The Fontana History of the Environmental Sciences

accepted activity adaptation America animals and plants areas argued Aristotle became began behaviour biologists biology botany British Buffon catastrophists challenge characters claim classification complex concept continental drift continents created creation crust culture Darwin Darwinian debate decades disciplines divine early earth ecology efforts eighteenth century emergence environment established ethology evidence evolution evolutionary evolutionism explain exploitation exploration extinction factors forces fossil record genetics geographical geological geologists historians History of Biology human humankind ice age idea instincts interactions interest John Ray Lamarckian Lamarckism Linnaeus living things London Lyell material materialistic mechanical philosophy mechanism modern mountains museum natural history natural selection natural theology naturalists nineteenth century ocean organism Origin of Species original orthogenesis paleontologists pattern philosophy physical population postulated problem produced relationships rocks role scientific scientists sequence social society species structure surface techniques traditional twentieth century uniformitarian University Press whole world view