TROUT-TROVER. Atlantic. It is a beautiful fish: the back is mottled; the sides dark-brown, with yellow spots, which have a scarlet dot in It sometimes attains the the centre. weight of four and a half pounds, but is usually much smaller. It is much in request for the table. The large species of trout which inhabit the larger lakes of Maine, New Hampshire, and those about the sources of the Susquehanna, have not yet been described or properly distinguished, that we are aware of; indeed, it is possible that more than one species has been confounded under the common trout. A gigantic species of trout, from lake Huhas been described by doctor Mitchill. ron, It is said to attain the weight of a hundred and twenty pounds. The flesh is remarkably fat, rich and savory. The specific name amethystinus was applied on account of the purplish tinge and hyaline tips of the teeth. We add some observations on the trout as an object of pursuit to the American angler. It is particularly abundant in New England, where the waters and soil, being of a more alpine character, are highly congenial to the nature of this species of fish. They may be divided into three principal classes, namely, pond Of these, trout, river trout and sea trout. however, there are as many varieties and shades of difference as are known and described in England, Scotland, and other countries; but, for all the purposes of the angler, it is unnecessary to enumerate any others than those above mentioned. Pond or lake trout vary in shape and color. Their size is generally in proportion to the extent of the water in which they are taken. In Moose Head lake, in Maine, they attain the enormous weight of forty or fifty pounds, and, in the lakes of other states, are found of the average size of salmon. This large description of trout are seldom taken, except through the ice in winter, and consequently afford but little sport to the lover of angling. In the Winipisscogee lake, in New Hampshire, and Sebago lake, in Maine, the average size of the fish is about that of the largest mackerel, which it also resembles in shape. The spots upon these and other lake trout are seldom red, but dark and indistinct, according to their size. The last mentioned lake is one of the few in which the fish are taken by the usual for which they method of angling, are more esteemed, as affording good sport, than for their flavor; and the common impression is, that these fish sprung from salmon, but that, having been prevented, by obstructions in the river, from entering the sea, they have become, by TROVER; an action against a man who is in possession of the goods of another, and refuses to deliver them to the owner, or sells or converts them to his own use, without the consent of the owner. It was originally confined to cases in which one man had actually found the goods of another, and refused to deliver them on demand, but converted them to his own use; hence the names of trover and con version. TROY. (See Troad.) TROY, CITY OF; capital of Rensselaer county, New York, 164 miles north of the city of New York; lat. 42° 44′ N.; population in 1801, 1500; in 1830, 11,584; houses, 1667. There are nine places of public worship, three banks, with a capital of $1,018,000; two insurance companies, and a savings bank; a court-house, of Singsing marble, county jail, of brick, female seminary, Lancasterian school, an infant school, and the Rensselaer school, a very respectable institution, intended particularly to teach the practical application of knowledge; taxable property in 1831, $3,857,793. Large quantities of lumber, flour, grain, beef, pork, wool, &c., besides manufactured goods, are shipped to the river towns, and New York, New Jersey and Boston, in eighty vessels, averaging more than 75 tons: ten transport boats, averaging 250 tons, and towed by steamers, also ply between Troy and New York. It is common to see boats from lake Erie enter the Hudson at Troy, and spread sails on spars which they have brought on deck. There are now (1831) two daily lines of western boats, sixtyeight in number; also two daily lines of northern boats, forty-three in number. The united Champlain and Hudson canals enter the Hudson at Troy; tolls received in 1831 at the collector's office, $169,456. Two large steam-boats run daily between Troy and New York, and two or three steam-boats between Troy and Albany. The manufactories include eight grain mills, grinding 500,000 to 600,000 bushels annually, three mills for grinding gypsumn, two large rolling and slitting mills, using (1832) 3000 tons of foreign iron, connected with two nail factories and one spike factory, which will make, in 1832, it is supposed, about 1300 tons of nails, and 700 tons of spikes for ships, rail-ways, &c.; two air furnaces, melting about 600 tons of iron, two steamengine factories, an extensive bell-foundery, where 27,000 bells were cast in one year; two shops for carriage building, which have sold, within a year, about 120 post coaches, besides a large number of other carriages; also four potteries, which make wares to the amount of $28,000 annually; two cotton factories, a woollen factory, a rope-walk, two buhr mill-stone factories, a paper-mill, a paper-hanging factory, four tanneries, a morocco factory, &c. &c. About 25,000 bbls. of beer, 95,000 rolls of paper, 700,000 lbs. of tallow and soap, 100,000 pair of boots and shoes, and hats to a large amount, 500,000 bricks, $30,000 worth of brushes, and more than 100,000 casks, are annually made, and not less than 200 tons of staves annually sold. TRUCE OF GOD, in the Latin of the middle ages, Treuga Dei (Treuge, or Trewa, from the German word Treu, faithful), was, in the period just mentioned, a limitation of the right of private warfare introduced by the church, in order to mitigate an evil which it was unable to eradicate. This truce of God provided that hostilities should cease, at least on the holydays, from Thursday evening to Sunday evening in each week; also during the whole season of Advent and Lent, and on the "octaves of the great festivals." (See Festival.) This salutary regulation was first introduced in 1077, in Aquitaine, where a bishop professed to have received the command of God for its institution; then in France and Burgundy. In 1038, the diet at Soleure deliberated respecting the establishment of it in Germany. Under William the Conqueror, it was introduced into England, and, in 1071, into the Netherlands. In French, it was called Treve de Dieu. The clergy were very anxious that it should be generally acknowledged. At many councils, it was a chief subject of discussion; for instance, at the councils of Narbonne (1054), Troyes (1093), Clermont (1095), Rouen (1096), Nordhausen (1105), Rheims (1136), St. John of the Lateran (1139 and 1179), and Montpellier (1195), it was enjoined by special decrees. At a later period, the truce of God was sometimes extended to Thursday. Whoever engaged in private warfare on these days, was excommunicated. This was all which the clergy could effect in that barbarous age. The truce of God was also extended to certain places, as churches, convents, hospitals, church-yards, &c., and certain persons, as clergymen, peasants in the fields, and, in general, all defenceless persons. At the council at Clermont (1095), it was made to include particularly all crusaders. Thus the clergy effected what would have been impossible for any secular authority, because they wisely demanded no more than they could expect to obtain, and because religion was much the strongest power which could be brought to act on the turbulent warriors of thoes times. It may be easily imagined, however, that the limits prescribed were not very nicely observed; and we find constant complaints of their violation in the records of the councils and the chronicles of convents. TRUFFALDINO. (See Masks.) TRUFFLE (tuber); a genus of mushrooms (fungi), remarkable for their form, and for growing entirely under ground, at the distance of a few inches from the surface. Unlike the lycoperdon, or puffball, they are not resolved into a powder at maturity, but their substance becomes gelatinous. Only few species are known, which are found chiefly in temperate climates. Some of them have the rind rough, with small tubercles; others have it entirely smooth. They attain the diameter of two or three inches.-The common truffle (T. cibarium), so celebrated in the annals of cookery, is said to inhabit all the warm and temperate parts of the northern hemisphere; but we are in need of further evidence to establish the fact of its existence on this continent. In certain districts, it is astonishingly abundant, as in Piedmont, and at Perigord, in France, which latter place has, in consequence, acquired celebrity for producing it. They abound most in light and dry soils, especially in oak and chestnut forests; but it would be difficult to procure them any where, were it not that hogs are extremely fond of them, and lead to their discovery by rooting in the ground. Dogs are sometimes taught to find this fungus by the scent, and to scratch it up out of the ground. The season for collecting continues from October to January. The truffle is usually about as large as an egg; is entirely destitute of roots; the skin blackish or gray, studded with small pyramidal warts; the flesh white, gray or blackish, varied with black or brown veins. They are prepared for the table in various manners, but should be eaten with moderation, as they are difficult of digestion. They may be kept in ice, or covered with lard: in some countries, they are dried. They were in use among the ancient Greeks and Romans. Several varieties are distinguished, and, besides, some of the other species are much esteemed for culinary purposes. TRULLAN COUNCIL. (See Constantinople, Councils of.) TRUMBULL, John, an eminent American poet and patriot, was born April 24, 1750, in the place now called Watertown, Connecticut. His constitution was delicate; and his education was conducted by his father, a clergyman of good classical attainments, and his mother, a lady of superior refinement, until 1763, when he entered Yale college. In 1771, he was appointed a tutor in that institution. In 1773, he was admitted to the bar of Connecticut, but removed to Boston, and continued his studies in the office of John Adams. At that time, the members of the bar in that city were distinguished for the zeal with which they vindicated the rights of the colonies. With Otis and his compeers, Trumbull, though much younger, warmly sympathized and coöperated. In 1775, he published the first part of McFingal, a political satire, which he had composed at the request of the members of the American congress. This poem passed through thirty editions, and was very serviceable to the American cause. For many years, Mr. Trumbull was a member of the state legislature of Connecticut, and, in 1801, was appointed a judge of the superior court. He received the additional appointment of judge of the supreme court of errors, which he held until the new organization of the judiciary under the constitution of 1818. In 1825, he removed to the city of Detroit, the capital of Michigan territory, where he resided until his death, which occurred May 12, 1831, from gradual decay. TRUMPET; the loudest of all portable wind instruments, and consisting of a folded tube, generally made of brass, and sometimes of silver. The ancients had various instruments of the trumpet kind, as the tuba, cornu, &c. Moses, as the Scripture informs us, made two of silver, to be used by the priests; and Solomon, Josephus tells us, made two hundred like those of Moses, and for the same purpose. The modern trumpet has a mouthpiece nearly an inch across. The pieces which conduct the wind are called the branches; the parts in which it is bent, the potences; the canal between the second bend and the extremity, the pavilion; the rings where the branches take asunder, or are soldered together, the knots, which are five in number, and serve to cover the joints. This powerful and noble instrument, like the horn, only has certain notes within its compass. The trumpet produces, naturally and easily, G above the bass-cliff note, or fiddle G, C on the first leger line below in the treble, E on the first line of the stave, G on the second line, C on the third space, and all the succeeding notes up to C in alt, including the sharp of F, the fourth of the key. Solo performers can also produce B flat (the third above the treble-cliff note); and, by the aid of a newly-invented slide, many other notes, which the common trumpet cannot sound, are now produced. The trumpet, from its exciting effect, is well fitted for military music; and a band of twenty or thirty trumpets has a peculiarly spirit-stirring sound. It is used for giving signals, and also accompanies flags of truce, heralds, &c. With the ancients, the σadyž seems to have come nearest to our trumpet. Weidinger, in Vienna, has invented a trumpet with keys; but the instrument, in this way, loses in beauty of tone what it gains in compass. Trumpet, Hearing. (See Ear Trumpet.) Trumpet, Speaking, is a tube of considerable length, viz. from six feet to twelve, and even more, used for speaking with, to make the voice heard to a greater distance. In a trumpet of this kind, the sound in one direction is supposed to be increased by the reflection from the sides. TRUMPETER (psophia); a South American bird, about as large as a domestic fowl, referred by naturalists to the waders, of which it has the long neck and legs; but it possesses many characters in common with gallinaceous birds. The feathers of the throat and upper part of the breast have the most brilliant reflections of green, gold, blue and violet: the other parts of the body are black, except the middle of the back and lesser coverts, which are reddish, and the greater coverts of the wings and tail, which are ashcolored. In the wild state, this bird is found only in the mountainous and woody districts of the hottest parts of South America, where it lives on fruits. It runs swiftly, sometimes walks with a slow pace, or leaps. Its wings and tail are very short, and its flight clumsy. The name has been applied on account of the note which it utters. It is easily tamed, and shows as much attachment and fidelity to its master as a dog. It obeys his voice, caresses and follows him, and recognises him after a long absence. It drives away all strange animals, and fears neither cat nor dog. Those which live in the streets of Cayenne will often attach themselves to a stranger, and follow him wherever he goes. In short, these birds are superior to all others in intelligence and social disposition; and it would be desirable to naturalize them in our climate-an experiment which has never been fairly tried, that we are aware of. It is said that flocks of sheep are confided to their charge, and that they constantly bring them home every evening: it is certain that the care of poultry may be safely intrusted to them. TRUMPET-FLOWER (bignonia). The B. radicans is a well-known ornamental vine, a native of the Southern and Middle States, and frequently cultivated in gardens. The flowers are very large, scarlet, and the corolla tubular, three times as long as the calyx. The leaves are pinnate; the leaflets ovate and dentate. The stem climbs by means of radicles, which it throws out at intervals. Among the vegetable productions of our climate, we hardly know an object more imposing than this plant when in full flower. B. capreolata is more strictly a southern species, but succeeds very well in the Middle States: the leaves are widely different: the flowers are similar, though much smaller. TRUSS, in surgery; a bandage or apparatus employed in ruptures (see Hernia), to keep up the reduced parts, and hinder a fresh protrusion. It is essential to the health of a large portion of the human race. A truss ought so to compress the neck of the hernial sac, and the ring, or external opening of the hernia, that a protrusion of any of the contents of the abdomen may be completely prevented. It should make an equal pressure on the parts without causing inconvenience to the patient, and be so secured as not easily to slip out of its right position. Every truss consists of a pad, for compressing the aperture through which the hernia protrudes, and of another piece which surrounds the abdomen: to these are sometimes added a thigh-strap and a scapulary, which passes over the shoulder. The various kinds are far too numerous to be described here. TRUXTON, Thomas, a captain in the navy of the U. States, was born on Long Island, in the state of New York, Feb. 17, 1755. At the age of twelve years, he went to sea. He was impressed, during his apprenticeship, on board the Prudent, an English sixty-four, but was subsequently released. In the early part of 1775, while in command of a ship, he was successful in bringing considerable quantities of powder into the united colonies, but was subsequently, in the same year, captured and carried into St. Christopher's. Having made his escape, and arrived in Philadelphia, he entered, as lieutenant, on board the Congress, one of the two first private armed ships fitted out in the colonies. This ship sailed in company with the Chance, in the winter of 1776, and captured several valuable ships off the Havana, one of which he took the command of, and arrived in her at Bedford, Massachusetts. In June, 1777, in a vessel called the Independence, and fitted out by himself and Isaac Sears, esquire, he sailed for the Azores, and made many prizes. He now changed his ship, and sailed in the Mars, of upwards of twenty guns. In this cruise off the British channel, he sent his prizes into Quiberon bay, which induced lord Stormont to make a remonstrance to the French court. During the whole war, he was constantly engaged either in fitting out or commanding ships of war from Philadelphia. While carrying to France Thomas Barclay, esquire, our consul-general to that country, in the ship St. James, of twenty guns, he had a very close engagement with a British private ship of thirty-two guns, which he obliged to sheer off. In all his engagements with the British, he was victorious. From the peace of 1783 until 1794, he was very actively engaged in commercial pursuits. President Washington, during the war with France, appointed him one of the six captains of the American navy; and, after building the frigate Constellation, he sailed, at the head of a squadron, for the West Indies, in the early part of 1799. Feb. 9 of that year, he captured, after an engagement of one hour and a quarter, the French frigate L'Insurgente, of fifty-four guns. This was the first opportunity offered to an American frigate of engaging an enemy of superior force. In a short time, the Constellation was again at sea, and soon encountered, Feb. 1, 1800, the French frigate La Vengeance, of fifty-four guns. An action ensued, which lasted from eight in the morning until one, when the enemy was completely silenced. A squall now ensued, which enabled the French ship to effect her escape, and to arrive in Curaçoa, in a most shattered condition, having lost 160 men, killed and wounded. Congress voted a gold medal to the commodore, for the gallantry displayed in this action. This was the last cruise of captain Truxton. Having, during the administration of Mr. Jefferson, been appointed to the command of the expedition against Tripoli, he was denied the assistance of a captain to command his flag ship (a custom which had always prevailed), and therefore declined the command of the expedition, which was VOL. XII. 31 construed, by the president, into a resignation of his rank in the service; and he was therefore dismissed. Commodore Truxton retired to the country, where he continued to reside until the citizens of Philadelphia, in 1816, elected him their high sheriff. He remained in that office till 1819, and died May 5, 1822, in his sixty-seventh year. TRYING; the situation in which a ship lies nearly in the trough or hollow of the sea in a tempest; or it is the act of lying to in a storm, which may be performed under any of the courses reeved, if requisite, or even under bare poles, the helm being lashed a-lee. (See Ship.) TSCHAIK (Turkish for ship) is used in Hungary to signify a sort of light galley, used on the Danube, and provided with sail and rudder. The tschaik carries from two to twelve cannon, and from ten to one hundred men. The men who serve on board are called tschaikists, or pontoneers. They occupy a part of the military frontier of Hungary, lying between the Theiss and Danube, and hold their land by rendering service in manning flotillas on the Danube, and acting as pontoneers on the rivers in Hungary. Their arms are muskets, musketoons, sabres and lances. (See Military_Frontiers.) He TSCHIRNHAUSEN, Ehrenfried Walter von; an ingenious mathematician, born in Lusatia, April 10, 1651. He studied some time at the university of Leyden, and, in 1672, entered the Dutch army, in which he served some time as a volunteer, and then travelled into most of the principal countries of Europe. On his return, being desirous to perfect the science of optics, he established three glasshouses in Saxony, and showed how porcelain might be made from a particular kind of earth, and may therefore be considered as the founder of the celebrated Dresden porcelain manufactory. likewise directed his attention to mathematics, and discovered a particular kind of curves, endowed with very remarkable properties, an account of which he communicated to the academy of sciences of Paris, in 1682, which body elected him a member. About the year 1687, he constructed an extraordinary burning mirror (see Burning Mirror), and, soon after, a glass lens, three feet in diameter, and convex on both sides, which had a focus of twelve feet, and weighed 160 pounds. Its effects were astonishing. (See Burning Glass.) The only work which he pub lished separately was his De Medicina Mentis et Corporis (printed at Amsterdam, |