severe reprimand from the papal chamberlain, who was sent to settle the dispute. He died of the plague, in the Dominican convent at Leipsic. It is reported that Tetzel went so far as to give absolutions for crimes yet to be committed. It is well known that a great part of the money thus received was used for the erection of St. Peter's church at Rome.

TEUCER; a king of Phrygia, son of the Scamander by Idea. According to some authors, he was the first who introduced among his subjects the worship of Cybele, and the dances of the Corybantes. The country where he reigned was from him called Teucria, and his subjects Teucri. His daughter Batea married Dardanus, a Samothracian prince, who succeeded him in the government of Teucria.-2. A son of Telamon, king of Salamis, by Hesione, the daughter of Laomedon. He was one of Helen's suitors, and accordingly accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, where he signalized himself by his intrepidity. It is said that his father refused to receive him into his kingdom, because he had left the death of his brother Ajax unrevenged. This severity of the father did not dishearten the son: he left Salamis, and retired to Cyprus, where he built a town, which he called Salamis, after his native country. He attempted, to no purpose, to recover the island of Salamis, after his father's death. Some suppose that Teucer did not return to Cyprus, but went to settle in Spain, and thence into Galatia.

TEUTOBURG FOREST; the place where Arminius defeated the Roman general Quinctilius Varus, in the year 9 A. Ď. (For information respecting this important battle, see Arminius, and Varus.) Though the ancients give the name of the Teutoburg forest to the battle-ground, and a wood in Lippe, near Paderborn, is still so called, it is not certain where the battle was actually fought, as the Romans probably comprehended under the name a more extensive tract than is at present understood by it. The most correct opinion is, perhaps, that which places it some leagues west of Pyrinont, at a place where remains of ancient walls, &c., have been found. The names of several spots, too, in that vicinity, have reference to the battle, as Hermannsberg (Arminius's mountain), Varen, or Varusbusch (Varus's grove), Kriegsbusch (War-grove), &c. There are fosses and redoubts, and two rows of graves, in which ashes, bones and arms are found, the latter having the appearance of German origin. There are many

works relating to this point, among which we may mention that of W. Müller-Vermuthungen über die Gegend, wo Hermann den Varus schlug (Hanover, 1824, 4to., with a map).

TEUTONES; a warlike tribe, who, with the Cimbri (q. v.), Ambrones and Tugurini, migrated, 113 B. C., towards Italy. Whence they came is uncertain; most probably they were of the Germanic stock. After they and their allies had several times defeated the Romans, they were at length routed, 102 B. C., by Marius, near the site of Aix, in France.-For more information, see J. C. Pfister's History of the Germans from original Sources (1st vol. Hamburg, 1829, in German). See the following article.

TEUTONIC; that which belongs to the Teutones. (q. v.) Thus we say, "Teutonic tribes," and particularly "Teutonic stock of languages," by which all the languages of the Germanic family are meant. The name is not applied specially to the idiom of the Teutones, but is merely a scientific term, having reference to Teut (see Tuiscon) and Teutschen, or Deutschen (the name which the Germans give themselves), because German is now used more particularly of the modern German, and Teutonic suggests a time when the many languages, belonging to the same family, had not yet assumed the shape of distinct idioms. (See the article Germany, division German Language.) The languages now classed under the Germanic or Teutonic family or stock, are the following:-1. Northern languages, to which belong, a. the Scandinavian (q v.), with its divisions-the Swedish: (comprising two dialects, those of Dalecarlia and Gothland), the Danish, and the dialects which are spoken in Norway and some of the Orkney islands (q. v.); and, b. the Icelandic: 2. German, which is divided into, a. the Franconian dialect, from which originated the Suabian (Alenarnic) of the middle ages, the Upper German, and the (so called) Cimbrian; b. the Saxon or Sassic (to which belong the Anglo-Saxon, with its daughter, the English, q. v.), and the dialect spoken in Lower Scotland, similar, in many respects, to the parent stock (see Scotland); also the Lower Saxon (q. v.), or Plattdeutsch, and the Frisian and Dutch: 3. the Masogothic, in which the most ancient monument of the Germanic languages, the translation of the Bible by Ulphilas (q. v.), of the fourth century, is written. Others have divided the Germanic stock thus:-1. German branch, properly so called, em

bracing, a. Upper German; b. Lower German (the latter of which includes the Frisian, Netherlandish and Dutch, and Lower Saxon, or Plattdeutsch); c. Central German; d. High German: 2. Scandinavian branch, comprehending, a. Danish; b. Norwegian; c. Icelandic; d. Swedish 3. English, under which fall the Anglo-Saxon and Scottish.-Respecting the mixture of the Germanic stock in most of the languages of Europe, see the part of the article Germany already referred to.

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TEUTONIC ORDER. This religious order of knights was founded, in 1190, by Frederic, duke of Suabia, during a crusade in the Holy Land, at the time of the siege of Acre, and intended to be confined to Germans of noble rank; hence its name. The rule of the order was similar to that of the Templars. The original object of the association was to defend the Christian religion against the infidels, and to take care of the sick in the Holy Land. As the order was dedicated to the virgin Mary, the knights called themselves also Brethren of the German house of our Lady of Jerusalem. The dress of the members was black, with a white cloak, upon which was worn a black cross with a silver edging. The grand master lived at first at Jerusalem, but afterwards, when the Holy Land fell again under the power of the Turks, at Venice, and, from 1297, at Marburg. By degrees, the order made several conquests, and acquired great riches. At the beginning of the fifteenth century, it had reached the highest pitch of its power. Its territory extended from the Oder to the gulf of Finland, and its annual revenue was calculated at 800,000 marks. But it afterwards gradually declined, in consequence of its luxury and dissensions. In the year 1229, the Teutonic knights were called in by the Poles to aid them against the Prussians, who, also, after a war of fifty-three years, were forced to acknowledge the supremacy of the order, and to embrace the Christian religion. They also reduced the Sclavonian countries along the Baltic, particularly after their union (1237) with the Brethren of the Sword in Livonia. In 1309, the grand master fixed his seat at Marienburg, in Prussia. But the government of the order became so oppressive, that West Prussia submitted, in the fifteenth century, to Poland; and the order was obliged to hold East Prussia under the supremacy of Poland. The endeavor to acquire independence brought on a war with Po

land, the result of which was, that the or der lost also East Prussia, which, in 1525, was granted to the grand master, the margrave Albert of Brandenburg, as an hereditary duchy, under the sovereignty of Poland. Afterwards the head of the order, from 1527, had his seat at Mergentheim, in Suabia, at present part of the kingdom of Würtemberg, and became a spiritual prince of the empire. The eleven bailiwicks (provinces) were divided into commanderies, comprising together 850 square miles, containing 88,000 inhabitants. By the peace of Presburg, 1805, the emperor of Austria obtained the dignity, rights and revenue of grand master of the Teutonic order. In the war with Austria, 1809, Napoleon abolished this order, at Ratisbon, April 24. Its lands fell to the princes in whose territory they were situated. The archduke Anthony calls himself, at present, grand master of the Teutonic order in the empire of Austria,

TEVIOT, a river of Scotland, which rises in Mosspaul, on the borders of Dumfriesshire, passes by Hawick, and joins the Tweed at Kelso. The valley which it waters, comprising the most of Roxburghshire, is called Teviotdale.

TEWKSBURY; a town in England, in Gloucestershire, 104 miles west of London; lon. 2° 9′ W.; lat. 52° 2′ N.; population in 1821, 4962. It is situated at the conflux of the Severn and Avon, in u beautiful vale, and is a handsome town. consisting mostly of three principal streets The houses are chiefly built of brick. The church called Abbey church is a noble pile of building, and one of the largest in Eng land which is not collegiate or cathedral It contains many interesting monuments, and is the only remains of the celebrated monastery of Tewksbury, founded by the Saxons in 715. Tewksbury has been long noted for its mustard; but it is at present chiefly distinguished for its manu-. facture of stockings. It serds two members to parliament. Near this town was fought a bloody battle, between the parties of York and Lancaster, which put a final period to the power of the latter. The field on which it was fought, about half a mile from the town, is called bloody meadow. (See the articles Edward IV, and Margaret of Anjou.)

TEXAS; formerly a province attached to the viceroyalty of Mexico, now, with Cohahuila, forming a state in the Mexican confederrcy. Its contiguity to the U. States, and its rapidly increasing popula tion, consisting chiefly of Anglo-Ameri

can emigrants, render it, although at present thinly peopled, and possessing little wealth, of great interest. The state of Cohahuila and Texas is, indeed, likely, at some future period, to be the most opulent, powerful and civilized in the Federation, from the advantages of a soil of surprising fertility, a great facility of internal communication by means of numerous rivers intersecting it, and a geographical position highly favoring its intercourse both with the U. States and the old world. It has a seacoast 350 miles long, affording, by means of its numerous rivers, intercourse, at a great number of points, with the gulf of Mexico. Although the mouths of these rivers seldom admit vessels drawing more than ten feet of water, the Red river has depth sufficient for ships of 400 tons. (See Red River, and Mexico, Gulf of.) It is separated from Louisiana by the Sabine river, on the east, and from Arkansas, on the north, by Red river: the extent and population we cannot give with precision. Most of the productions of tropical climates grow here in great perfection, and the cotton is equal to the finest produced within the U. States. The face of the country is generally level, and a great portion of it consists of immense prairies. The principal rivers are the Trinity, the Brassos (600 miles in length), and the Colorado (450 miles). The chief towns are Nacogdoches, with about 300 inhabitants, St. Antonio, on the Guadaloupe, with 1200 inhabitants, and Cohahuila. An attempt was made, in 1827, to erect Texas into an independent republic, by the name of Fredonia; but it was easily put down by a small Mexican force, and the Fredonians were driven out of the country. As slavery is abolished in Mexico, much difficulty has also arisen on this point, between the government and the Anglo-American colonists, who wished to retain their slaves.

TEXEL, OF TESSEL; an island of the province of North Holland, about eleven miles in length, and six in its greatest breadth; lon. 4° 40′ E.; lat. 53° 5' N.; population, 5000. It is situated at the entrance of the Zuyder Zee, and separated from North Holland by the narrow channel of Mars-Diep. The soil is well fitted for sheep pasture, and it is noted for cheese. It has a capacious and good harbor, and a fort, which commands the entrance. Besides the petty town of the same name, it contains six villages. The land is fertile in pasture, and the whole well secured with dikes of prodigious strength and height. Near this island

was the celebrated sea-fight between the fleet of Holland, under admiral Tromp, and that of England, under admiral Blake, in 1653, in which Tromp was killed. In 1673, a battle was fought between the fleet of Holland and the united fleets of England and France. TH. (See T.)

THAARUP, Thomas, one of the most esteemed lyrical and dramatic poets of Denmark, was born at Copenhagen, in 1749, and died in 1821. Several of his productions have been translated into German.

THADDEUS, or JUDE. (See Judas.)

THAIS, the mistress of Alexander the Great, was a native of Athens. She is said to have instigated Alexander to set fire to Persepolis, the residence of the Persian kings, in revenge for the injuries done to her native city by Xerxes, and to have prompted him, when inflamed with drinking, to throw the first torch himself. She was afterwards the mistress, and finally became the wife, of Ptolemy, king of Egypt.

THAL; German for valley or dale; found in many geographical names, as Schönthal (Fair valley).

THALES, a native of Miletus, in Ionia, or, according to some, of Phoenicia, the earliest philosopher of Greece, and the founder of the Ionian school, was born about 640 B. C., and at first turned his attention to politics, but subsequently devoted himself to philosophical studies. His political career could not have been very distinguished, since Plato classes him among those sages who had little concern in public affairs. In his mature years, he is said to have made several visits to Egypt, where he calculated the heights of the pyramids, and received instruction from the priests. From them he probably acquired a knowledge of geometry, in which, however, his researches seem to have carried him beyond his teachers. After his return, his reputation for learning and wisdom became so great, that he was reckoned among the seven wise men, and his sayings were in the highest esteem among the ancients. To the Ionians he gave the wise counsel to form a general confederacy, for the purpose of resisting the Persian power, and to make Teos the seat of the union. He also dissuaded the Milesians from entering into an alliance with Croesus against Cyrus. These are the only accounts concerning the political life of Thales, which have been preserved to us. According to the most commonly received opinion, he

died about B. C. 548, while present at the Olympic games, exhausted by heat and the infirmities of age. His philosophical doctrines were taught orally, and preserved only by oral tradition, until some of the later Greek philosophers, particularly Aristotle, committed them to writing several hundred years after his death. He considered water, or rather fluidity, the element of all things, and that every natural object had its peculiar fluid principle, which contributed to its preservation. He taught that all natural phenomena are produced by the condensation and rarefaction of water, and are resolvable into this element. Earth is condensed water; air is rarefied water; and fire rarefied air. If water is the origin of all things, it must not be considered as dead matter, but as a life-giving principle, which he also called the soul of the world, or the divine principle. When he taught that the universe was pervaded by demons, or spirits, and assigned a soul to inanimate objects, he meant that this creative, moving, forming power, was necessarily diffused and at work throughout the universe, as an essential property of the original principle. This notion also served to connect his philosophical system with the popular religion; but he did not confound these demons, or powers, with the natural objects which they governed. The philosophical doctrines of Thales are, however, but imperfectly understood, on account of the want of written memorials. Among his maxims, or prudential sayings, is the celebrated Two GEAUTOV (Know thyself). The accounts of his physical and astronomical knowledge are very contradictory. He is said to have first divided the year into 365 days. The story that he foretold an eclipse of the sun, although he may only have indicated the year of its occurrence, implies a more correct knowledge of the solar system than he and his disciples appear, from the statements of Plutarch and Diogenes Laertius, to have possessed; that is, supposing his prediction to have been founded on his own observations and calculation. It is, how ever, probable that he may have become acquainted with the approach of an eclipse during his residence in Egypt, or through his connexions with the Phoenicians, who were skilful astronomers, or may have learned some mechanical method of calculating it. At any rate, it is worthy of note, that the Ionic school first taught that the stars were merely material bodies, and not, according to the popular notion, divine beings.

THALIA; one of the nine Muses. She was venerated, by the country people, as the preserver of growing plants, and the inventress of agriculture and arboriculture. She was also the Muse of comedy, which had its origin in rural usages, and is usually represented with the comic mask (q. v.), and the shepherd's crook (pedum) in her hand. (See Muses.) One of the Graces was also called Thalia. (See Graces.) The name signifies, in the original Greek, flourishing, blooming.

THAMAS KOULI KHAN. (See Nadir Shah.)

THAMES (anciently Tamesis); a river of England, which takes its source in the Cotswold hills, and forms a stream near Lechlade, navigable for barges. The chief spring, or Thameshead, is about three miles from Cheltenham, whence it proceeds to Oxford, Dorchester, Henley, Windsor, Staines, Kingston, Richmond, Brentford, Hammersmith, Battersea, Westminster, London, Greenwich, Woolwich, Gravesend, Tilbury Fort, and at the Nore joins the Medway, and enters the sea. The tide runs as far up as Richmond, about seventy miles from the sea. Large ships of war can go up to Deptford; merchant ships of 700 or 800 tons, as far as the port at London. The canal navigation of the Thames, as well as the docks, and other great works connected with it, are very complicated and extensive. The length is 230 miles. (For an account of the docks, see Docks, and London, and for the Thames tunnel, the article London.)

THAMYRIS, OF THAMYRAS; a celebrated Thracian poet, who flourished anterior to Homer. He obtained the prize for singing at the Pythian games, and he accompanied himself on the lyre. Plato sets him by the side of Orpheus, Olympus and Phemius, and asserts that no one ever equalled him in singing or in playing on the fiute and lyre, and that, therefore, after his death, his soul took up its residence in the body of the nightingale. Strabo compares him to Musæus. There is a well-known fable of his having challenged the Muses to a contest in singing. The latter were victorious, and punished his audacity by depriving him of his sight, and of his musical talents, and breaking his lyre. (Iliad, II, 595.) He is represented as the inventor of the Dorian mode. None of his productions have come down to us.

THANE; the name of an ancient rank among the English or Anglo-Saxons. Skene makes the thane to have been equal

in dignity to an earl's son.

Camden says, the thanes were only dignified by the offices which they bore. Their origin is referred to Canute. (See Sword.) A freeman, not noble, was raised to the lank of a thane by acquiring a certain portion of land, by making three voyages at sea, or by receiving holy orders. (See the article Great Britain, division Civil State.)

THANET, ISLE OF; a district of England, county of Kent, at the mouth of the Thames, separated from the main land by the river Stour on the south, and the Nethergong on the west. It extends about nine miles from east to west, and eight from north to south. The soil is dry; the air pure and bracing; and the prospect extensive, comprehending an expanse of rich and highly cultivated fields, and a delightful view of the ocean, varied with the shipping continually passing and repassing. The towns are Margate, Ramsgate and Broadstairs, all frequented for sea bathing.

THEANO; wife of Metapontus, king of Icaria. She was barren, and, her husband being greatly desirous of having heirs, she presented him some supposititious children as her offspring. She afterwards actually became a mother; and when her own children had grown up, she persuaded them to attempt the lives of the others, while engaged in the chase. In the struggle, however, her own children were slain, and Theano died of despair.

THEATINES; a religious order of regular priests, founded, in 1524, by St. Caietan of Thiene, and the bishop of Chieti (anciently Theate), who was afterwards pope Paul IV. They bound themselves, besides the usual monastic vows (q. v.), to preach against heretics, to take charge of the cure of souls, to attend the sick and criminals, and to trust entirely to Providence, owning no property, and not even collecting alins, but expecting the voluntary gifts of the charitable. Some of their churches and altars are sumptuous. In Italy, and particularly in Naples, the order is numerous and influential; and the bishops are chiefly taken from their number. In Spain and Poland, it has also flourished considerably; but it has not extended much in other countries. (See Orders, Religious.)

THEATRE (from the Greek) signified, originally, that part of the play-house where the spectators sat, but was often applied to the whole building. Among the Greeks and Romans, play-houses were the chief public edifices next to the temples: they

were not then used merely for the purpose of amusement, but the exhibitions which took place in them had, in part, a religious character. Being consecrated to Bacchus (Dionysus), they were often called Dionysian, or Lenaan theatres; the pieces were termed Dionysiaca, and the actors Dionysic artists. Every considerable Greek and Roman city had its theatre; but at first the dramas (q. v.), and the places where they were exhibited, were equally rude. A hut, formed without art from the boughs of trees (whence the name scene), was the stage, where, at the feasts of Bacchus, dithyrambics, in honor of the god, were sung to the assembled multitude. Thespis (q. v.) wandered about with a wagon, and upon this performed his rude plays. Susarion (562 B. C.) exhibited his satirical pieces upon a stage of boards; and gradually the genius of Greece produced those masterpieces of architecture whose remains we still admire. The Romans, their imitators, surpassed them in the magnificence and size of their edifices. The first stone theatres were built in the Grecian colonies, in Etruria and Lower Italy; and at Adria, an Etruscan colony, the remains of a theatre are found, which is the oldest known. There were, likewise, stone theatres in Sicily sooner than in Greece; yet, in the seventieth Olympiad (500 B. C.), the theatre at Athens was of wood; but, as it fell down during the performance of a piece of Pratinas, on account of the immense multitude assembled, a building of stone was begun in the time of Themistocles, which was the first of the kind in Greece, was called the theatre of Bacchus, and afterwards served as a model for all the others. The common form of the theatre was a semicircle; that of the amphitheatre an ellipse. The Romans, likewise, for a long time, had only wooden buildings for their scenic representations. These, after the conclusion of the performance for which they were erected, were taken down: there was merely a stage for the players; the spectators were obliged to stand. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus (died 13 B. C.) first built a theatre with seats for the spectators. Soon after, the theatres of Scaurus and Curio were erected, which were distinguished for their size and splendor, but were of wood, and, after the plays were over, were taken down. The theatre of Marcus Æmilius Scaurus, a contemporary of Cicero and Cæsar, was exceedingly magnificent, and so large that it would contain 80,000 persons. The building was adorned with