instructing him how to sow corn and make bread. She also gave him her chariot, which was drawn by two dragons; and in this celestial vehicle he travelled over the earth, and distributed corn to all the inhabitants of the world. In Scythia, the favorite of Ceres nearly lost his life; but Lyncus, the king of the country, who had conspired to murder him, was changed into a lynx. At his return to Eleusis, Triptolemus restored Ceres her chariot, and established festivals and mysteries in honor of the deity. He reigned for some time, and, after death, he received divine honors. Some suppose that he accompanied Bacchus in his Indian expedition.

TRISMEGISTUS. (See Hermes Trismegistus.)

TRISSINO, Giovanni Giorgio, an Italian poet and scholar, born at Vicenza, of a noble family, in 1478, devoted himself to study late in life. Demetrius Chalcondylas, whose memory he honored with a monument, was his first teacher in Greek. After the death of his first wife, he left his native city for Rome, where Leo X treated him with great distinction. That prince employed him in several honorable posts, and sent him on embassies to Denmark, the German emperor and Venice. Clement VII likewise sent him to the emperor Charles V, who received him with favor, and loaded him with marks of his esteem. Meanwhile, Trissino had married a second time, and his son by his first marriage had instituted a suit against him at Venice, which, being deIcided in favor of the son, deprived the poet of a great part of his fortune. Trissino accordingly left Venice for Rome, where he died in 1550. He acquired great reputation among his countrymen by his Sophonisba, the first modern tragedy composed after the rules of Aristotle (1515). On its first appearance, it was received with incredible admiration, as a revival of the old Greek dramatic spirit, and was exhibited under the patronage of Leo with great splendor. But this enthusiasm could not last, since Sophonisba was a cold imitation of antiquity, and foreign to the national taste. It, however, contains single scenes of merit, but, as a whole, is deficient in vigor, elevation and fire. This tragedy contains the first specimen of Italian blank verse (verso sciolto). Trissino attempted to compose an epic in a similar way, after the model of Homer and the rules of Aristotle. But his Italia liberata dai Goti, although apparently popular in its subjeet, was too poor in inven

tion and originality to become a national epic. His lyrical poetry is more happy. He likewise wrote a treatise on the Art of Poetry, which displays much learning. The best edition of his works is that published by Maffei (2 vols., 1729).

TRISTAN D'ACUNHA; the largest of three islands in the South Atlantic ocean, about 1500 miles from any land either to the west or north, very lofty, and about fifteen miles in circumference. A part of the island towards the north rises perpendicularly from the sea to a height apparently of a thousand feet or more. A level then commences, forming what is termed table land, and extending towards the centre of the island; whence a conical mountain rises, not unlike, in appearance, to the Peak of Teneriffe, as seen from the bay of Santa Cruz. Lon. 15° 40′ W.; lat. 37° S.

TRITCHINOPOLY, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, capital of a district, sixtyseven miles west of Tranquebar, one hundred and fifty-six south-east of Seringapatam, lon. 78° 50′ E., lat. 10° 48′ N., is advantageously situated on the south bank of the Cauvery, built on a hill or rock 350 feet high, surrounded by double walls flanked with towers, encompassed with a ditch, and was esteemed by the natives impregnable. It contains a palace, a mosque, and two magnificent Hindoo temples, has a strong garrison, and is the residence of the civil authorities of the district. It was taken by the British in 1751.

TRITHING. (See Ridings.)

TRITON; son of Neptune and Amphitrite; a sea god. In the war of the gods with the giants, he put the latter to flight by blowing his shell. Homer does not mention him, but Hesiod speaks of him as the powerful. He appears at first merely as the god of the Libyan lake Triton, but was afterwards represented as one of the inferior deities of the sea in general; and finally we find mention made of many Tritons, who were half man, half fish, and upon whom the Nereids rode.

TRIUMPH. One of the most splendid spectacles of ancient Rome, and the highest reward of victorious generals, was the triumphal procession. The triumphs were of two kinds-the great triumph, and the ovation, or inferior triumph. Both could be celebrated only by order of the senate, with the consent of the people, and the former only by a dictator, consul or pretor, who had gained a victory over a foreign and free enemy, in a just war carried on under his command

(suis auspiciis): it was likewise necessary that at least 5000 of the enemy should have fallen in open fight. According to the lex Porcia triumphalis, the general was required to appear, at the head of his army, before Rome (ad urbem), and present it to the senate, assembled in the temple of Bellona. The spectacle then began as soon as he had received permission to triumph from the senate and people. First, the triumphing general, in his triumphal robes, bearing a laurel branch in his hand, distributed, in the presence of the assembled people, money, marks of honor, bracelets, lances and garlands among his soldiers. The whole senate then went out to meet the victor, who, being seated in a gilded chariot, usually drawn by white horses, clad in a purple tunic (tunica palmata) and an embroidered toga (toga picta), crowned with a laurel wreath, and bearing an ivory sceptre, with the eagle, in his hand, moved, with the procession, from the campus Martius through the streets, decorated with festive ornaments, to the capitol. Singers and musicians preceded, followed by choice victims, highly adorned, by the spoils, by the emblems of the conquered provinces and cities, and, finally, by the captive princes or generals, in chains. Next came the victor (triumphator), followed by his relations and friends, and a long train of citizens, in festal garments, and uttering acclamations. Lastly followed the victorious army, on foot, and on horseback, crowned with laurel, and adorned with the marks of distinction which they had received, shouting Io triumphe, and singing songs of victory, or of sportive raillery. It was an old and touching custom for a slave to stand close behind the triumphing general, bearing a gold crown set with precious stones in his hand, and repeating to him the solemn words, "Remember that thou art a man!" Upon the capitol, the general rendered public thanks to the gods for the victory, caused the victims to be slaughtered, and dedicated the crown and a part of the spoils to Jupiter. He then gave a great feast, and, in the evening, the people accompanied him home with torches and acclamations. It is not, therefore, to be wondered at, that every Roman aspired to the honor of a triumph, and considered it the highest distinction to be esteemed worthy of it. A commander who had gained a victory at sea, was honored with a naval triumph (triumphus navalis). Duillius was the first who received that honor, in consequence

of his victory over the Carthaginians. Those who had once triumphed (viri triumphales) continued to enjoy some marks of distinction, such as a place of honor on public occasions, &c. In the ovation (so called, as is supposed, from ovis (sheep), because a sheep was sacrificed on the occasion), the general entered the city on horseback or on foot, wore a toga prætexta, and was crowned with myrtle. It was celebrated with less pomp than the triumph, and was granted when the victory was not of the kind prescribed as worthy of a triumph. From the time of Augustus, few triumphs were celebrated, and those only by the emperors: to the private generals trophies were given.

TRIUMPHAL ARCH; a monument consisting of a grand portico or archway, erected at the entrance of a town, in its principal street, upon a bridge, or in a public road, to the glory of some celebrated general, or in memory of some important event. Several triumphal arches appear to have been erected with the double purpose of serving as monuments to the glory of the chieftain whose name they bear, and as gates of the town to which they belong. The invention of these structures is attributable to the Romans. The earliest specimens are destitute of any magnificence. For a long time, they consisted merely of a plain arch, at the top of which were placed the trophies and the statue of the triumpher. Subsequently, the span was enlarged, the style enriched, and a profusion of all kinds of ornaments heaped on them. The triumphal arches varied greatly in point of construction, form and decoration. Those existing at the present day are of three very distinct species:-First, those which consist but of a single arch, such as that of Titus at Rome, of Trajan at Ancona, &c.; secondly, those which are formed of two arches or arcades, such as those of Verona, &c., which appear to have formed, at the same time, gates for the town; thirdly, the species composed of three arcades, the centre being the principal or grand arch, and the others at each side much smaller. The arch known to us as that of Constantine is the best preserved of all the great antique arches. The arch of Septimius Severus, placed at the foot of the Capitoline hill, and also partly buried, greatly resembles that of Constantine. The arch of Titus is the next most considerable in Rome, after these two. The arch of Benevento, erected in honor of Trajan, is one of the

most remarkable relics of antiquity, as well on account of its sculptures as its architecture. The arch of Trajan, at Ancona, is likewise one of the most elegant works of ancient architecture. The arch of Rimini, erected in honor of Augustus, on the occasion of his repairing the Flaminian way, from this town to Rome, is the most ancient of all the antique arches, and, for its size, one of the noblest existing. Many beautiful structures of this kind have been erected in modern times, but principally on the plan, and in imitation of some one of those above mentioned. Ancient medals often bear figures of this species of architecture; and some of them represent arches which have for centuries past ceased to exist.

TRIUMPHAL COLUMN. (See Column.) TRIUMVIRATE; an office administered by three men (triumviri). When Cæsar was murdered, Antony, Octavius and Lepidus received power to restore order in the state: they were called triumviri reipublicæ constituendæ, and their office the triumvirate. (See Augustus.) The coalition between Cæsar, Pompey and Crassus, is also often, but improperly, called a triumvirate, as it was merely a union or conspiracy of three private men, without the public sanction.

TRIVIUM; the name given, in the middle ages, to the first three of the seven liberal arts-grammar, rhetoric and logic. The other four, consisting of arithmetic, music, geometry and astronomy, were called the quadrivium. (See Schools.)

TROAD, OF PLAIN OF TROY; a tract in the north-west part of Asia Minor, to which this name has been applied by modern Europeans, and which included the ancient city of Troy. It now contains no great cities, no grand features of nature, nor even any ancient monuments of extraordinary magnitude. The peculiar interest excited by it depends on its being the scene of events celebrated in the immortal verse of Homer. The subject, however, is enveloped in mystery, and it is impossible to identify, with certainty, the various objects mentioned by the poet. The most learned travellers and inquirers, Chandler, Wood, Chevalier, Bryant, Gell, Clarke, Hobhouse, &c., differ widely in their conclusions. Bryant denies not only that any spot can be identified as Troy, but that there was ever such a place as Troy, or such an event as the Trojan war. Other writers have endeavored to place Troy in a position farther to the south, and on the shore of the Ægean sea. But the general

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opinion seems now fixed upon that part of the coast of Asia Minor which lies immediately without the narrow sea, anciently called Hellespont, and opposite to the island of Tenedos. Every trace of ancient Troy being obliterated, its site can only be guessed by the relative position of the natural objects alluded to by Homer. Here is a plain of considerable extent, watered by several streams, behind which rises a chain of mountains, called by the Turks Kazdaghi, but which correspond to the Gargarus and Ida of Homer. Of the streams, the most considerable is the Mender, supposed to be the ancient Scamander. A rivulet which flows into the Mender on the east side, called Callifat Osmack, is thought to be the ancient Simois. The Thrymbrek, a larger river, which flows much farther eastward, and joins the Mender at its mouth, is supposed to be the ancient Thymbrius, though some take this to be the Simois. Various ruins are found in different parts of the plain, as remains of a citadel, of temples, tumuli, fragments of pottery, terra cotta, medals, &c. The city of Troy (Troja), more properly Ilios, or Ilium, was situated upon an elevated spot between the Simois and the Scamander. Fable relates, that the name was derived from Tros, son of Ericthonius, and father of Ilos. Paris, son of Priam, one of his successors, having carried away Helen, gave occasion to the Trojan war, which was terminated, after ten years, by the destruction of the city by the victorious Greeks, probably about 1184 B. C. The citadel of Troy was called Pergamos, which name is sometimes given to the city.

TROCHEE. (See Rhythm.)

TROCHILUS. (See Humming Bird.)

TROGLODYTES (from rpwyn, cave, and duvw, to enter); individuals or tribes who live in subterranean caverns. The ancients mention some tribes of troglodytes in Asia, Ethiopia and Egypt, but give little information concerning them. Troglodytes is also the name of an ancient heretical sect, who, rejected by all parties, were forced to hold their meetings in caves. Certain Jews who were accused of practising idolatry in secret, have also been termed troglodytes. In natural history, troglodyte is the scientific name of the chimpanzee (see Ape), and of a species of wren.

TROIS RIVIERES, or THREE RIVERS; a town of Lower Canada, and capital of a district of the same name, at the entrance of the St. Maurice into the St.

Lawrence; 84 miles above Quebec, 96 below Montreal; lat. 46° 23′ N.; lon. 72° 29 W.; population, about 3000. It derives its name from the circumstance that two islands near the mouth of the St. Maurice divide it into three channels, and give it the appearance of three rivers. The town stands on a light, sandy soil: the houses are generally mean, and the trade of the whole country centres in Montreal and Quebec. It was formerly the capital of the French government of this country.

TROLLHATTA. (See Cataract, and Ca

nal.)

TROMBONE, Or TROMBONO. Of this instrument there are three kinds-the bass, the tenor, and the alto. The bass trombone begins at G gamut, and reaches to C above the bass-cliff note, producing every semitone within that compass. The tenor trombone begins at A, one note above G gamut, and produces all the semitones up to the fifteenth above. The alto trombone begins at C above G gamut, and produces every semitone up to the fifteenth above. This powerfully sonorous instrument is by some esteemed extremely useful in grand choruses and other full compositions; but many acknowledged judges think it more powerful than musical.

TROMP, Martin Harpertzoon, one of the most celebrated Dutch naval officers, was born at Briel, in 1579. In his eighth year, he was placed by his parents on board a vessel in the East India trade. While very young, he was made prisoner by an English privateer, and had an opportunity of learning, in his new service, all the arts of petty naval warfare. Some years after his return to his country, he was captured by the Turks, in the Mediterranean sea, from whom, however, he escaped. He subsequently entered the service of the states-general, accompanied the celebrated admiral Peter Hein, whose favorite he became, in all his enterprises, and was fighting by his side when Hein was killed. He became, in 1639, admiral of Holland, and, upon the information that a Spanish fleet of ten ships of the line, four frigates, and several small vessels, had gone out of Randyk, he followed them, and took and destroyed five ships of the line, together with the frigates. In October of the same year, in connexion with admiral Cornelitzoon de Witte, he attacked the powerful Spanish fleet under Oquendo, in the Downs, which was assisted by the English, and obtained a great victory. Oquendo's own ship

would have sunk had not Tromp generously sent a frigate to his assistance. This victory made his name famous throughout all Europe, and the king of France conferred on him a title of nobility. In 1652, hostilities commenced between Holland and England, and Tromp and the English admiral Blake fought in the Downs: the Dutch fleet sustained some loss, and was compelled to retire. Soon after, Blake having taken some ships engaged in the herring fishery, Tromp received orders to attack him; but a violent storm dispersed his fleet, just as the signal for attack was given, so that he returned to port. This misfortune, although Tromp was not to blame, gave occasion to the government to dismiss him and appoint De Ruyter in his place. Nevertheless, the chief command was again intrusted to him in the same year, and, November 29, assisted by Evertzoon and De Ruyter, he defeated the English fleet, which lay, under Blake, in the Downs, so that it was compelled to retire into the Thames, with the loss of five ships. Upon this occasion, Tromp, in the spirit of a true sailor, caused a broom to be fastened to his mast-head, as a sign that he would sweep the channel of the English ships. About the close of the year, he entered a Dutch port with a large fleet of merchantmen, and received the thanks of the states-general. In 1653, Tromp and De Ruyter, accompanied by a great number of merchant vessels, were attacked by the united fleets of Monk, Dean and Blake: both fleets were very strong, but the English were superior. An action of three days' continuance followed, in which the Dutch lost eleven ships, but retired in good order, and carried their convoy home. Tromp, who suffered no diminution of reputation on this occasion, was sent out to convoy another fleet of merchant vessels, which he carried to the northern coast of Scotland, without losing a single one. He afterwards attacked, in June, the English fleet under Monk, Dean and Lawson, near Newport, but was compelled to retire to Welingen, with considerable loss. He and De Ruyter saved one another, upon this occasion, from imminent danger. After obtaining additional supplies of ships and men, Tromp sailed, with eighty-five vessels, towards the coast of Zealand, where he came upon the English fleet of thirty-four ships. A storm delayed the attack; but, August 6, 1653, having been strengthened by the arrival of De Witte, so that his fleet amounted to