (? 1256). 986 The Ionians build Samos. 971 Birth of Homer. 952 Homer flourishes among the Ionians. Litierses, an effeminate k. of Phrygia. Several colonies of Dorians settle in the islands of Cos and Rhodes, and on the southern coast of Caria. They had six cities-one in Cos, three in Rhodes, and two in Caria. They established one sanctuary for all, the temple of Apollo Triopius, where their festivals were celebrated. 950 Homer flourishes.-Bernhardy. 916 First laws on navigation at Rhodes. 907 Homeric period begins,-according to the Parian Chronicle. 891 Maritime supremacy of the Phrygians. 865 The Cyprian dominion of the sea; decline of the Phrygian naval power. 831 The maritime supremacy of the Cyprians passes to the Phoenicians. 800 Midas III., king of Phrygia. ? Halicarnassus being excluded from the Ionian confederacy is annexed to the Carian kingdom. 797 Ardys I., king of Lydia. 782 Lydia invaded by the Cimmerians in the reign of Candaules. 775 Arctinus, the poet of Miletus, flourishes. The Phocæans found the colony of Massilia in Gaul. ? Candaules, the last k. of the Heraclidæ, in Lydia, purchases from Bularchus a picture of the battle of Magnetes. 756 The Milesians found Cyzicus in the Propontis. 753 Antimachos, of Teos, and Asias, of Samos, poets, flourish. 750 Flourishing condition of Miletus, and its numerous colonies in the Palus Mæotis, Black Sea, and Sea of Marmora. 744 Pharnaces founds the kingdom of Cappadocia. 736 Callinus, the poet, flourishes (? 710). 735 Candaules, of Lydia,-according to some (see 782, 775). 730 Leontium, in Achaia, founded. 730 Phocæa flourishes; its inhabitants carry on an extensive western trade. 716 Gyges, the first of the Mermnada, murders Candaules, king of Lydia, and reigns in his stead. The Heraclidæ flee to Greece. Gyges attacks Miletus and Smyrna. 715 The Milesians found Abydos. Byzantium (Constantinople), founded by a colony of Athenians. 712 Astacus, in Bithynia, founded by a colony of Megarians. 710 Callinus, of Ephesus, flourishes. Gyges, of Lydia, reduces Colophon. Midas IV., of Phrygia, also sends offerings to the same temple. 700 Podelinus (a Greek), king of Caria. The Ionians in Miletus, celebrated for their fleet of 100 ships. 693 Simonides, of Amorgus, fl. (? 556). 690 Phaselis, in Pamphylia, founded. Glaucus, of Chios, flourishes.-Bern- He invents the art of soldering. He takes Priene. 677 Glaucus, of Chios, fl.-F. Clinton (? 690.) 675 Cyzicus, in the Propontis, planted by the Megarians. 674 Arcias, from Megara, rebuilds Chalcedon, in Bithynia. 665 Thaletas, lyric poet, of Crete, flourishes. 659 Epimenides born at Crete.-Suidas. 657 Lesches, of Mitylene, flourishes. 654 The Phocæans, under Timesias, found Lampsacus. Borysthenes, in Pontus, founded. 651 Pittacus, of Mitylene, born.-Suidas. 650 Anacreon, the poet, flourishes.-Talfourd (? 558.) 646 Pisander, poet of Camira, flourishes. The globular form of the earth was first suggested by Thales. 635 Sardis taken by the Cimmerians. 631 Cyrene, in Libya, founded by Battus. 629 Sadyattes succeeds Ardys, of Lydia. Cous and Critines (Milesians) found Sinope, in Paphlagonia. 628 Mimnermus, of Colophon, flourishes. Pamillus, of Megara Hyblæa, plants Selinus, in Cilicia. 626 Aristoxenus, of Selinus, flourishes (662 Bernhardy). Prusias fnded.,--according to Eusebius. 624 Lydia invaded by the Scythians. 620 Birth of Æsop, the fabulist. 617 Alyattes, king of Lydia, attacks the Cimmerians, and expels them from Asia Minor; he takes Smyrna. 617 War between Lydia and Miletus. 612 Peace, by Thrasybulus and Alyattes. The tyranny of Melanchrus at Mitylene overthrown by Pittacus. 610 Sappho, of Mitylene, poetess, flourishes. 609 Apollonia, on the Euxine, founded by a colony of Milesians. 603 Eclipse of Thales.-Hales (?601); it separated the Lydians & Medes in battle. Alcæus, of Mitylene, poet, flourishes. 600 The Phocæans, under Protus, found Massilia in Gaul. 597? Thales, of Miletus, foretels an eclipse of the sun (603, compare 578). 595 Crœsus, king of Lydia, born. 592 Odessus, on the Euxine, planted by a colony of Milesians. 589 Pittacus begins to reign at Mitylene. Alcæus, the poet, and opponent of Pittacus, banished. 579 Pittacus abdicates the throne of Mitylene. 578 Thales, the philosopher, fl.-Bernhardy. 576 The Phocæans masters of the sea. 569 The Ionians fall under the Persian yoke, but retain their own form of govrnt. B. C. 569 Death of Pittacus, of Mitylene. 566 Eugamon, of Cyrene, flourished 564 Death of Esop.-Eusebius. 563 Amisus, in Pontus, fndd. by PhocaN. 562 Anaximander, the philosopher, of Mis tus, invents sun-dials. Croesus, king of Lydia (? 560). 560 Accession of Croesus, king of Lydia. He conquers Bithynia. Cleobulus, of Rhodes, one of the sages. 559 Heraclea, on the Euxine, founded by the Phocæans. Asia Minor subjected to Crasus. 558 Anacreon, of Teos, fl.-Bernhardy. 556 Birth of the poet Simonides at Cos. 552 Dipœnus and Scyllus, statuaries, of Crete, flourish. Anaximenes, of Miletus, philosopher, £. 543 Bias, of Priene, historian, flourishes. Rhocus, of Samos, discovers the mode of casting metals. Hipponax, the Iambic poet, flourishes. 546 Cyrus takes Sardis; deposition of Croesus, and end of the Mermnada dynasty, and of the kingdom of Lydis Lydia becomes a Persian Province. CHRONOLOGY OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 546 Cyrus besieges and takes Sardis. He treats Croesus with great kindness. Lydia and Asia Minor annexed. Syria and Arabia overrun by Cyrus. 540 Nabonadius (Labynetus) besieged in Babylon by Cyrus. Simoniades and Hipponax, poets, fl. Epicharmus, the poet, born at Cos. 539 Babylon taken by stratagem. Phoenicia conquered and annexed. extended his empire from India to the 539 Emigration of the Phocæans into Gaul. 538 Xenophanes, of Colophon, poet, fl. 537 Daniel in the lion's den. 532 Polycrates' usurpation at Samos. Pythagoras, the historian, flourishes. 531 Anacreon a guest in the court of Polycrates, tyrant of Samos. 529 The maritime supremacy of Samos. Disastrous expedition of Cambyses 522 Smerdis, the magian, usurps the sore reignty for seven months, when he is slain by a conspiracy of seven nobles. Execution of Polycrates, tyrant of Semos, by order of Orates of Sardis. 521 Darius I., Hystaspes or Gushtap. Darius was one of the seven conspire tors, and descended in the royal line. The empire is divided into twenty se trapies, and a systematic mode of taxation is introduced. Darius increases his army; fortifies his kngdm; has darics (of gold) coined,&c 521 Darius sends an army under Otanes Darius's cruelty to the sons of Oebazus. pleted (see 610, Egypt). 508 Expedition into India; by which all the country north of the Indus is subdued. Aryandes, prefect of Egypt, imitates the darics issued by the king; for which Darius puts him to death. Religious reforms under Zerdusht, or Zoroaster, the younger. 504 Charon, of Lampsacus, historian, fl. Histæus incites the Ionians to revolt. The Archeanactidæ rule in Bosporus. 502 Heracleitus, philosopher of Ephesus, fl. The doctrine of celestial motions taught by Pythagoras about this time. 501 The Naxian war: siege of Naxos and defeat of the Persians. Hecatæus gives counsel to the Ionians. 500 He solicits aid from Sparta. The Persian court famed for its magnificence; 15,000 courtiers sit down at the king's table; whole provinces converted into royal parks; splendid palaces, &c. 496 Birth of Hellanicus of Mitylene. 494 Naval victory over the Greeks at Lade. Miletus falls into the hands of the Per sians. 493 Chios, Lesbos, and Tenedos reduced by the Persians. 492 Expedition under Mardonius against Greece; defeated by sea and land. 490 Datis and Artaphernes lead a second expedition into Greece; unfortunate. Darius makes preparations for another invasion of Greece and Egypt. 483 Unsuccessful attempt of Miltiades, the Athenian, upon Naxos. Panyasis, the poet, flourishes. 487 Artabazes king of Pontus, Asia Minor. 486 Irruption of Scythians into Bactria; the Archimagus slain. Darius assumes the office of Archimagus. 486 Revolt of Egypt from the Persian yoke. 485 Death of Darius, who appoints Xerxes, his eldest son, to succeed him. Naval dominion of the Æginetæ. 484 Xerxes reduces Egypt to his sway. Birth of Herodotus at Halicarnassus. 483 Xerxes commences preparations for invading Greece. 482 Bacchylides, the poet, born at Cos. 480 Xerxes' expedition against Greece. Herodotus states that his army and camp followers amounted to 5,000,000 men, and that his object was to reduce the whole earth under his sway. Xerxes departs from Susa at the time of a half eclipse of the sun. At Celænæ Xerxes and his army are entertained by Pythias, a Lydian. Cruelty of Xerxes in putting Pythias's eldest son to death. Xerxes has a bridge of boats laid across Defeat of the Persians in Greece. The family of Archeanactes from Mity- Birth of Euripides at Salamis. 479 Invasion of Greece unsuccessful; Mardonius slain at Platæa.. Chœrilus, of Samos, poet, born. 477 Simonides, of Cos, invents a system of mnemonics; he obtains a prize. 471 Timocreon, of Rhodes, lyric poet, fl. 466 Battles of the Eurymedon; Cimon defeats the Persians by sea and land. The Hellespontine Chersonese taken by Cimon, the Athenian. Xerxes spreads devastation in his homeward route. His cruelties render him detestable. The independence of Ionia restored. Simonides, the poet, dies, aged 90. Naxos revolts; it is soon subdued. 465 Assassination of Xerxes by Artabanus and the eunuch Spamitres. Murder of Darius, Xerxes' eldest son. Artaxerxes I. (Longimanus) ascends the Persian throne. Themistocles arrives in Persia, and is protected by Artaxerxes. The conspirator Artabanus put to death. Civil war between Artaxerxes and his brother Hystaspes of Bactria. 463 Xanthos, of Lydia, the historian, fl. 462 Artaxerxes' celebrated feast at Susa. Deposition of Vashti, his queen. 460 Revolt of Inarus, and commencement of war with the revolted Egyptians. 460 Defeat of the Persians under Achæmenes by sea and land. Birth of Aristophanes, at Rhodes. 459 Megabyzus, with an army of 30,000, 451 Ion, of Chios, exhibits tragedy. 450 Cimon, the Athenian, defeats Artabazus, the Persian admiral, and takes from him one hundred ships. 449 Defeat of Megabyzus at Salamis. Peace with Greece; acknowledgment of the independence of the Asiatic Greeks by Persia. 447 Rebellion of Megabyzus, Syrian satrap, aided by the queen Amytes and the dowager-queen Amestris. Artaxerxes yields to Megabyzus all his demands. 445 Nehemiah's commission to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem. Melissus, of Samos, philosopher, fl. 440 Siege and capture of Samos by Pericles; Melissus defended it against him. 438 Spartacus drives the Archeanactidæ from Bosporus, and reigns. 431 Hippocrates, the physician, flourishes. 428 Siege of Mitylene by the Athenians. 428 Death of Anaxagoras at Lampsacus. 427 Mitylene captured; Lesbos restored. 425 Xerxes II, succeeds Longimanus. Sogdianus, the king's natural brother, assassinates Xerxes, after a few months' reign. Sogdianus is himself assassinated by another natural brother. 424 Darius II. (Nothus or "bastard"). He is represented as a weak-minded prince, and under the influence of his wife Parysatis and her eunuchs. 422 Arsites' revolt, aided by the son of Megabyzus, quelled. Arsites smothered in ashes. 414 Revolt of Pisuthnes, satrap of Lydis The Egyptians regain their independence. 412 Lesbos, Chios, and Eurythræ, make preparations for revolt. 411 League with Sparta against Athens. Alcibiades visits Tissaphernes. Death of Hellanicus at Perperene. 409 Thrasyllus invades Lydia. Lycia invaded by the Athenians. 407 Cyrus, governor of Asia Minor, assists the Spartans against Athens. 405 Artaxerxes II. (styled "Mnemon" account of his great memory). Conspiracy, detection, and pardon of Cyrus. Democritus visits Persia. 404 Birth of Antiphanes, the comic poet. INDEX. ABSORPTION and reproduction, their doctrinal | Alcibiades, imprisonment and escape of, 306 source, 37 Acarnanian territory, 127 Acarnanians, victory of, 332 -, prowess, and quarrel of, 114, 115 Acteon, myth of, 94, 95 Adrastus saved by his horse Areion, 102 heads the Greeks against Troy, 114 his murder, 93 Agencies, monstrous, teachers of the arts, 111 Ages of the Indian epic, 76 Agoracritus, sculptor, 483 Aigospotamos, battle of, 354 Ajax, valour of, 115 - slays himself, 117 Alcamenēs, the sculptor, 483 Alcander's rashness, how punished, 148 his success at the Olympian games, 295 carries war into the Peloponnesus, 297 his insolence and excesses, 298 repairs to Sparta, 302 assumes the Spartan manners, 302 takes refuge with Tissaphernes, 302 his exploits and victories, 305 second naval victory of, 306 his victory at Chalcedon, 306 his successes at Selymbria, 307 conducts the Eleusinian procession, 309 is compelled to leave the fleet, 310 his character, 312, 313 Alexandrine compositions, not necessarily for- Alpheus river, course of, 130 Amompharetus refuses to obey orders, 261 consult the oracle of Delphi, 192 provided for company, 453 of Athens, not enjoyed by females, 423 Anchises and Aphrodite, 63 his descendants retain the priesthood, 168 rises from the foam of the sea, 64 sides with the Trojans, 64 Apollo, legend of, 52 at Telphusa, 53 |