University of St Andrews.

THE UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS, which is the oldest in Scotland, was founded by Henry Wardlaw, Bishop of St Andrews, A.D. 1411. The Foundation was sanctioned in 1413, by a Papal Bull, granted on the petition of King James I., the Bishop, and the other dignitaries of the Church in the ecclesiastical metropolis, by Pope Benedict XIII., from whom five other Bulls were procured at the same time, confirming the benefactions bestowed by the Founder, and extending the rights and privileges of the University. The Papal Bulls instituted a Studium Generale for instruction in Theology, Canon and Civil Law, Medicine, and the Liberal Arts, with power to confer Degrees on such as the Bishop might, after due examination and advising with the Doctors and Masters of the University, deem to be worthy of them.

Under influential patronage, the University rapidly increased, so as ultimately to include three separate Colleges and Corporations :-

1. St Salvator's College, founded in 1450 by James Kennedy, Bishop of St Andrews, and confirmed with privileges by Pope Nicholas V. in 1451. Ín 1458 a revised charter was granted by Bishop Kennedy, with extended privileges, and this new charter was confirmed by Pope Pius II. in the same year. Further, in 1468, Pope Paul II. honoured it with the privilege of conferring Degrees in Theology and the Arts. The College was to consist of a Principal, a Licentiate, and a Bachelor in Theology; four Regents, Masters of Arts, to teach Logic, Physics, Philosophy, and Metaphysics; and six Foundation Scholars.

2. St Leonard's College, founded in 1512, by Alexander Stuart, Archbishop of St Andrews, and John Hepburn, Prior of the Metropolitan Church. It received in the same year the royal confirmation from James IV.; and was to consist of a Principal, four Chaplains, two of whom were to be Regents; twenty Students of Philosophy, and six of Theology.

3. St Mary's College, founded in 1537 on the site of the "Pedagogium"-the original academical building-by Archbishop James Beaton, under the sanction of Pope Paul III., who endowed it with various privileges, and especially with the privilege of conferring degrees in omnibus licitis facultatibus. It was further endowed by Archbishop John Hamilton, in 1553, and reconstituted by him under a Papal Bull granted by Julius III. By this

second charter it was to consist of a Principal, three Masters, five Regents, sixteen Students of Philosophy, and eight of Theology.

Besides the sanction of the Papal See, the University continued to enjoy the royal support, under a long succession of charters. From its national position and privileges, its usefulness steadily increased, while, by the munificence of subsequent benefactors, it became liberally endowed with bursaries and aids for the encouragement of learning.

Soon after the Reformation, the constitution of the University was changed; and in 1579, the Colleges of St Salvator and St Leonard were restricted to the teaching of Philosophy, Law, and Medicine, and the College of St Mary to Theology. Of the former, each was to consist of a Principal and five Masters, and the latter, a Principal and four Masters. The Act of 1579 was partially repealed in 1621. No further change on the constitution appears to have taken place until 1747, when the two Colleges first named were, by Act of Parliament, united, and have since been known as the United College of St Salvator and St Leonard. By Section I. of Ordinance No. 46 of the Commissioners appointed under the Universities (Scotland) Act of 1889, the University College of Dundee was affiliated to and made to form part of the University of St Andrews, subject to conditions contained in an Agreement set forth in Schedule I. of the said Ordinance. This Ordinance received the approval of her Majesty in Council on 15th January 1897. The terms of the Agreement were modified, and further regulations enacted, by Ordinances Nos. 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, and 166 of the Cominissioners.

University College, Dundee, was founded and endowed in 1880 by the late Miss Baxter of Balgavies and the late Dr John Boyd Baxter, and was opened in 1883.

As an academical body, the University consists of a Chancellor, Rector, Principals, Professors, Registered Graduates and Alumni, and Matriculated Students.

CHANCELLOR.

The Chancellor is elected for life by the General Council of the University, of which he is President. He is the official head of the University. Any change proposed by the University Court must receive his sanction. He is entitled to confer Academical Degrees upon persons found qualified by the Senatus.

CHANCELLORS OF THE UNIVERSITY since its Foundation.

Archbishop of St Andrews.

1497. James Stuart, 1509. Alexander Stuart, 1514. Andrew Foreman, 1522. James Beaton, 1539. David Beaton, 1547. John Hamilton, 1572. John Douglas, 1576. Patrick Adamson, John Graham,

1591. James Lindsay
1606. George Gladstones,
1615. John Spottiswoode,
John Campbell, .

1661. James Sharp,
1679. Alexander Burnet,
1684. Arthur Ross,

1697. John Murray,
1724. James Brydges, .

1746. Prince William Augustus, 1765. Thomas Hay,

1788. Henry Dundas,

1811. Prince Adolphus Frederick, 1814. Robert Dundas,.

1851. George Douglas Campbell, 1900. ALEXANDER HUGH BRUCE,

VICE-CHANCELLOR.

The Vice-Chancellor is nominated by the Chancellor, and discharges, in the Chancellor's absence, the duties of his office, in so far as regards the conferring of Degrees.

RECTOR.

The Rector is elected, for a period of three years, by a general poll of the Matriculated Students of the University; and in case of an equality of votes for two or more candidates, the Rector is chosen from among such candidates by the Chancellor. The next election will take place on such day in the month of October or November 1904 as may be fixed by the University Court after consultation with the Senatus Academicus. The Rector is President of the University Court. The appointments have been— Sir Ralph Anstruther,

Sir William Stirling-Maxwell,
John Stuart Mill,

James Anthony Froude,

Lord Neaves,

Dean Stanley,

Lord Selborne,

Elected 1859.

1862.

There is a Principal in each of the Colleges. Each presides over his own College, and the Principal of the United College is also the Principal and resident head of the University, and President of the Senatus Academicus.

DEANS OF FACULTIES.

The Professors constituting each of the Faculties of Arts, Science, and Medicine annually elect one of their number to be Dean of the Faculty. The Principal and Primarius Professor of Divinity in St Mary's College is ex officio Dean of the Faculty of Divinity.

UNIVERSITY COURT.

A. CONSTITUTION.

The University Court was instituted by the Universities (Scotland) Act, 1858; but its membership was largely increased and its powers were greatly extended by the Universities (Scotland) Act, 1889. As thus reconstituted, it is provided that the Court shall consist of the following members: (a) The Rector. (b) The Principal. (c) The Principal of St Mary's College, and the Principal of University College, Dundee, if and when the said College shall be affiliated to and made to form part of the University. (d) An Assessor nominated by the Chancellor. (e) An Assessor nominated by the Rector. (ƒ) The Provost of St Andrews for the time being. (g) The Lord Provost of Dundee for the time being. (h) Four Assessors elected by the General Council. (i) Three Assessors elected by the Senatus Academicus. (j) Such number, not exceeding four in all, of representatives of affiliated Colleges as may be appointed under, and subject to, the arrangements made in terms of section 15, sub-section (4), of the Act of 1889. Seven members of the Court constitute a quorum. The Chancellor's Assessor holds office for four years. The Rector and his Assessor continue in office for three years; but in the event of the Chancellor or Rector ceasing to hold office, his Assessor shall continue to be a member of the University Court until an Assessor is nominated by the new Chancellor or Rector, and no longer. The Assessors elected by the General Council continue

in office for four years. The Assessors elected by the Senatus continue in office for three years. All Assessors are eligible for re-election. No Principal or Professor of any Scottish University can be elected Rector or be nominated or elected Assessor to any other person or body than the Senatus Academicus.

The University Court is a body corporate, with perpetual succession and a common seal, and in it is vested all the property, heritable and movable, formerly belonging to the University and Colleges of St Andrews. All deeds granted by the University Court, in addition to being sealed, must be signed by two members of the Court (appointed under such directions as the Court may from time to time give), and by the Secretary of the Court.

The Rector, and in his absence the Principal of the University, presides at the meetings of the University Court, and in the absence of both of them, a chairman for the time being is elected by the meeting. The person presiding at any meeting of the University Court has a deliberative vote, and also a casting vote in case of equality.

B. POWERS.

1. The University Court had the following powers conferred upon it by the Universities (Scotland) Act, 1858:

1. To review all decisions of the Senatus Academicus, and to be a Court of Appeal from the Senatus in every case, except as otherwise provided in the Universities Act of 1858.

2. To effect improvements in the internal arrangements of the University, after due communication with the Senatus Academicus, and with the sanction of the Chancellor, provided that all such proposed improvements shall be submitted to the University Council for their consideration.

3. To require due attention on the part of the Professors to Regulations as to the Mode of Teaching, and other duties imposed on the Professors.

4. To fix and regulate, from time to time, the Fees in the several Classes.

5. Upon sufficient cause shown, and after due investigation, to censure a Principal or Professor, or to suspend him from his office and from the emoluments thereof, in whole or in part, for any period not exceeding one year, or to require him to retire from his office on a retiring allowance, or to deprive him of his office; and during the suspension of any Professor, to make due provision for the teaching of his class: Provided always, that no such sentence of censure, suspension, or deprivation, or requisition on a Professor to retire from office, shall have any effect until it has been approved by her Majesty in Council.