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The notes of quotation (" ") mark the insertion of words really borrowed, or imagined to be borrowed, into the writer's text; as, John said to James, "Lend me your book; " Milton says, "They also serve who only stand and wait."

The subject of accent may be made familiar by writing easy words on the black-board, and calling on pupils to say where the accent should be placed. Thus the words schol'ar, read'er, un-tie, de-pend', ge-og'ra-phy, &c., may be written. The word in'di-vis'i-bil'i-ty will show that a word may have a primary and one or more secondary accents. It should be explained that a word may be ac-cent'ed one way as a noun, and another way as a verb; as, a present, to present', an accent, to ac-cent', &c.

VOWELS IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES.

The vowel may sometimes have an obscure or faint sound in un-accent'ed syllables. For instance, ǎ in the last syllable of chap'man, and Ŏ in the last of com'mon, are so obscured as to be sounded almost as u. Over-precision in the articulation should be avoided, as well as a looseness which is too great a departure from the sound which the vowel would have if its syllable were ac-cent'ed.

There is no better indication of good elementary drilling than the proper enunciation of the unaccented syllables.

Unaccented a, in the classes of words, paragraphs 299, 300, 301, has an obscure sound of a in father. This obscure sound is that of the first and third a in ba-na'na, as compared with the middle a. The article a is named a; but in familiar and unemphatic use it takes this obscure and easier sound.

There is a class of words, however, in which unaccented a has a faint sound of short i; as orange, passage, message, cottage, &c. ; and in some words, as va'cate, em'-i-grate, a-e'ri-al, &c., unaccented a is long, as in fate.

E in ed final, when preceded by d or t, is ě very slightly obscured; as in aid'ed, lim'it-ed. When preceded by another consonant, the e in ed final is silent,* and the d has its proper sound, unless it comes after an aspirate consonant sound, when it takes the sound of t; as in cuffed, racked, rapped, hissed, hushed, &c.

E in the word the, when emphatic, has its long sound; but it generally has an obscure sound, like the e in bri'er.

There are frequent exceptions to this, however, in poetry and scriptural reading. We use the di-æ're-sis to indicate exceptions; as in blessed, beloved.

Unaccented er and its equivalents should be carefully sounded. Give the pure untrilled sound of r as in her to such words as pattern, in'ter-val, others, &c. ; but do not make the sound so positive as to displace the accent.

O, final, except in who, do, to, two, too, and some of their compounds, &c., has the sound of long ō. Unaccented ow, as in fel'low, win'dow, has also the sound of long ō.

U, coming immediately after the accent, has the y sound of u in use, slightly articulated. Except column, au'tumn, &c.

The y in my, when this word is emphatic, has the long sound of y in type; but when not emphatic, it has the short sound of y in hymn.

EXERCISES ON UNACCENTED SYLLABLES.

299. a:-(unaccented and obscured).

A-bed, a-byss, a-droit, a-muse, a-tone, cas-ta-net, ca'pa-ble, cast'away, cit'a-del, com'pa-ny, coun'te-nance, di'a-dem, husband, in'fa-my.

300. Lin'e-a-ment, lin'e-al, no'ble-man, no'ta-ry, or'a-tor, pen'al-ty, pri'ma-ry, re'al-ize, ri'val, Sabbath, tem'per-ance, vaga-bond, val'iant-ly, verʼbal.

301. Al-a-ba'ma, A-mer'i-ca, com'ma, da'ta, dogʻma, e-nigma, e'ra, form'u-la, man'na, op'e-ra, pe-nin'su-la, so'fa, stig'ma, um-brěl'la, va-nil'la, villa.

302. ed: (final and unaccented, after d or t). Band'ed, blind'ed, bolt'ed, crowd'ed, deeded, en-treat'ed, flood'ed, gilded, in-debt'ed, lim'it-ed, post'ed stated, weed'ed, wilt'ed.

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303. er: (unaccented). Ap-per-tain', broth'ers, en'er-gy, feath'er-bed, feath'ered, gal'ler-y, gen'ders, gen'er-ate, gov'ern-or, in'ter-est, lan'tern, modern, moth'ers, pattern, riv'ers, slat'tern.

304. :-(final and unaccented; and its equivalents). Em-bar'go, fellow, he'ro, hollow, lum-bago, mel'low, mot'to, po-ta'to, swallow, thor'ough, to-bac'co, to-ma'to, ve'to, wal'low, widow, win' dow.

305. :-(after the accent). Capt'ure, creat'ure, credu-lous, cor'pu-lent, ed'u-cate, im'pu-dent, mixture, nature, regu-lar, trem'u-lous, vir'tue.

EXERCISES IN SILENT LETTERS.

306. e silent-bone, blame, brave, cove, fade, fame, fume, grove, have, hope, kite, kine, lame, lane, late, nine, note, pave, pile, rove, save, side, tone.

307. Barred, blamed, braved, called, checked, clogged, crushed, jogged, leaped, loved, marred, pruned, rushed, tipped, tossed, waked, willed, winked.

308. Driv'el, driv'en, fall'en, haʼzel, grov'el, heath ́en, heav'en, shovel, sto'len. (But in chap'el, counsel, chick'en, sudden, &c., the e is sounded.)

309. O silent:

Ba'con, beck'on, but'ton, com-par'i-son, cotton, crim'son, dea'con, les'son, ma'son, mut'ton, par'don, person, poi'son, pris'on, reck'on.

310. W is always silent before r:

-wran'gle, wrap, wrath, wreath, wren, wrest, wres'tle, wretch, wrig gle, wring, wrist, writ, write, wrong, wry. (Wis silent in whole, whose, whoop, &c.)

311. h silent:

ah, heir, heiress, hon'est, hon es-ty, hon'or-a-ble, hour, oh, rhubarb, Thom'as.

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312. n silent au'tumn, col'umn, con-demn', hymn, kiln, limn, solemn.

313. I silent alms, balk, balm, balm'y, calf, calves, 1

calm, chalk, could, half, halves, palm, palm'y, stalk, should, talk, walk, would.

314. p silent-at-tempt, con-tempt, empty, ex-empt, prompt, psalm, rasp'ber-ry, re-ceipt, re-demption. 315. b silent-crumb, debt, debt'or, doubt, dumb, lamb, limb, numb, subtle, thumb.

316. t silent bris'tle, bus'tle, cas'tle, chestnut, chris'

ten, Christmas, e-pis'tle, fast'en, glis'ten, jos'tle, lis'ten, mortgage, nes'tle, often, this'tle, whis'tle.

317. k always silent before n:

-knack, knave, knead, knee, kneel, knell, knife, knit, knives, knob, knock, knot, know, knuckle.

318. g always silent before n:-con-dign, deign, feign, gnarl, gnash, gnat, gnaw, ma-lign, sign.

319. gh silent after i-bright, de-light, fight, flight, fright, high, light, might, nigh, night, plight, right, sigh, sight, tight, wight.

320. gh silent after u:-bough, bought, brought, caught, fought, fraught, furlough, haugh'ty, naughty, naught, ought, plough, sought, taught, thorough, though, thought, through.

321. C is silent in Con'nect'i-cut, in-dict, muscle, victuals. S is silent in aisle, island, vis'count.

322. ai as a:

ā:

SOUNDS OF DIPHTHONGS.*

aim, braid, drain, gain, hail, main, plait, praise, rain, train.

323. ai as Ĭ: cap'tain, certain, foun'tain, moun'tain. 324. ea as ē: beam, beat, heat, leak, mean, near, read'er, sear, seat, streak, treat.

ĕ:

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325. ea as bread, dead, dread, head, meant, ready, stead, steady, thread, tread.

326. ea as ā: - break, break'ers, great, steak.

327. ea as a in bar: hear'ken, heart, hearth.

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328. ei as a deign, eight, feint, freight, heinous, neigh, neighbor, veil, weight.

329. ei as ē-ceil'ing, con-ceive, de-ceit, either, leisure, per-ceive, re-ceipt, seize.

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330. ie as chief, field, fiend, grief, grieve, lief, liege, mien, pierce, thief.

331. ie as i:— - dies, dries, flies, hies, lies, pies.
332. ie as Ien'tries, com'panies, parties.
333. oa as ō:-boat, coat, float, foal, soap, throat.
334. ou as in out: -a-bout, found, hound, stout.
335. ou as ŭ: coun'try, enough, touch, young.
336. ou as oo long: — croup, group, soup, you.
337. ou as oo short:
:- - could, should, would.
338. ou as ō :— course, mould, shoulder, though.
339. ou as a in fall:-bought, brought, thought.

*An improper diphthong or digraph is a union of two vowels, of which only one is pronounced. Of the diphthongs here given, all are improper except ou, when it has its regular sound, as in bound, sound, &c.

Emphasis has reference to the stress of the voice given to certain words or parts of words in a sentence, to bring out the sense more forcibly; as, "What is done cannot be undone." "Prosperity gains friends, and adversity tries them."

Inflection is that tone of the voice by which we indicate suspension or conclusion in discourse. The rising inflection is the tone of incompleteness, or suspension; as, "Will he go?" We mark it with the acute accent. The falling inflection is the tone of completeness, or finality; as, "He will go'." We mark it with the grave accent.

As a general rule, the falling inflection is given at a colon, semi. colon, and period.

Direct questions, or those commencing with a verb, and which can be grammatically answered by a simple yes or no, generally take the rising inflection, and the answers the falling; as, "Will you ride'?" "Yes'." "Can he read'?" "No." But a direct question, to which the answer is anticipated, takes the falling inflection; as, “Is not that a beautiful sunset'?"

Indirect questions, or those commencing with an adverb or pronoun, and which cannot be grammatically answered by a simple yes or no, generally take the falling inflection, as do the answers; as, "Where is he going'?" "I do not know'." There are exceptions to this, as to all other rules for inflection.

Words and clauses connected by the disjunctive or, generally require the rising inflection before and the falling after it; as, "Shall we go' or stay'? Is it hot or cold`?" Pupils may be exercised on the inflections by means of questions thus framed. They may also be made to count from one to six, or more, giving to the concluding number the falling, and to all the preceding the rising.

EXERCISES IN INFLECTION.

Will

340. The rising inflection: Are you well? you go? Is he strong? Are they good"? Can you see? Will you ride? Will you come with me? 341. The falling inflection: I am well. I will go. What is the hour? When will you go? I will go soon. Why are they here? Run, boy, run`.

342. The two inflections: Is this book yours' or mine? Will you ride or walk? They should not speak loud, but low. Go! Away! Hail', beau'tiful day! One, two, three, four, five, six`.

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