GI Biographical, Historical, and known to botanists as the Olea Europea. Mrs. Bracebridge, from whose sketch the beautiful drawing was made, which is given in the "Landscape Illustrations of the Bible," states that they are wild olives, and appear pollarded from extreme age; and some of them are hollow with age, but filled up with earth; their stems are very rough and gnarled. They are surrounded by stones, after the manner of the sacred trees of the Hindoos. "The soil between these trees is bare, without a flower, vegetable, or verdure of any kind growing on it. A foot-path intersects the place in an oblique direction, which is walled off from the rest, and is looked upon as accursed; being that (as it is said), in which Judas walked when he betrayed his divine Master with a kiss." The view from the garden of Gethsemane is one of the most pleasing in the vicinity of Jerusalem. (Missionary Register for 1824, p. 504. Jowett's Researches in Syria, p. 303. Carne's Letters, p. 290. Rae Wilson's Travels, vol. i. p. 212. third edition, Robinson's Travels in Palestine, vol. i. p. 122. Lord Lindsay's Letters from Egypt, &c., vol. ii. p. 61. Monk's Golden Horn, &c., vol. ii. p. 182. Wilde's Voyage to Madeira, &c., pp. 489, 490. Lynch's Expedition to the River Jordan, &c., p. 416. Wilson's Lands of the Bible, vol. i. pp. 480, 481. Dorr's Notes of Travel in Egypt, &c., pp. 189-192. Ritchie's Azûbah, p. 213.) GIBEAH, a city in the tribe of Benjamin, not far from Jerusalem: it is frequently called Gibeah of Saul, from being the birth-place of the first Hebrew monarch. It is a small village, half in ruins, and is now called Jeba. GIBEON, the capital city of the Gibeonites, who took advantage of the oaths of Joshua, and of the elders of Israel, on an artful representation which they made of their belonging to a very remote country. (Josh. ix.) Joshua and the elders had not the precaution to consult God on this affair, and inconsiderately made a league with these people: they soon discovered their mistake, and without revoking their promise of giving them their lives, they condemned them to carry wood and water to the tabernacle, and other servile work, as a mark of their pusillanimity and duplicity, as slaves and captives; in which state of servitude they remained, till the entire dispersion of the Jewish nation, A. M. 2553, B. c. 1451. Three days after the Gibeonites had surrendered to the Hebrews, the kings of the Canaanites being informed of it, came and besieged the city of Gibeon. (Josh. x. 3, &c.) GI The Gibeonites came to Joshua, and desired speedy help. Joshua attacked the five kings early in the morning, put them to flight, and pursued them to Bethoron. This the Hivites, the old inhabitants of that The Gibeonites were descended from country, and possessed four cities; Cephirah, Beeroth, Kirjath-jearim, and Gi beon, the capital, afterwards given to Benjamin, excepting Kirjath-jearim, which fell to Judah. The Gibeonites continued subject to those burdens which Joshua had imposed on them, and were very faithful to what mistaken zeal we cannot tell, dethe Israelites. Nevertheless Saul, through stroyed a very great number of them (2 Sam. xxi. 1, 2, 3, &c.); but God, as a punishment of his cruelty, in the reign of David, sent a great famine, which lasted three years (A. M. 2983, B. c. 1017); and the prophets told David that this calamity remained unrevenged, which Saul had would continue so long as that cruelty exercised against the Gibeonites. David asked the Gibeonites what satisfaction they desired? They answered “Seven of Saul's sons we will put to death, to avenge the blood of our brethren." The Gibeonites hung them up before the Lord. happened early in the spring, when, in Palestine, they begin barley-harvest. From this time there is no mention of the Gibeonites, as composing a sort of separate people. But it is probable that they were who were public slaves, appointed for the included among the Nethinim, or Given, service of the temple. (1 Chron. ix. 2.) Afterwards, those of the Canaanites, who were subdued, and had their lives spared, (Ezra viii. 20. ii. 58. 1 Kings ix. 20, 21.) were added to the Gibeonites. We see Judah, gave many of them to the Lord. that David, Solomon, and the princes of These Nethinim being carried into captivity with Judah and the Levites, many of them returned with Ezra, Zerubbabel, and Nehemiah, and continued as before, in the service of the temple, under the priests and Levites. Gibeon was seated on an eminence, as is evidenced by its name. cording to Josephus) north. It is called was forty furlongs from Jerusalem (acGabaa. (2 Sam. v. 25. compared with 1 Chron. xiv. 16.) There is mention of the fountain and pool of Gibeon. (2 Sam. ii. 13.) It We neither know when, nor by whom, and altar of burnt sacrifices made by nor upon what occasion, the tabernacle Moses, in the wilderness, were removed to Gibeon; but this we certainly know, that toward the end of David's reign, and GI in the beginning of Solomon's, they were there. (I Chron. xxi. 29, 30.) David seeing the angel of the Lord at Araunah's threshing-floor, was so terrified, that he had not time or strength to go so far as Gibeon, there to offer sacrifice, but Solomon being seated on the throne, went to sacrifice at Gibeon, because this was the most considerable of all the high places, where sacrifices were then tolerated, the temple being not yet built. (1 Kings iii. 4.) Gibeon is now a poor village standing on the top of a sugar-loaf hill, and is capablo of being made a very strong place. It is inhabited by a few Mahommedan families. There are various old ruins and some arches of great size running into the sides of the hill forming rooms, in which various labours are now carried on. A little below the town on the side of the hill are the remains of an old pool, supposed to be that beside which Joab and Abner with their troops sat down, before the battle in which Asahel fell. 2 Sam. ii. 13. (Paxton's Letters from Palestine, pp. 69. 227.) GIDEON, the fifth judge of the Israelites, whom he delivered from the oppression of the Midianites. (Judg. vii. viii.) He was the son of Joash of the tribe of Manasseh; and, having destroyed the worship of Baal, was surnamed JERUBBAAL. (Judg. vi. 25 -32.) GIDEON, Ephod of, 370. 1. One of the four rivers of Paradise ; which Bishop Patrick and Dr. Wells suppose to be the easterly channel of the two, into which the Euphrates is divided after its junction with the Tigris. Others, however, (and among them, Rosenmüller and Winer,) more probably, suppose it to be the Oxus or Araxes. Josephus considers it to be the Nile (Ant. Jud. lib. i. c. 1. § 3.), which is said to be called Guyon by the modern Abyssinians. 2. Upper and Lower Pools of Gihon, at Jerusalem, 27, 28. GILBOA, Mountains of, notice of, 59. GILEAD, Mountains of, notice of, 61. Balm of, 80, 81. GILGAL, a celebrated place on the east of Jericho, and on this side Jordan, where the Israelites encamped for some time after their passage over that river. A city was afterwards built there, which became memorable for many events. It was a seat of justice (or, as we should now term it, an assize-town): Samuel, when travelling in circuit through the land, went yearly to Gilgal. (1 Sam. vii. 16.) Here VOL. III. GIRGASHITES, an ancient people of Canaan, whose habitation was beyond the sea of Tiberias, where we find some vestiges of their name in the city of GERGESA Or Gergasa, upon the sea of Tiberias. GOATS, bred by the Jews, notice of, 488. GOD, crimes against, how punished by the Jews, 153-155. GOEL, or blood-avenger, office of, 171, 172. GOG and MAGOG, most probably, are the general names of the northern nations of Europe and Asia, or the districts north of Caucasus, or Mount Taurus, colonised by Gog, or Magog, another of the sons of Japhet (Gen. x. 2.), called by the Arabian geographers, Jajuie and Majuje. (Rennel, Herod. p. 112.) Gog rather denotes the people, Magog the land. Thus Balaam foretold that Christ would be " a king higher than Agag," or rather "Gog," according to the more correct reading of the Samaritan Hebrew Text, and of the Septuagint version of Numb. xxiv. 7.; and Ezekiel, foretelling a future invasion of the land of Israel by these northern nations, Meshech, Tubal, and Togarmah, styles 66 Gog their chief prince," and describes their host precisely as Scythian or Tartarian; "coming out of the north, all of them riding on horses;" "bows and arrows" their weapons; “covering the land, like a cloud, and coming like a storm," in the "latter days." (Ezek. xxxviii. 1—17.) He also describes their immense slaughter, in the valley of the passengers on the east of the sea, thence called the valley of Hamon Gog, "the multitude of Gog." (Ezek. xxxix. 1-22.) This prophecy seems also to be revived in the Apocalypse, where the hosts of Gog and Magog are represented as coming to invade "the beloved city," and perishing with immense slaughter likewise in Armageddon, "the Mount of Mageddo," or Megiddo. (Rev. xvi. 14-16. xx. 7—10.) Dr. Hales's Analysis of Chronology, vol. i. p. 463. (first edition). See also Dr. Henderson's learned note on Ezek. xxxviii. 2, 3. GOLDEN CALF, worship of, 367. Golden calves of Jeroboam, 368. GOLDEN CANDlesticks, 266. GO GOMER, the son of Japhet (Gen. x. 2, 3. Ezek. xxxviii. 6.), whose posterity peopled Galatia, according to Josephus; Phrygia, according to Bochart; but, according to Calmet and Gesenius, they were the Cimmerians or Cimbri, a little known and barbarous northern nation. GOMORRAH, One of the four cities in the vale of Siddim, which were sunk in the Dead Sea. (Gen. x. 19. xiii. 10.) НА as in Ionia and Asia Minor. Since the time of Alexander the Great, the name of Greeks is taken in a more uncertain and enlarged sense, because, the Greeks being masters of Egypt and Syria, of the countries beyond the Euphrates, &c., the Jews called all those Gentiles Greeks. In the Maccabees, the Gospels, and Paul's writings, a Greek commonly signifies a Gentile. In the Old Testament, Greece and Greeks are named Javan. Isaiah says (lxvi. 19.) that the Lord shall send his GOOD FORTUNE, a Syrian idol, notice ambassadors to Javan, to the isles afar off. of, 372. The GOSHEN. 1. The LAND OF GOSHEN was the most fertile pasture ground in the whole of Lower Egypt: thence called Goshen, from Gush, in Arabic signifying "a heart," or whatsoever is choice or precious. Hence Joseph recommended it to his family as "the best of the land" (Gen. xlvii. 11.), and "the fat of the land" (Gen. xlv. 18.), it being eminently adapted to their nomadic habits. land of Goshen lay along the most easterly branch of the Nile, and on the east side of it; for it is evident, that at the time of the Exodus, the Israelites did not cross the Nile. In ancient times, it was considerably more extensive, both in length and breadth, in consequence of the general failure of the eastern branches of the Nile; the main body of the river verging more and more to the west continually, and deepening the channels on that side. (Dr. Hales's Chronology, vol. i. p. 374. Madden's Travels in Turkey, &c., vol. ii. p. 182.) 2. Goshen was also the name of a district in the territory belonging to the tribe of Judah, so called on account of its great fertility. (Josh. x. 41.) GOVERNMENT of the Jews, under the patriarchs, 92. Under Moses and the judges, 93-98. Under the kings, 99– 108. During the Babylonian captivity, 120, 121. Under the Asmonæan and Herodian princes, 122-127. Under the Roman procurators, 128-131. GOVERNOR of the Palace, office of, 112. GOZAN, a city or country in northern Mesopotamia (2 Kings xvii. 6. xviii. 11. xix. 12. Isa. xxxvii. 2.) By the geographer Ptolemy it is called Gauzanitis, now Kausehan. GRAIN, different sorts of, cultivated, 494, threshing of, 495-497. GRAPES, 77. Culture of, 490-500. GREAT PLAIN, account of, 69. GREAVES (Military), use of, 232. GREECE, in the Scriptures, often comprehends all the countries inhabited by the descendants of Javan, as well in Greece Ezekiel tells us (xxvii. 13. 19.) that Javan, Tubal, and Meshech, came to the fairs at Tyre. Daniel (xi. 2.) speaking of Darius, says, "that he shall stir up all against the realm of Javan." Alexander the Great is described by the name of King of Javan. (Dan. viii. 21. x. 20.) GREEK IDOLS, mentioned in the New Testament, 377, allusions to the rites performed to, or in honour of them, 378386. GRINDING of corn, 497. GUARD, Military, of the Temple, 269, 270. GUESTS, reception of, 469, 470. HABAKKUK, the eighth of the twelve minor prophets, who foretold the captivity and restoration of the Jews. He prophesied in the reign of Jehoiachin, king of Judah, about 608-604 B. C., see Vol. II. pp. 966-969. HADAD. 1. A king of Edom, the son of Bedad (Gen. xxxiv. 35.), who obtained a victory over the Midianites in Moab. 2. King of Syria, who reigned at Damascus when David attacked and defeated Hadadezer, another king of Syria. (2 Sam. viii. 3-6.) 3. Son to the king of Edom, who was carried into Egypt, while yet a child, by his father's servants, when Joab, general of David's army, extirpated the males of Edom. The king of Egypt assigned to Hadad a house and lands, and afterwards gave him the sister of Taphenes, his queen, in marriage; on the death of David and Joab, Hadad returned into his own country, where he raised disturbances against king Solomon. (1 Kings xi. 17-22.) But it would seem that he failed in recovering the whole of his father's territories, since Solomon continued in possession of the ports of Edom. 4. The son of Baal-Hanun, king of HA Edom, who reigned in the city of Pai. After his death, Edom was governed by eleven dukes. (1 Chron. i. 51-54.) HADAD-RIMMON, a town in the valley of Jezreel, not far from Megiddo; where Josiah lost his life in battle with PharaohNecho king of Egypt. The great mourning in Jerusalem, mentioned in Zech. xii. 11. refers to the mourning of the people on the death of their pious sovereign Josiah.. HADRACH (Land of). This land, which is mentioned in Zech. ix., occurs in no other part of the Old Testament. But a Syrian king, who is called Rehob in 2 Sam. viii. 3., is by Josephus named Apaos or Apaxos, which Dr. Blayney thinks was his proper and real name; that of Rehob or the charioteer having been added characteristically on account of the number of his chariots. (2 Sam. viii. 4.) This prince reigned over that part of Syria which was called Zobah; so that, if by the land of Hadrach or Arach be meant the kingdom of Zobah, the three capital kingdoms of Syria, Zobah, Damascus, and Hamath, will then be cited for the whole. (Blayney on Zechariah, p. 137.) HAGAR, an Egyptian woman, handmaid of Sarah, and mother of Ishmael. (Gen. xvi. 1. xxv. 12.) In Gal. iv. 24, 25. St. Paul applies this name by allegorical interpretation to the inferior condition of the Jews uuder the law, as compared with that of Christians under the Gospel. HAGARITES OF HAGARENES, the descendants of Ishmael. (1 Chron. v. 10.) They constituted a tribe of Arabians, who are supposed to have settled in the vicinity of Mount Sinai. HAGGAI, the tenth of the minor prophets: he exhorted the Jews to rebuild the temple. He was contemporary with Zechariah. For an analysis of his predictions, see Vol. II. pp. 972-974. HAI. See AI, suprà. HAIR, Jewish mode of dressing, 430432. Plucking off, a punishment, 168. Forbidden to be cut in certain forms, 384. Was used in divination by the heathens, 384. HALAH, a province of Assyria, into which Shalmaneser transported part of the ten tribes. (2 Kings xvii. 6. xviii. 11.) HAM: 1. The youngest son of Noah, from whom, according to Gen. x. 6—20., most of the southern nations were descended. According to Gesenius, the name literally denotes warm or southern. HA 2. Land of Ham, a poetical name for Egypt, probably (says Gesenius) of Egyptian derivation, but to the Hebrew presenting the same signification as above. (Psal. lxxviii. 51. cv. 23. 27. cvi. 22.) HAMAN, a Persian nobleman, celebrated as the persecutor of the Jews: he was an Amalekite by nation, and descended from the posterity of Agag. (Esth. iii.-ix.) HAMATH, on the Orontes, on the northern boundary of Canaan, a colony of Phoenicians, and the chief town of a small principality or state, whose sovereign was in friendship with David. (Numb. xiii. 21. Judg. iii. 3. 2. Sam. viii. 9.) In Amos vi. 2. it is called Hamath the Great, and in 2 Chron. viii. 3. Hamath-Zobah. In Gen. x. 8. the inhabitants are called Hamathites. Modern Hamath is a large town, containing at least 30,000 inhabitants, of whom 2500 are Greek Christians. There also are a few Syrians and some Jews; the rest are Moslems. It is a considerable place of traffic with the Arabs, who here purchase the cloth and furniture of their tents. (Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. v. p. 681.) HANANI, a prophet in the reign of Asa king of Judah, by whom he was imprisoned for his fidelity in reproving the monarch for forming an alliance with Benhadad king of Syria. (2 Chron. xvi. 7—10.) HANDMILLS of the Jews, 424. HANGING, a Jewish punishment, 176. HANNAH, the wife of Elkanah, and the mother of the prophet Samuel, whom she consecrated to the service of God. (1 Sam. i. ii.) HANUN, the son of Nahash, king of the Amorites. By the advice of evil counsellors, he maltreated, contrary to the law of nations, the ambassadors whom David had sent to congratulate him on his accession. This transaction led to a war, which terminated fatally for Hanun, whose army was utterly discomfited, his capital taken, and his subjects destroyed. (2 Sam. x. xi. 1. xii. 26―30.) Hanun is supposed to have perished during the war. HAPHTOROTH, or sections of the prophets read in the synagogues, 280. Table of them, 281. HARAN: 1. The eldest son of Terah, and brother of Abraham and Nahor, and the father of Lot, Milcah, and Iscah. He is said by Moses to have died before his father (Gen. xi. 28.), a circumstance which to us may appear too minute to be recorded; but, in those days, when life was longer, and subject to fewer diseases than at present, the death of a son before his father НА was an event of sufficient importance to be distinctly noticed. With the exception of Abel, Haran is the first man mentioned in the sacred history, whose father beheld him depart this life. 2. HARAN or CHARRAN, a city in the northern part of Mesopotamia, where Abraham sojourned for a time in his pas sage to the land of Canaan. It is enumerated among the towns which had been taken by the predecessors of Sennacherib king of Assyria (1 Kings xix. 12. Isa. xxxvii. 12.), and it is also mentioned by Ezekiel (xxvii. 23.), among the places which traded with Tyre. Haran was favourably situated for commerce, inasmuch as the great road which led from the Euphrates to the countries of the east, branched off in two directions, eastward to Nisibis and Assyria, and southward into Babylonia. (Rosenmüller's Bib. Geogr. vol. ii. p. 187.) It was the same city which the Greeks afterwards called Kappa, and the Romans Carræ, and which became celebrated for the defeat and death of Crassus. It still exists as a very poor place inhabited by Bedouin Arabs. HAREM (Royal), notice of, 113. HAROSHETH of the Gentiles, a city near Lake Meron, which probably derived its name from the number of Gentiles who resided in its vicinity. Here Sisera dwelt, whose troops were discomfited and pursued by the Israelites to its very gates. (Judg. iv.) HARP, form of, 514. HE waste; and at length he laid siege to Jerusalem, whence he consented to withdraw, only on condition of the treasures of the temple and of the palace being delivered up to him. HEAD, Coverings for, 430. HEADS of tribes or families, 95, 96. HEATHEN NATIONS, account of the deities worshipped by, 377. Allusion to their idolatrous rites explained, 378–387. Whether the Jews were prohibited from concluding treaties with them, 209. HEAVENLY BODIES, the first objects of idolatrous worship, 364. HEBER: 1. The son of Salah (Gen. xi. 14.), from whom some critics and commentators have supposed that his descendants the Hebrews derived their name. 2. A descendant of Hobab, the brotherin-law of Moses, and husband of Jael, who killed Sisera. Heber and his family, most probably, were proselytes to the Hebrew law and worship. HEBREWS, state of, during the Babylonish captivity, 120. Their commerce, particularly under Solomon and his successors, 525-528. See JEWS. HEBREWS OF THE HEBREWS, who they were, 290. HEBRON, anciently called ARBA, and KIRJATH-ARBA, a city of Judæa, was situated on a deep narrow valley, twenty miles southward of Jerusalem, and twenty miles north from Beersheba. The country around it, which is termed "the hill country of Judæa," is but little cultivated. HARVESTS of Palestine, account of, 36, Abraham, Sarah, and Isaac, were buried 37.495. 1. Two districts in Yemen or Arabia Felix, the one inhabited by the descendants of Havilah, the son of Cush and grandson of Ham (Gen. x. 7.), the other by descendants of Shem. (ver. 59.) 2. A gold country, mentioned in Gen. ii. 11.; probably the ancient Colchis, an extensive country which reached from the Black Sea to Georgia. HAURAN, a district in the north-eastern part of Canaan, which derived its name from the town or city of Hauran. (Ezek. xlvi. 18.) It is the same with the Auranitis of Josephus, and the ITUREA of St. Luke. (iii. 1.) For its limits, &c. see p. 17. HAZAEL, a general officer of Benhadad king of Syria, whom he treacherously murdered and usurped his kingdom. During a reign of more than forty years, he was the vigilant and successful enemy of the Hebrew princes, whose territories he laid near Hebron, in the cave of Machpelah. (Gen. xxiii. 7, 8, 9.) Hebron was allotted to Judah. The Lord assigned it to Caleb for inheritance. (Josh. xiv. 13.) Joshua first took Hebron, and killed its king (Josh. x. 3. 23. 37.), but afterwards Caleb again conquered it, assisted by the troops of his tribe, and the valour of Othniel. It was appointed for a dwelling of the priests, and a city of refuge. David, after the death of Saul, settled the seat of his kingdom here. At Hebron, Absalom began his rebellion. During the captivity of Babylon, the Edomites, having invaded the south of Judah, took Hebron; wherefore in Josephus it is sometimes made a part of Edom. Here Zachariah and Elizabeth resided, and John the Baptist was born. Modern Hebron is situated in a fine fertile valley, inclosed by high hills on the east and west. The houses are disposed in four different quarter which are separated from each other by a |