28. How does Logic deal with verbs, adverbs, and conjunctions?

29. How many logical terms are there in the following witty epigram? Which and what are they?

What is mind? No matter.

What is matter? Never mind.

30. How many logical terms are there in each of the following sentences? Ascertain exactly how many words are employed in each such term.

(1) The Royal Albert Hall Choral Society's Concert is held in the Albert Hall on the Kensington Gore Estate purchased by the Royal Commissioners of the Great Exhibition of 1851.

(2) "A name is a word taken at pleasure to serve for a mark which may raise in our mind a thought like to some thought we had before, and which being pronounced to others, may be to them a sign of what thought the speaker had before in his mind."

31. Words, says Hobbes, are insignificant (that is without meaning), "when men make a name of two names, whose significations are contradictory and inconsistent: as this name, an incorporeal body."

The following are a few instances of such apparently selfinconsistent names, and the student is requested to add to the list

(1) Corporation sole.

(2) Trigeminus.

(3) Manslaughter of a woman.

(4) An invalid contract.

(5) A breach of a necessary law of thought.

32. How would you explain the following apparent absurdities?—

An Act of Parliament (1798-9) prohibited the importation of French lawns not made in Ireland.'

Ferguson (History of Architecture, Vol. II., p. 233) describes a certain Moabite tower as 'a square Irish round tower.'

33. Are the following terms perfectly univocal or unambiguous, or can you point out any equivocation which is possible in their use?—

35. Draw out complete lists of all the words or expressions which have been developed out of the roots of the following words (see Elementary Lessons in Logic, pp. 32-36, and Lesson VI.)

CHAPTER III.

KINDS OF PROPOSITIONS.

1. In this chapter propositions will be described and classed according to the ancient Aristotelian doctrine, in which four principal forms of propositions were recognised, thus tabularly stated :

Singular propositions are to be classed as universal, and indefinite propositions, in which no indication of quantity occurs, must be interpreted at discretion as universal or particular. The student is supposed to be familiar with what the ordinary text-books say upon the subject.

I first give a series of Examples of propositions, with brief comments upon their logical form and peculiarities. A copious selection of exercises is then supplied in the next chapter for the student to treat in like manner.

EXAMPLES.

2. Books are not absolutely dead things.' O.

This proposition is indefinite or pre-indesignate, as Hamilton would call it (Lectures on Logic, Vol. I. (III.), p. 244); but, as we can hardly suppose Milton to have thought that all books were living things, I take it to mean 'some books are not, &c.,' that is to say, particular negative.

3. 'The weather is cold.' A.

The weather means the present state of the surrounding atmosphere, and may be best described as a singular term, which makes the assertion universal.

4. 'Not all the gallant efforts of the officers and escort of the British Embassy at Cabul were able to save them.'

E.

At first sight this seems to be a particular negative, like 'Not all that glitters is gold'; but a little consideration shows that 'gallant efforts' is a collective whole, the efforts being made in common, and therefore either successful or unsuccessful as a whole. The meaning then is, 'The whole of the gallant efforts, &c., were not able to save the men.' It is a universal negative.

5. One bad general is better than two good ones.' A. This saying of Napoleon looks at first like a particular or even a singular proposition; but the 'one bad general' means not any definite one, but any one bad general' acting alone.

6

6. 'No non-metallic substance is now employed to make money.' E.

The subject is a negative term, and the proposition might be stated as 'All non-metallic substances are not any of those employed to make money.'

7. Multiplication is vexation.'

If all multiplication is so, this is A; there are certainly other causes of vexation.

8. 'Wealth is not the highest good.' E.

Affirmatively, wealth is one of the things which are not the highest good.

9. 'Murder will out.' A.

Like most proverbs, this is an unqualified universal proposition; its material truth may be doubted.

10. 'A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.' A.

This looks like a particular affirmative, but is really A, as meaning that 'any small collection of knowledge is, &c.'

II. 'All these claims upon my time overpower me.' A. Dr. Thomson points out (Outline, 5th Ed. p. 131) that all is here clearly collective.

12. 'The whole is greater than any of its parts.' A. Though apparently singular, this is really a general axiom, meaning any whole is greater, &c.'

13. No wolves run wild in Great Britain at the present day.' E.

14. 'Who seeks and will not take, when once 'tis offered, shall never find it more.'

E.

This seems to be a compound proposition, but the subject is, 'Any one who is seeking, but has not taken when once it was offered.'