CLAIMS. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State...

This subject fully discussed (sce Territories), notes 231, 232. The claims of Georgia and North Carolina were referred to, n. 222.

CLASSES. The senators shall be divided as equally as may be into
three classes. (See Senators.)...

The classification, where found, and its objects, n. 34.
CLARK, ABRAHAM, of New Jersey. Signed the Dec. of Ind. p. 7.
CLARK, DANIEL. Presiding officer of the Senate, n. 38, p. 81.
CLAY, HENRY. Speaker of the House six years, n. 26, p. 73.
CLEAR.

Vessels bound to or from one State shall not be obliged
to enter, clear, or pay duties in another..

This clause has reference to the coasting trade, n. 148... CLINGAN, WILLIAM, of Pennsylvania. Signed Articles of Confederation. p. 21.

CLINTON, GEORGE. Vice-President, n. 37.

CLYMER, GEORGE. Deputy from Pennsylvania. Signed the Dec. of
Ind. p. 7; and this Constitution, pp. 42, 252.

COBB, HOWELL. Speaker of House of Representatives, n. 26. p. 78.
COIN money. Congress shall have power to coin money, regulate
the value thereof, and of foreign coin..

Coin defined, n. 97. Money defined, n. 98. Substitute for, n. 98. Counterfeiting, n. 98. As a legal tender discussed, notes, 83, 97, 98, 99, 100, 155.

COIN money. No State shall coin money.

For remarks on this see n. 152, and marginal figures there.

81, 153

COIN. (See Counterfeiting.)...

COIN. No State shall make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts...

But Congress may, notes 83, 84, 97-100, 155.

COLFAX, SCHUYLER. Speaker of the House, n. 26, p. 73.

COLLINS, JOHN, of Rhode Island. Signed Articles of Confederation, p. 21.

COLLECT duties. Congress shall have power to lay and collect duties, taxes, imposts, and excises..

The full extent of this power considered (See Congress, notes, 72 to 81), notes 22, 144.

COLLECTOR cannot hold the office of an inspector, n. 63. COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. The President shall be commander-inchief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States..

Why this power given to one head; need not command in person, n. 175. When his power over the militia commences, n. 175.

COMMERCE. Congress shall have power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes..

To regulate and commerce defined, n. 86. It includes navigation, notes 86, 87; and certain railroads, n. 274. With foreign nations" defined, n. 87, pp. 105, 106. State license and other laws unconstitutional, notes SS, 89, 144. What navigable waters are public property, n. 89. And railroads, n. 274. The concurrent powers of the States, n. 89, p. 108, n. 144. The power among the States, n. 90. And with the Indian tribes, defined and discussed, n. 91. Not subject to State taxation, n. 91, p. 110. The Indian relations defined, n. 92.

COMMERCE. No preference shall be given by any regulations of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels, bound to or from one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another..

Preference defined, n. 147. Inspection laws retained, Id.
Vessels bound defined, 148.
COMMERCE, inter-State. Was intended to be as free as possible,
n. 162.

COMMISSIONS. The President shall have power to fill all vacan-
cies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by
granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of
their next session..

How vacancies may happen, n. 185. If they occur during
the recess, Id. If the Senate do not ratify, the office
remains in abeyance, n. 184, § 3.

COMMISSIONS. The President shall commission all the officers of
the United States..

When those rejected appointments expire, n. 186.
Do not embrace matters after nomination, n. 196.

The President shall commission all officers; this is not
appointing them, n. 190.

COMMITTEE of the States. Congress might appoint a; their. pow-
ers defined. Confederation, Art. IX..

COMMON defense, &c. The Constitution established to provide for
the common defense, &c. Preamble.

COMMON defense. Congress shall have power to provide for the
common defense...

Preamble defined, n. 10. Omitted from the Confederate
preamble, n. 5. Retained among powers, Id. The power
discussed, n. 79.

COMMON law. In suits at common law, where the value in con-
troversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by
jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall
be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United
States, than according to the rules of the common law.
Amendments..

Common law is used in contradistinction to equity and
admiralty, notes 200, 263. Compared with other clauses,
defined, n. 263. Relates to proceedings in the federal courts
only; the prohibition defined and discussed, n. 263,
Christianity is not a part of the, n. 245.

COMPACT. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, enter
into any agreement or compact with another State or a
foreign power

COMPACT. The Constitution created a government, not a mere
compact, Pref. p. viii. notes 2, 4.

Compact or agreement defined and discussed, n. 164.
COMPEL the attendance of absent members. A smaller number
than a quorum of each house may compel the attendance
of absent members, in such manner and under such pen-
alties as each house may provide....

COMPENSATION. The senators and representatives shall receive
a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law,
and paid out of the Treasury of the United States........
Of members, n. 53. How fixed, n. 54.

COMPENSATION of the President of the United States. The Presi-
dent shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com-
pensation which shall be neither increased nor diminished
during the period for which he shall have been elected,
and he shall not receive within that period any other
emolument from the United States, or any of them......
Fixed at $25,000 per annum, n. 173.

COMPENSATION. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior
courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and
shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compen-
sation which shall not be diminished during their contin-
uance in office..

Fixed by statute, n. 198.

COMPENSATION. Nor shall private property be taken for public
use without just compensation. Amendments....

What is just compensation, and how it must be made,
defined and discussed, n. 259. Public use defined, n. 258.

COMPULSORY process. In all criminal prosecutions the accused to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor. Amendments..

Compulsory process defined, n. 264. Why the assistance of counsel, n. 265.

CONCUR. The Senate may propose and concur in amendments to revenue bills, &c..

The reason, n. 64. Revenue defined, n. 65.

CONCURRENCE. No person shall be convicted on an impeachment without the concurrence of two-thirds of the senators present

(See n. 39.)

CONCURRENCE. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the two houses may be necessary, shall be presented to the President, except, &c

Explained; why adjournment is excepted, n. 70.
CONFEDERACY. "The style of this shall be The United States
of America."" Was a firm league of friendship. (See
Articles of Confederation. Art. L. p. 9.)

CONFEDERATION. Articles of, agreed to, notes 8, 9.
CONFEDERATION. No State shall enter into any confederation....
Because it is a national power, n. 152. (See Agree-
ment.)

CONFEDERATION. All debts contracted or engagements entered
into before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as
valid against the United States under this Constitution as
under the Confederation..

This was but asserting a general principle, n. 237. CONFEDERATE States. Extracts from Constitution of, n. 5, p. 38; n. 70, pp. 101, 202; n. 149, p. 151. Was not a de facto gov

ernment, n. 215.

CONFESSION in open court. No person shall be convicted of trea-
son unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same
overt act, or on confession in open court....
(See Treason, notes 215, 216.)

CONFISCATIONS under foreign treaties are political questions, n.
199, p. 195. Under the laws of the Confederate States,
void, n. 213.

CONFRONTED. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to be confronted with the witnesses against him. Amendments....

The accused defined, n. 260. The reason of witnesses, 261.

CONGRESS, United States. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in Congress

The legislative power defined, n. 14. Distinguished from the executive and judicial, notes 165, 199, 274. Congress defined and discussed, n. 15.

CONGRESS, United States. Shall consist of a Senate and House of

Representatives.

CONGRESS, members of. (See Senators, Representatives.) Notes

16-46.

CONGRESS shall by law direct the manner in which the census or enumeration of the people shall be made..

For the numbers, see n. 24. Census defined, n. 144. CONGRESS. The first Congress to consist of 65 members, from the several States as mentioned herein. (See Representatives.).. For the numbers under the census of 1860, see n. 24, pp. 68, 69. CONGRESS. The time, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators

How far this power has been exercised, n. 41. It cannot give the right to say who shall vote, n. 41.

CONGRESS shall assemble at least once in every year, and such

meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless
they shall by law appoint a different day.

The sessions defined by the law of 1867, n. 43.

CONGRESS of the United States:-
Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each
shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller
number may adjourn from day to day, and may be author-
ized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such
manner and under such penalties as each house may
provide

The elections, returns, and qualifications defined, notes
44, 45, 46, with reference to notes 19, 35, and 41. The dif-
ferences between the President and Congress presented,
n. 46. Superadded qualifications, n. 46, pp. 85, 86.
Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish
its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concur
rence of two-thirds, expel a member..

Sam

The rules, where found, n. 47. This gives the power to punish members and others for contempts, n. 48. Houston's case, n. 48. Expulsion defined, n. 49. Expulsion for rebellion, n. 50.

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal ..

The object of the journal, and yeas and nays, n. 51. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting

The reasons of this rule, n. 52.

All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills

The present compensation and reason, n. 53. Why ascertained by law, n. 54. Privilege defined, n. 55. For what offenses not privileged, n. 56. To whom and how long the privilege from arrest extends, n. 57. The consequences of arrest, n. 58. When the privilege commences, n. 59. Contestants entitled to it, n. 60. Freedom of debate, n. 61. To what confined, n. 61, p. 90. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it..

Bills take effect from approval, n. 66. The negative is the veto power, n. 67, p. 92. Veto defined; its objects and history, n. 67, pp. 92, 93. President Johnson's use of it, Id.

If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other bouse, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law.

Two-thirds of a quorum sufficient, n. 68.

But, in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for aud against the bill, shall be entered on the journal of each house, respectively..

If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he

had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law..... The President must have ten clear days, n. 69. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the United States, and, before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill... The effect of joint resolutions, and the reason of this rule, n. 70.

CONGRESS SHALL HAVE POWER:

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States...

Power defined and discussed, and the word compared by marginal references, n. 71. Taxes defined, notes 22, 72, 144, which notes distinguish direct and indirect. The extent of the power, n. 73. Of States over national banks, n. 74. Duties defined, n. 75. Imposts defined, notes 75, 144. Excise defined and discussed, n. 77. Debts defined, n. 78, p. 97. The amount each year, from the foundation of the government, n. 78, pp. 97, 98. The debt, Nov. 1, 1867, n. 78, pp. 99, 100. To provide for the common defense defined, notes 10, 78. The doctrines of the different schools, n. 79, p. 101. The Confederate States Constitu tion, n. 79, pp. 101, 102. And general welfare defined, notes 11, 80. Uniformity, notes 22, 81, 144, 145. To borrow money on the credit of the United States..

Each term defined, notes 82, 83. Under what laws treasury notes have been issued. Money and legal tenders defined and discussed, notes 82, 83, 97, 98, 129, 155. Examples of contracts payable in treasury notes, n. 84, pp. 104, 105.

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes..

To regulate defined, n. 85. Commerce defined, n. 86. With foreign nations and the States defined. n. 106, pp. 105, 106. The laws of States which violate, notes 88, 89. Eminent domain, n. 89. Extent of judicial power over it, n. 89. Concur rent powers of the States, n. 89, p. 108. The power as to slaves, p. 90. Commerce with the Indian tribes, n. 91. Their ownership of soil, n. 91. With the tribes defined, n. 91, p. 110. Indians not subject to internal revenue tax, p. 110. The subject discussed, n. 91, pp. 110, 111. The relations of the tribes defined, n. 92.

To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States..

Naturalization defined, n. 93. Carries expatriation, n. 93. The subject discussed, n. 274. Exclusive in Congress, Id. Bankrupt defined, n. 94. And bankruptcy, n. 95. The power of the States over the subject, n. 96. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin; and fix the standard of weights and measures.

To coin and money defined, notes 97, 98. Is it the only legal tender? notes 82, 83, 84, 97, 98, 155. Coin has no pledge of redemption, n. 98. History of regulating value, n. 99. No express grant of power to make gold and silver a legal tender, n. 100. Intrinsic value, n. 100. To fix defined, n. 101. The acts of Congress on weights and measures, n. 102, pp. 116, 117, 118. The metric system authorized, n. 102, p. 117, § 1. The tables, Id. § 2. Measures of length, Id. Of surface, Id. Of capacity, ld. p. 118.