speak. He has risen regularly in the army to the rank of general, and to the command of the eighth regiment of dragoons, and to be governor of Berwick. General Tarleton married a lady of the Bertie family, which has connected him with the houses of Cholmondeley and Salisbury.

TARN; a department of France. (See Department.)

TARN ET GARONNE; a department of France. (See Department.)

TAROC; a game at cards, perhaps the most interesting, but also the most difficult. It is played with seventy-eight cards, and derives its name from the twenty-two trumps or tarocs in it, the most important of which is the excuse. If cards, as is said, are an invention of the Arabians, and carried by them to Spain, or by the crusaders to Italy, &c., the French and German cards, and the games founded on them, must be explained from national customs; but the taroc would seem to have remained in a great degree faithful to its Oriental origin. The difference between the taroc-cards and the common French consists in those twenty-two tarocs and four others, between the queen and knave, called cavals. TARPAWLING; a broad piece of canvass, well daubed with tar, and used to cover the hatchways of a ship at sea, to prevent the penetration of the rain or sea-water which may at times rush over the decks.

TARPEIA, the daughter of Tarpeius, the governor of the citadel of Rome, promised to open the gates of the city to the Sabines, provided they gave her their gold bracelets, or, as she expressed it, what they carried on their left hands. The Sabines consented, and, as they entered the gates, threw not only their bracelets, but their shields, upon Tarpeia, who was crushed under the weight. She was buried in the capitol, which, from her, was called the Tarpeian rock; and there Roman malefactors were afterwards thrown down a deep precipice.

TARQUINIUS, Lucius, surnamed Priscus, or the Elder, fifth king of Rome, was the son of a merchant of Corinth, who settled at Tarquinii, in Etruria. His wife, Tanaquil, urged him to repair to Rome, where he ingratiated himself both with the king Ancus Martius and the people; and the former conferred on him the guardianship of his two sons. These he superseded on their father's death, and procured the suffrages of the people for himself. His first step was to admit two hundred plebeians

into the senate; after which he engaged in a war with the Latins, and, having finally defeated a confederacy between them and the Sabines and Etrurians, obliged them to sue for peace. For this success, he was honored with a triumph; and he employed the spoils of war in erecting the Circus Maximus. (See Circus.) A confederacy of all the Etrurian tribes against the Romans followed, which, after a war of nine years' duration, terminated in the Etrurians acknowledging him for their sovereign. Tarquin enclosed the city with walls, and constructed those celebrated sewers, which, even at the summit of the Roman splendor, were viewed with admiration. (See Cloaca.) A new war breaking out with the Sabines, he obliged them to purchase peace by the surrender of all their fortresses. Tarquin, who had vowed a temple to Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, now commenced it on the Tarpeian rock, and thus founded the principal seat of the Roman religion. (See Capitol.) He had reached his eightieth year, when the sons of Ancus procured his assassination (B. C. 576). Tanaquil kept his death a secret until the succession was secured to her son-in-law.-Servius Tullius Tarquinius, named Superbus, or the Proud, is supposed to have been grandson to Tarquinius Priscus. Servius Tullius married his two daughters to the brothers Aruns and Tarquin; the latter of whom was violent and ambitious, while his brother was mild and unaspiring. Their characters were reversed in their respective wives. The tragical deaths of Aruns and the wife of Tarquin, and a criminal union between the latter and his sister-in-law Tullia, followed, and, finally, the murder of Servius, and the accession of Tarquin to the sovereignty, B. C. 534. He supported his usurpation by a band of foreign mercenaries; many of the senators went into banishment, and the plebeians found the yoke press as hardly on themselves. He undertook a war against the Volscians, as also against the Sabines, and was victorious in both instances. Returning to Rome, he twice triumphed, and employed the idle populace in finishing the great circus and sewers commenced by his grandfather. It was in the reign of this Tarquin that the Sibylline books were brought to Rome, where they were for many years resorted to for the purposes of superstition or state policy. Brutus (q. v.), taking advantage of the anger of the people by the unhappy fate of Lucretia (q. v.), procured a decree for the banishment of Tarquin and his sons; and the king, at

the age of seventy-six (B. C. 509), was obliged to abandon his capital, and take refuge in Etruria. The Tarquins interested some of the neighboring states in their favor, and Porsenna, king of the Clusini, an Etrurian tribe, invested Rome in their behalf, but, discovering treachery in their conduct, renounced their cause. The Latins also took arms in their favor; but the new republic finally triumphed over all its enemies. Tarquin at length, having seen all his sons perish in the field, retired to Cuma, where he died in the ninetieth year of his age, and the fourteenth of his exile. (For a critical examination of the history of the Tarquins, as here given, see Niebuhr's History of Rome.)

TARRAGONA (anciently Tarraco); a town in Spain, in Catalonia; lon. 1° 15 E.; lat. 41° 9' N.; population, 7500. It is situated on the coast of the Mediterranean, surrounded with walls and turrets, and has a magnificent Gothic cathedral. Under the Romans, it was the capital of the province Tarraconensis, and was, at one time, one of the chief cities of Spain. In 516, a council was held here. It was besieged and sacked, in 1811, by the French, under marshal Suchet.

TARRAS. (See Cements.)

TARSUS, an ancient city of Asia Minor, the capital of Cilicia, is said by Strabo to have been founded by Sardanapalus. It was adorned by a number of magnificent temples, as well as with a gymnasium and theatre. Its inhabitants enjoyed the privileges of Roman citizens, and the city rose to such distinction as to rival Athens, Antioch and Alexandria in wealth and grandeur, as well as in the arts and sciences. It is venerable as the birth-place of St. Paul. It is now a poor village.

TARSUS OF BIRDS. (See Ornithology.) TARTAGLIA; a mask in the Neapolitan comedy.

TARTAR, CREAM OF. (See Cream of Tartar.)

TARTARIC ACID. This acid, as it exists in vegetables, is usually combined with potash, forming a salt with an excess of acid-the super-tartrate or bi-tartrate of potash. This salt is deposited in considerable quantity from the juice of the grape during its conversion into wine, or rather from the wine,during the slow fer⚫mentation which it suffers in the cask. It does not appear to be a product of the fermentative process, but exists before this in the juice of the grape, and is merely separated. It also exists in other fruits, particularly in the tamarind, of which it

forms a considerable part. As deposited from wine, it is impure, having mingled with it coloring matter and tartrate of lime. In this state, it forms the crude tartar of commerce, named white or red tartar, according to its color. It is purified by boiling it in water, with the addition of a small quantity of fine clay, which attracts the coloring matter. By evaporation, it is obtained crystallized, forming the purified tartar, crystals, or cream of tartar of the shops. From this salt the tartaric acid is obtained, by adding to a solution of the super-tartrate of potash in boiling water, carbonate of lime in powder, as long as any effervescence is excited: the tartrate of lime which is formed and precipitated, being well washed, is decomposed by adding sulphuric acid equal in weight to the chalk that had been employed, previously diluted with half its weight of water, digesting them with a moderate heat: the sulphuric acid combines with the lime, and forms the sulphate, which, being of sparing solubility, is separated, while the tartaric acid is dissolved by the water, and, by evaporation, is obtained in a crystallized form. The crystals are tables or prisms, white, and nearly transparent. Their taste is sour, and they deeply redden vegetable blues. They are very soluble in water, and form a solution so concentrated as to have an oily appearance. By the action of very strong nitric acid, tartaric acid is convertcd into oxalic acid. The crystals are composed of acid 66 and water 9 in 75 parts. The acid appears to be composed of

Tartaric acid is decomposed by heat, affording, among other products, a white sublimate, which is a peculiar acid, named, from its origin, pyro-tartaric acid, which has been regarded by some as acetic acid disguised by the addition of a little oily matter. Tartaric acid combines with the alkalies and earths, forming salts named tartrates. The acid appears to have a peculiar tendency to enter into combination with more than one base, and to form ternary salts. It has also a tendency to form salts with an excess of acid, in uniting with those bases, with which it forms soluble compounds. Tartrate of potash is usually formed by neutralizing the excess of acid in the bi-tartrate, by the addition of carbonate of potash. From

its affinity to water, it is not easily crystallized, but, by a slow evaporation, affords four-sided prisms. It is deliquescent in a humid atmosphere, and very soluble in water, whence its name, also, of soluble tartar. Tartrate of soda is soluble and crystallizable. A triple salt, the tartrate of potash and soda, formerly named Rochelle salt, is formed by neutralizing the excess of acid in the super-tartrate of potash, by adding carbonate of soda. It crystallizes in rhomboidal prisms, soluble in five parts of water. Tartaric acid acts on some of the metals, and it may be combined with the oxides of all of them by double affinity. By employing the bitartrate of potash to act on these oxides, ternary compounds are obtained. The most important of these is that formed with the oxide of antimony. It has long been known, in medical practice, under the name of tartar emetic, as one of the mildest and most manageable of the antimonial preparations. It is prepared by boiling three parts of the brown oxide (obtained by deflagrating sulphuret of antimony with nitre) with four parts of bitartrate of potash in 32 parts of water for half an hour: the solution, when strained, is set aside to crystallize.

TARTARUS, in the earliest mythology of the Greeks; the kingdom of the dead, the infernal regions in general, or the realm of the subterranean Jupiter-Pluto. (See Cemetery.) At a later period, it was limited to that part of the infernal regions in which the Titans and the damned were confined. It was represented as a dark and gloomy region, surrounded by a triple wall, and encircled by the fiery river Phlegethon, Cocytus, the stream of lamentation, and Acheron. We find a description of Tartarus in Hesiod, one of the earliest Greek poets; and Virgil (En. vi, 577) paints the horrors of the place. Here lay the monstrous Tityos (who attempted to violate Latona), stretching over nine acres, while two vultures incessantly gnawed his liver; here Sisyphus rolled a ponderous stone; Ixion revolved on his wheel; Tantalus was tormented with inextinguishable hunger and thirst, and the Danaids toiled in vain to fill their sieves from the waters of the Lethe. (See, also, the article Hieroglyphics, division Egyptian Mythology.)

TARTARY, TARTARS. The old geographers divided the country of the Tartars into European or Little Tartary, and Asiatic or Great Tartary. The former comprised those countries round the Black sea which were inhabited by the Nogay

Tartars, and the Budshiac Tartars, or Bessarabians, and a part of the country between the Dnieper and the Dniester. But since these districts have been annexed to Russia (1784), the name has gone out of use; and they constitute the governments of Taurida (q. v.), Cherson (q. v.) and Ekaterinoslav, which contain several commercial_cities, and, besides Tartars, have many Russian, Greek, German and Jewish colonists among their population. Asiatic Tartary, called, from its extent, Great Tartary, borders on the Asiatic provinces of Russia, on Persia, Thibet and the Chinese empire. The northern part (Dschagatai, or Zagatai, or Independent Tartary) contains extensive steppes, and is partly occupied by nomadic tribes, which are governed by separate khans (princes), and differ considerably in their character and manners: some of these khans are under the protection of Russia. The southern part is called Great Bucharia, in which, among other commercial cities, is Samarcand, once the residence of Timour. Little Bucharia is subject to China. (See Bucharia.) The whole of Central Asia, to the west of Dschagatai, is often improperly styled Chinese Tartary. This error arises from the confusion of the Mongol and Mantchoo tribes, who roam over these regions, with the Tartars, with whom they have no affinity. (See Mongols, Calmucs, and Mandshures.) The proper Tartars, or, more correctly, Tatars, are divided into numerous branches, and, under different names, occupy a large extent of territory in Europe and Asia. Their true name is Turks, or Turcomanns, that of Tatar being, according to some, a Chinese term for all the nomadic tribes of Central Asia, and, according to others, the name of a Mongol tribe. Once the terror of their neighbors, and not without civilization, some traces and monuments of which still exist, they are now, for the most part, subject to foreign masters. Some tribes continue to preserve their independence, occupying regions too barren to offer any temptation to conquerors, or too remote to be easily accessible; but these circumstances, which have protected them from the arms of foreign conquerors, have also prevented them from being much visited by travellers; and little is known of them and of their country. The Tartar population in Russia amounts to about three million souls, residing chiefly in the southern provinces, in stationary habitations, and occupied with agriculture: they are peaceful and industrious in their habits.

Some Tartar colonies are distributed among the Russian villages in the governments of Orenburg, Kasan and Tobolsk, and several hordes are independent allies of Russia. The Russian Tartars consist of several branches; the Tartars proper, the Nogays, the Bashkirs, the Kirghises, Yakoutes, and Teleutes. The Tartars proper are descendants of the two great hordes which the successors of Gengis Khan established in Siberia and on the Volga. They comprise the tribes of Kasan, Astrachan and Taurida. They still preserve the peculiar national physiognomy. The true Tartar is well formed, of middle size, slender, with small, but lively and expressive eyes, and of decent and even dignified demeanor: he is frank, kind, hospitable, peaceful, courageous, fond of instruction and of the arts, agriculture and mechanical occupation. The females are not without grace and beauty. About one fifth of these Tartars have embraced the Christian religion; the rest are Mohammedans. Some of them still live in tents, and lead a wandering life. The Siberian Tartars have intermixed with other races, and lost much of their national peculiarity: some of them are stationary, and cultivate the ground; but the most of them are nomads: they are either heathens or Mohammedans. The Nogay Tartars, who dwell on the Cuban and the Volga, and in some other districts, are Mohaminedans, and chiefly lead a wandering life: they are much inferior to the Tartars proper in civilization and personal appearance. The Bashkirs are in a still lower condition: they wander in summer, and dwell in villages and wooden huts in winter. (See Bashkirs.) The Kirghises, who inhabit the great steppe of Orenburg, breed cattle, live in tents, are Mohammedans, and resemble the true Tartars more nearly than the last mentioned tribes. (See Kirghises.) The Yakoutes and Teleutes are few in number, lead a wandering life, worship idols, and are altogether in a low state of civilization. The Bucharians, who are found in Russia, live in cities and villages, and are industrious workmen. (See Turcomania, and Usbecks.)

TARTINI, Giuseppe, an Italian musician and composer, a native of Pirano, in the province of Istria, was born in 1692. His father gave him an expensive education, with the view of qualifying him to follow the law as his profession, and had him also instructed in all the accomplishments of a gentleman. Among them music was not forgotten; but it was not till a secret

marriage alienated from him the affections of his friends, that he thought of making it conducive to his support. An ecclesiastic, connected with the family, procured him a situation in the orchestra of his convent, where an accident discovering his retreat, matters were at length accommodated, and he was enabled to settle with his wife at Venice. Here the example of the celebrated Veracini excited in him the strongest emulation; and he is said to have retired to Ancona for the sole purpose of being able to practise on the violin in greater tranquillity than circumstances allowed him to enjoy at Venice. While thus occupied, he discovered, in 1714, the phenomenon of "the_third sound,” i. e. the resonance of a third note when the two upper notes of a chord are sounded; and, after seven years' practice, obtained the situation of leader of the orchestra in the cathedral of St. Anthony at Padua. In this capacity he continued to act till death, with increasing reputation, and declining, from devotion to his patron saint, many advantageous offers both from Paris and London. A singular story is told respecting one of his most celebrated compositions. One night he dreamed that he had made a compact with the devil, and bound him to his service. To ascertain the musical abilities of his associate, he gave him his violin, and desired him to play him a solo, which Satan executed in so masterly a manner, that Tartini, awaking in the ecstasy which it produced, and seizing his instrument, endeavored to recall the delicious sounds. His efforts were so far effectual as to produce the piece generally admired under the name of the Devil's Sonata: still the production was, in his own estimation, so inferior to that which he had heard in his sleep, as to cause him to declare that, could he have procured a subsistence in any other line of life, he should have broken his violin in despair, and renounced music for ever. Besides his musical compositions, Tartini was the author of several treatises on the science. His death took place at Padua in 1770.

TARTSCHE; a round shield, formerly much in use with the Turks. Perhaps the word is of Slavonic origin, as it still has this signification in Russian and Polish.

TARTUFFE; the chief character in Molière's best comedy, first played, in 1664, before Louis XIV. Tartuffe is a hypocrite; and the word is at present used to designate such, not only in French, but also in other languages. Some say that the character of Tartuffe depicts the con

fessor of Louis XIV, father Lachaise, whom Molière once saw eating truffles (in French, tartuffes) with great relish. Others say that the poet, being at the house of the nuncio, saw two monks praying, apparently very devoutly, when a Savoyard entering with truffles to sell, the two monks exclaimed with great enthusiasın, O signore, tartuffi! tartuffi! The latter version does not seem probable. Molière had already many enemies among the clergy, lawyers and physicians; and all the fools and bigots were against the public performance of Tartuffe. Two years Molière applied in vain for permission to the court, the papal legate, the prelates, &c. At length permission was obtained; but just as the curtain was about to rise, it was prohibited again, of which Molière pointedly informed the public himself with these words, referring to the president of the parliament: Monsieur le president ne veut pas qu'on le joue! At length, in 1669, Molière succeeded in bringing the play on the stage; and for three months Tartuffe was performed uninterruptedly a sufficient proof of the justice of its satire. TASCH; Turkish for stone, in many geographical names.

TAsso, Bernardo, a distinguished epic and lyric poet, whose fame has, however, been eclipsed by that of his son Torquato, was born at Bergamo, in 1493, and was of an ancient and noble family. His education was conducted with great care; and he not only cultivated the lighter literature, but devoted himself to the study of politics. He had already become known as a poet throughout Italy, when Guido Rangone, general of the pope, and a patron of learning, took him into his service, and employed him in managing the most difficult negotiations with Clement VII at Rome, and Francis I in France. Bernardo subsequently entered into the service of Renata, duchess of Ferrara, but soon left her court, and went first to Padua and then to Venice. Here he published a collection of his poems, which gave

him a place among the first of living poets. Ferrante Sanseverino, prince of Salerno, engaged him in his service, in 1531, as secretary, on honorable and advantageous terms. When the prince followed Charles V to Tunis, in a galley equipped at his own cost, Tasso accompanied him, and, after his return, was sent on public business to Spain. In 1539, he married the rich and beautiful Porzia de' Rossi, and retired, with the consent of the prince, to Sorrento, where he lived till 1547. But the misfortunes of

his master, whose estates had been scized by Charles V, on account of his opposition to the introduction of the inquisition into Naples, involved Tasso in the greatest embarrassments. He was compelled to seek another place of refuge, and was finally invited by the duke of Urbino to take up his residence at Pesaro. The leisure which he now enjoyed was employed in finishing his Armida, which he published at Venice in 1560. In 1563, the duke of Mantua engaged him in his service, and appointed him governor of Ostiglia, where he died in 1569. His remains were interred at Mantua under a handsome monument erected by the duke, with the inscription Ossa Bernardi Tassi; but his son Torquato afterwards removed them to Ferrara. His chief work, Armida, a romantic epic, displays much talent and art: in the expression of the tender passions, in his descriptions of nature, in vivid delineations of adventures and battles, all the ornaments of poetry are happily introduced. His lyrical and other poems, in five books, are among the most charming productions of the Italian muse. We have also a Discourse on Poetry, and three books of Letters, from his pen.

TASSO, Torquato. This poet, celebrated for his immortal works, as well as his unhappy fate, the son of the above-mentioned Bernardo Tasso, was born in the year 1544, at Sorrento. His talents carly and rapidly developed themselves. While yet a little child, he was always grave and sedate. From his seventh to his tenth year, he attended the schools of the Jesuits in Naples, and learned the Latin and Greek languages thoroughly. He then accompanied his father to Rome, where, under his superintendence, he continued his studies with equal success for two years. He then went to Bergamo, and, six months after, to Pesaro, where his father had met with a favorable reception from the duke of Urbino. Here he shared the instruction of the duke's son. His favorite studies were philosophy and poetry; but he also devoted himself to mathematics and chivalrous exercises. When his father resided at Venice, he remained there with him for a year, and then went, at the age of thirteen years, to Padua, with the intention of studying law. But his genius drew him irresistibly to poetry, and, at the age of seventeen years, he came out with an epic poem, in twelve cantos (Rinaldo), which he dedicated to the cardinal Ludovico of Este. Italy received this work with universal applause; and