in 1687); but he was the author of several papers on burning glasses, and on his discoveries in regard to curves, which appeared in the Leipsic Transactions, and the Memoirs of the French Academy of Sci

ences.

TSULAKEES, OF TSALAKEES (sometimes also written Tsalagis); the proper name of the Indian tribe whom we commonly term Cherokees. Their territory originally comprised more than half of what is now the state of Tennessee, the south ern part of Kentucky, the south-west corner of Virginia, a considerable portion of the two Carolinas, a large part of Georgia, and the northern part of Alabama. This tract probably contained more than 35,000,000 acres. Between the close of the revolutionary war and the year 1820, the Cherokees sold to the U. States, at different times, more than three quarters of their possessions, and now retain less than 8,000,000 acres, of which Georgia claims 5,000,000 acres as falling within that state, and Alabama nearly 1,000,000 of the residue. The remainder, if a division takes place, will go to Tennessee and North Carolina. Their population is increasing. In eighteen years, ending in 1825, their numbers, including those who emigrated to the Arkansas, had increased more than 7000, or sixty per cent., which varies little from the common rate of increase among the white inhabitants of the Southern States. The number of native Cherokees of pure and mixed blood, east of the Mississippi, was at that time 13,563, and 147 white men and 73 white women had intermarried with them, and resided among them. The number of African slaves was 1277. The population is now (1832) 15,060, of whom over 1200 are African slaves. Agriculture and many of the arts of civilized life have been introduced among them, and their progress in civilization has been very considerable. In 1825, they possessed 79,842 domestic animals (horses, cattle, swine and sheep), 762 looms, 2486 spinning-wheels, 172 wagons, 2943 ploughs, ten saw-mills, thirty-one grist-mills, sixty-two blacksmiths' shops, eight cotton gins, eighteen schools, nine turnpike roads, eighteen ferries, and twenty public roads, being a great increase above the returns of 1809. A well-organized system of government has been established. The executive consists of a principal chief and assistant, with three executive counsellors, all elected by the legislative body. The legislature consists of two bodies, a national committee and

a national council, the former containing sixteen members, the latter twenty-four. The members are chosen for the term of two years, by the qualified electors in their several districts. These electors include all free male citizens who have attained the age of eighteen years, except persons of African origin. The rules respecting the nature and powers of the legislature in general, are similar to those of the several states in the Union. Each of the two bodies has a negative on the other, and together they are styled the general council of the Cherokee nation. The chief and his assistant hold their offices for four years. The executive counsellors are chosen annually. The judiciary consists of a supreme court, and of circuit and inferior courts. The members of the supreme court hold their offices for four years. There is also a public treasury, a printing-office, and a newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix, commenced in February, 1828, and edited by a Cherokee. This newspaper is printed partly in the Cherokee character, invented by Guess.* The press is owned and directed by the Cherokee government. They have founts of types in the Cherokee character. The Gospel of Matthew and a collection of hymns, translated by Mr. Worcester, one of the missionaries, have been print

The inventor and the invention are thus described in the Cherokee Phoenix-Mr. Guess is, in appearance and habits, a full Cherokee, white man. He has no knowledge of any lanthough his grandfather on his father's side was a guage but the Cherokee. He was led to think on the subject of writing the Cherokee language by the conversation of some young men, who said that the whites could put a talk on paper, and send it to any distance, and it would be understood. In attempting to invent a Cherokee character, he at first could think of no way but that of giving each word a particular sign. He pursued this plan for about a year, and made several thousand characters. He then became convinced ing several other methods, at length conceived that this was not the right mode, and, after trythe idea of dividing the words into parts. He now soon found that the same characters would

apply in different words, so that their number would be comparatively small. After putting think of, he would listen to speeches and the condown and learning all the syllables that he could versation of strangers, and whenever a word occurred which had a part or syllable in it which was not on his list, he would bear it in mind till he had made a character for it. In this way he In forming his characters, he made some use of soon discovered all the syllables in the language. the English letters, as he found them in a spellingbook in his possession. After commencing upon the last mentioned plan, he is said to have completed his system in about a month, having reduced all the sounds in the language to eighty-five characters.-Mr. Guess was considerably advanced in life when he made this invention.

gress, and to be recognised, when con gress shall deem proper, as a territory. The general council of the Cherokees, however, have declined accepting the proposal.-The Cherokees of the Arkansas are those who, since the year 1804, removed, at different times, from the east of the Mississippi to a tract on the north bank of the Arkansas river, between lon. 94° and 95° W.; population, about 5000. The greater part of this emigration took place between 1816 and 1820. There is a missionary station among them. By a treaty concluded in May, 1828, they agreed to remove still farther west. This portion of the Cherokees has also made considerable progress in agriculture and the arts of civilized life.-For further information, see the different numbers of the Missionary Herald and the Cherokee Phenix; the Decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the Cherokee Case (published at Philadelphia, 1831); also Essays on the Present Crisis in the Condition of the American Indians (Boston, 1829). For information respecting the language of the Cherokees, see Indian Languages (appendix, end of vol. vi.).

TUARICKS, called by Hornemann the most interesting nation of Africa, are most extensively spread over Northern Africa, and, indeed, divide with the Tibboos the whole of the Sahara; the latter occupying the wells and the wadys of the eastern, and the Tuaricks those of the western portion of this sterile belt. The Tibboos are black, yet without what we generally call negro features; the Tuaricks, on the other hand, are white people of the Berber race, and are Mohammedans of the sect of Maleki, but are believed to be quite as indifferent to religion as the Kabyles. They are a very warlike nation, and often make incursions into the territory of the timid Tibboos to carry off all whom they can catch for the slave market. The late travellers Lyon, Denham, Clapperton and Laing found them hospitable, frank and honest. They inhabit that extensive portion of the Sahara circumscribed on the east by Fezzan and Tibboo, south by the negro nations of Bournou, Haourra, Gouber and Timbuctoo, and on the west by the oases of Tedeekels and Twat. The country of the Mozabis, Engousah and Ghadames, forms their northern limits, beyond which they never proceed. Being nomadic, they are found in the vicinity of all the negro population from Tibboo to Timbuctoo, where they rove for the purpose of kidnapping. They carry on war and commerce with

equal activity. According to Mr. Hodgson's interesting letters in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, (vol. iv, new series), Tuarick comes from the Berber language, in which it signifies tribes. Now kabail is the Arabian for tribes, borders or families; and thus the Kabyles of the Atlas have an appellation corresponding to the Kabyles of the desert; and they are the same people, as Mr. Hodgson shows by a comparison of their vocabularies. They are one people, and the great Lybian race still exists in Africa: its language has not been effaced. -For more information respecting the Tuaricks, and particularly their language, the Berber, see the above letters, already alluded to in the article Berber, but not published when that article was written.

TUBA; a wind instrument of the Romans, resembling our sacbut or trumpet, though of a somewhat different form. It was used in war. TUBERCLES. sumption.)

(See Pulmonary Con

TUBEROSE (polianthes tuberosa). This highly odoriferous and favorite flower was introduced into Europe from the East Indies, about the middle of the sixteenth century. Though almost purely an ornamental plant, its culture is now so extended that the roots form a considerable article of export from the southern to the northern parts of Europe. The root is a rounded bulb; the radical and inferior leaves long, sessile, entire, almost swordshaped, and very acute; the stem upright, cylindrical, unbranching, three or four feet high. The flowers are disposed in a simple and more or less elongated spike: they are large, sessile, alternate, tubular, and of a very pure white: the tube of the corolla is a little curved, and divides into six oval obtuse lobes. The flowers expand successively, so that they continue nearly three months. Several remarkable varieties are known. It succeeds best in a warm exposure. The essential oil is used by perfumers.

TÜBINGEN; an old town of Würtemberg, circle of the Neckar, situated in a valley on the Neckar, sixteen miles southwest of Stuttgard; lon. 9° 4′ E.; lat. 48° 31' N.; population, 7600. It contains an hospital, four churches, a theological seminary, a college for the nobility, and a university. The environs are finely diversified by hill, dale and forest. The town has some woollen manufactures, but is supported chiefly by the university, which was founded in 1477, and received very important improvements in 1769. It

has a good library, a botanic garden, and, in 1829, had 874 students. It was formerly exclusively Protestant; but a few years since the Catholic university at Elwangen was united with it. In 1828, the Würtemberg chamber of deputies granted it a yearly sum of 80,000 guilders. It has thirty-one professors.

TUCCOA CREEK, CATARACT IN. (See Cataract.)

TUCKER, Abraham, an English writer on morals and metaphysics, was the son of a merchant of London, where he was born in 1705. After completing his studies at Oxford, he travelled in France. He married in 1736, and, having lost his wife in 1754, he published, under the title of a Picture of Love without Art, her letters to him. Some time after he produced his Advice from a Country Gentleman to his Son, and commenced his great work, the Light of Nature pursued (7 vols., 8vo.), the first three of which appeared in 1768, under the pseudonym of Edward Search: the remaining volumes were printed after the death of the author, which took place in 1774. (See Mackintosh's Essay on Ethical Philosophy.)

TUDOR. (See Great Britain, and the articles Henry VII, VIII, Elizabeth, &c.) TUESDAY (Latin dies Martis); the third day of our week, probably so called from the Anglo-Saxon god of war Tuu, (gen. Tuues, whence the Anglo-Saxon Tuuesdag.) (See Week, and, for Shrove-Tuesday, see Shrovetide.)

TUET. (See Tuiscon.) TUGENDBUND (German, union of virtue); the name generally given to an association in Prussia, called also the moralscientific union, founded by some patriots, soon after the fatal peace of Tilsit. Its object was to promote the moral regeneration of the people, and to prepare it for better times. Schools and universities, physical and moral science, the army, the government, the distress of the people, all occupied the attention of the society, which suggested many ideas subsequently adopted. The government formally recognised its existence, and at times received reports from the society. There were no degrees, secrets, signs, or forms of initiation. Any Prussian subject of good character might become a member, on promising in writing to promote the objects of the society, and to be faithful to the , reigning family. The minister Stein (q. v.) favored the society; but when he left the ministry, and Schill (q. v.), one of the members, had attacked the French, though not at the instigation of the socie

ty, the French induced the king to abolish it. Professor Krug of Leipsic, who was himself a member, wrote Das Wesen und Wirken des sogenannten Tugendbundes und anderer angeblichen Bünde (Leipsic, 1816).

TUILERIES (from tuile, a tile, because the spot on which it is built was formerly used for the manufacture of tiles); the residence of the French monarchs, on the right bank of the Seine, in Paris. Catharine de' Medici, wife of Henry II, began the building from the designs of Philibert de l'Orme and Jean Bullant (1564). Henry IV extended it, and founded the gallery (1600), which was intended to connect it with the Louvre, and form a residence for twenty-four artists. Louis XIV enlarged it (1654), and completed the great gallery. The side towards the Louvre consists of five pavilions and four ranges of buildings; the other side has only three pavilions. In the pavilion of Flora Napoleon resided, and it was afterwards occupied by Louis XVIII. The exterior of the Tuileries is deficient in harmony, having been built at different times, and on very different plans; but the interior is magnificent. The gallery above mentioned, which connects the Tuileries with the Louvre, is completed on the side towards the Seine; the lower part consists of open arcades; above is the collection of pictures. The second gallery leading to the place Rivoli and the rue St. Honoré, was begun by Napoleon in 1808, but is not finished. To make room for it, many houses and whole streets were levelled; and much of the ground is still occupied by the ruins of the former buildings. On the west of the palace lie the gardens of the Tuileries, forming a quadrangle of the width of the palace, and 1800 feet in length; they are sixty-seven arpents* in superficial area. Upon two sides they are enclosed by long terraces (that on the side to the Seine commands a beautiful prospect) and iron railings. This garden, laid out by the celebrated Lenôtre for Louis XIV, has, in more recent times, been highly ornamented in the French style, and contains alleys of orange trees and other trees, groves, lawns with beds of flowers and shrubberies, fountains and basins of water with swans and goldfish,a great number of vases, and more than sixty statues imitated from ancient works. It is filled at all hours of the day with persons of all classes: chairs and the newspapers may be had at a

The Paris arpent is rather more than four fifths of an English acre.

small price. Towards the city, and separated from the court by an iron palisade, is the place du Carrousel which receives its name from a carrousel exhibited here by Louis XIV, in 1664. The arc du Carrousel, erected by Napoleon in 1806, forms the principal entrance into the court: it was formerly ornamented with the horses of St. Mark and a statue of Napoleon, which have been removed. The French court was formerly called the "court of the Tuileries;" but under the three last Louises, who resided at Versailles, that appellation was changed to the "cabinet of Versailles." Napoleon resided some time at St. Cloud, and the court then received that name. But since the restoration, the kings have again occupied the Tuileries.

TUISCON. According to Tacitus, the Germans, in their songs, gave this name to the founder of their nation. Thuisco or Tuisco is probably the adjective of Theut or Teut; hence theutisch, teutsch. (The Germans call themselves Teutsche or Deutsche, and their country Teutschland or Deutschland.) Theut signifies some thing original, independent, e. g. earth, nation, father and lord. From Theut comes Teutones, the people of Theut; hence also lingua Theutisca, Theodisc, Teutonic, Theutish, Teutsch (called, in a great part of Westphalia, Düsk). In this we recognise the Thuisco of Tacitus (Germ, 2). The word Deutsch first appears in a document of the year 813; and the first king who was called König der Deutschen, rex Teutonicorum, was Otho the Great. (See German Language.) In the northern mythology, Thuiscon, Tuiscon, Taut, Tot, Theot, Tuu, &c., is a god, from whom the Gauls and Germans believed themselves descended. Thuiscon, with the Earth (Artha or Hertha), gave birth to men; hence called Teutones. But only the inhabitants of the Scandinavian islands, between the extreme coasts of Southern Scandinavia and the Cimbric Chersonesus, were properly called TeuLones. The ancient Germans revered Tuiscon as a man with a gray beard, clad in the skin of an animal, holding a sceptre in his right hand, and stretching out the left with extended fingers. According to Julius Cæsar, they offered to him human sacrifices. The name of Tuesday has been derived from this god.

TULA; a town of Russia, capital of a government of the same name on the Upha; 112 miles south of Moscow; lon. 37° 2 E.; lat. 54° 12′ N.; population, 38,000. It contains several seminaries,

but is chiefly distinguished for its manufactures of hardware, on which account it is styled the Sheffield of Russia. It has a cannon foundery, and a manufactory of arms for government, as muskets, bayonets, swords, &c.; besides two iron founderies, and 600 shops of smiths and others for making fire-arms and cutlery for private use. The ore is supplied in abundance from the vicinity; but_the manufacture is inferior to that of England.

TULIP (tulipa); a genus of plants belonging to the liliacea, containing about a dozen species, mostly natives of Europe, or of the neighboring parts of Asia. Their roots are bulbous; the leaves few in number, and disposed about the base of the stem; the latter simple, and usually terminated by a large solitary flower. The calyx is wanting; the corolla composed of six petals, and the stamens six in number. The most noted species is the common garden tulip (T. gesneriana), which has received its name from the celebrated Conrad Gesner, to whom we owe its introduction into the European gardens. It was brought, originally, from the Levant; and Gesner first discovered it in 1559, at Augsburg, in the garden of an amateur, who had received it from Constantinople or Cappadocia. The stem is about a foot or eighteen inches high, provided at the base with three or four lanceolate, glaucous leaves. In the wild plant, the color of the flowers is uniform, often yellow or reddish, sometimes brownish; but cultivation has modified them in a thousand ways, and produced an immense number of varieties. The tulip has always been a favorite plant with the Belgians and Dutch; and, about a century after its introduction, the mania prevailed to such an extent in these countries that more than two thousand dollars were often given for a single root-in those days an immense sum. It is still extensively cultivated in Holland, from which all Europe is supplied with bulbs; and it is said that nothing can equal the magnificence of the gardens in that country, at the time when they are covered with innumerable varieties of these flowers. These varieties are often disposed in a regular figure, according to their size and the different colors. In raising tulips from the seed, florists pursue a mode in some respects the reverse of that practised with other plants. Instead of saving the seed from the finest variegated tulips, they prefer unbroken flowers for breeders, selecting such as have tall, strong stems, with large, well-formed