со Jews, 242. Triumphs of, among the Romans, 252-254. CONTRACTS for disposing of property, how made, 213. Contracts of marriage, 442, 443. CONVERSATION of the Orientals, 470. Coos, an island in the Ægean or Icarian Sea, near Myndos and Cnidus, which had a city of the same name, from which Hippocrates the celebrated physician, and Apelles the famous painter, were called Coi. Here was a large temple of Æsculapius, and another of Juno. It abounded in rich wines, and here were made those Coæ vestes, which were transparent, and are so often noticed by the classic poets. This island is mentioned in Acts xxi. 1., and is now called Stanchio. CORBAN, nature of, explained, 322. CORINTH, the metropolis of Achaia Proper under the Roman government, and the ornament of Greece, was situated on an isthmus between the Ægean and Ionian Seas. From the convenience of its situation for commerce, it abounded in riches, and was furnished with all the accommodations, elegances, and superfluities of life. In the Achæan war, it was destroyed by the Romans under the consul Memmius, about 146 years before the Christian æra, and was rebuilt about one hundred years afterwards by Julius Cæsar, who planted a Roman colony here, and made this city the residence of the proconsul of Achaia. Favoured by its situation between two seas, the new city soon regained its ancient splendour: commerce produced an influx of riches, and the luxury and voluptuousness which followed in consequence, corrupted the manners of its inhabitants, who became infamous to a proverb. In the vicinity of this city were celebrated the Isthmian games, to which Saint Paul alludes in different parts of his Epistles. Corinth also possessed numerous schools, in which philosophy and rhetoric were taught by able masters, and strangers resorted thither from all quarters to be instructed in the sciences. The number of sophists in particular was very great. The knowledge of these circumstances affords a key to St. Paul's exhortations against fornication, lasciviousness, and covetousness (1 Cor. vi. 9, 10.), and also his defence of the Christian doctrine against the sophists, to whom the fathers attribute all the strifes and contentions that sprang up in this church. In consequence of the war between the Greeks and Turks, Corinth was reduced to a miserable heap of ruined hovels, affording very in CR sufficient shelter to some wretched outcasts of the province of Roumelia. (Missionary Register, 1828, p. 388.) Little now remains of ancient Corinth, but seven columns of a large Doric temple, probably one of the oldest remains of Greek worship extant. (Lord Nugent's Lands, Classic and Sacred, vol. ii. p. 215. Earl of Carlisle's Diary in Turkish and Greek Waters, p. 337.) CORN, culture and harvesting of, 494, 495. How threshed out, and winnowed, 495-497. And ground, 497. CORNELIUS, a devout Roman centurion, who was converted to Christianity by the apostle Peter. (Acts x.) CORNET, notice of, 513. CORPORAL injuries, how punished among the Jews, 163. CORRUPTION (Mount of), 22. Extreme corruption of the Jews at the time of Christ's birth, 406-410. CORSLET of the Jewish soldiers, 230. of, 38. COURTS OF JUDICATURE (Jewish), and proceedings before them, 131–142. ́(Roman), proceedings in, 142–153. COURTS of Kings, allusions to, 105109. Principal officers of, 110, 111. COURTS OF THE Temple, 263-265. COVENANTS, how made, 210, 211. Covenant of salt, 212. COZBI, daughter of Zur, a prince of the Midianites: who, with others of her sex and age, seduced the principal Israelites into idolatry and impurity. Cozbi and Zimri were put to death at the same time by Phinehas. (Num. xxv. 7—15.) CRETE, an island in the Mediterranean Sea. A Christian church was planted here, probably by St. Paul, who committed it to the charge of Titus. (Acts xxvii. 7. 12, 13. 21. Tit. i. 5.) Its inhabitants were celebrated archers, but infamous for their falsehood, debaucheries, and piracies. The Cretans of the present day are precisely what they were in the days of St. Paul,always liars, evil beasts, slow bellies. They are notoriously, whether Turks or Greeks, the worst characters in the Levant. (Hartley's Researches in Greece and the Levant, p. 108.) CRIMES against God, 153–156. Against Parents and Magistrates, 156, 157. Against Property, 157-159. Against the Person, 159-161. Crimes of Malice, 161, 162. CRIMINAL LAW of the Jews, principles of, 153–162. ог CUTTING asunder, punishment of, 175. CUSH, or Ethiopia, usually rendered Ethiopia in our English Bible, has a very extensive signification. It comprehends all the southern and eastern borders of Egypt. In some parts of the prophecies of Ezekiel, it plainly denotes African Ethiopia, or Nubia and Abyssinia, and in many other passages. (Isa. xviii. 1. xx. 3. Ezek. xxx. 5, &c.) But in others it must signify Asiatic Ethiopia, or Arabia, as in the description of the garden of Eden. (Gen. ii. 13.) The wife of Moses was contemptuously styled a "Cushite Ethiopian of Arabia. (Numb. xii. 1.) And where "Persia, Ethiopia, and Lybia," are recited in order, the second must denote Arabia. (Ezek. xxxviii. 5.) Herodotus, in his curious catalogue of the various nations composing the army of Xerxes, distinguishes the long-haired Eastern or Asiatic Ethiopians from the woolly-headed Western or African; both being descendants of Cush, a roving and enterprising race, who gradually extended their settlements from Chusistan, "the land of Cush," or Susiana, on the coasts of the Persian Gulf, through Arabia, to the Red Sea; and thence crossed over to Africa, and occupied its eastern coast, and gradually penetrated into the interior of Abyssinia. (Dr. Hales's Analysis of Chrology, vol. i. p. 379.) CUTH or CUTHAH, the land of the Cuthites, who were brought by the king of Assyria into the desolated Kingdom of Israel, and there amalgamated with the ancient inhabitants into the Samaritan people. (2 Kings 30. 24.) Nothing certain is now known of this country. CYMBAL, a musical instrument, notice of, 513. CYPRUS, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, situated between Cicilia and Syria, DA and anciently celebrated for the profligacy of its inhabitants, whose principal deity was the impure goddess Venus. Here Paul and Barnabas landed, a. D. 44, and successfully preached the Gospel. (Acts xiii. 4. et seq. xxi. 3.) Cyprus proved to have been a proconsulate, Vol. I. p. 193. The climate of Cyprus is said to be very unhealthy, especially in the summer, when the heat is intense and suffocating. CYRENE, the principal city of the province of Lybia in Africa, which was thence sometimes denominated Cyrenaica, and which by the evangelist Luke is called Libya about Cyrene. (Acts ii. 10.) Simon, whom the Jews compelled to bear our Saviour's cross (Matt. xxvii. 32. Luke xxiii. 26.), was a native of this place. At Cyrene resided many Jews, who were protected by the Ptolemies and by the Roman power, and who had a synagogue at Jerusalem. Among the Christians who were scattered abroad in consequence of the persecution that arose about Stephen, Luke enumerates those of Cyrene. (Acts xi. 20.) CYRENIUS, in Latin Quirinius (Publius Sulpicius), (Luke ii. 2.) was a Roman Senator, of an obcure family, but raised to the highest honours by Augustus. (Tacit. An. lib. iii. c. 48.) He was governor of Syria, about the end of B.C. 4, for about three years. After the banishment of Archelaus, the son and successor of Herod the Great, to Vienne in Gaul, on account of his cruelties, his territories were reduced into a Roman Province. (Josephus, Bell. Jud. lib. ii. c. vii. § 3. and c. viii. § 1.) Cyrenius was again governor of Syria, A.D. 6, when he took the census of the inhabitants of Judæa which had been commanded by Augustus; who had been displeased with Herod, but whose anger Herod had found means of propitiating. CYRUS, king of Persia, the son of Cambyses a Persian satrap or grandee and Mandane, was the liberator of the Jews from the Babylonish captivity. The prophet Isaiah (xliv. 28.) mentioned him by name two hundred years before he was born. See PERSIA, infrà. DAGON, a Phoenician idol, notice of, 374. DALMANUTHA. See MAGDALA, infrà. DALMATIA, a province of Europe on DA the east of the Adriatic Sea, and forming part of the ancient Illyricum. In this province, Titus preached the Gospel. (2 Tim. 4. 10.) DAMASCUS, a very ancient city, where Eliezer the servant of Abraham dwelt, was built, according to Josephus (Antiq. | 1. i. c. 7. § 15.), by Uz the son of Aram, mentioned in Gen. x. 23., and situated in the valley between Libanus and Antilibanus, watered by the rivers Abana and Pharpar. (2 Kings v. 12.) It was made tributary to David (2 Sam. viii. 6.); afterwards it was the capital city of the kings of Syria. (Isa. vii. 8.) It is celebrated for its antiquity, and for being still one of the richest and most magnificent cities of the Levant, but most of all for being the place of the miraculous conversion of St. Paul. At that period, Damascus was properly under the Roman dominion, but it was held for a time by Aretas. It is situated in a beautiful plain. The Street, still called Straight, where St. Paul dwelt, is entered from the road by Jerusalem. It is as straight as an arrow, a mile in length, broad, and well paved; and is the most important and capacious street in Damascus, and one of the busiest scenes of eastern commerce within the city. (Irby's and Mangle's Travels, pp. 281, 282. Carne's Letters, p. 275. Wilson's Lands of the Bible, vol. ii. p. 351.) The region around this city is in the Old Testament called Syria of Damascus. The manufactures and commerce of Modern Damascus are very extensive. DAN: 1. The son of Jacob and Bilhah, gave his name to one of the tribes of Israel. For the limits of the district assigned to this tribe, see p. 12. In Rev. vii. 6. the name of the tribe of Dan is omitted, either through the mistake of the transcribers, who mistook AAN for MAN, and so wrote Manasseh; or because the tribe had become extinct; or, by its early apostasy, had become the common receptacle of idols and corrupter of the rest. (See Judg. xviii.) Dr. Robinson thinks that the first opinion is the most probable, because the tribe of Joseph is afterwards mentioned, which included Manasseh and Ephraim. There appears to have been an ancient tradition in the church, that, when Antichrist sbould come, he should be a Jew, and of the tribe of Dan. (Woodhouse on Rev. vii. 6.) 2. The name of a city in the northern extremity of Judæa, in the tribe of Nephtali; it was situated at the foot of Mount DE Libanus, not far from the source of the river Jordan. Here Jeroboam I. set up one of the golden calves. See CESAREA PHILIPPI, pp. 641, 642. suprà. The name of this city is best known, perhaps, by the almost proverbial expression-from Dan to Beersheba · - as denoting the whole extent of the promised land. (Robinson's Biblical Researches, vol. iii. p. 358.) DANCING of the Jews, 516. Idolatrous dances of the heathens, 383, 384. DANIEL, a distinguished Jewish prophet, who lived and wrote at Babylon during the captivity. For a further account of Daniel and his predictions, see Vol. II. pp. 905 — 940 DARIUS, the common name of several Persian kings, three of whom are mentioned in the Old Testament; viz. 1. Darius the Mede, or Cyaxares II. (Dan. vi. 1.) 2. Darius, the son of Hystaspes, whom archbishop Ussher supposes to be the Ahasuerus that married Esther. 3. Darius Codomanus, who is mentioned in Neh. xii. 22. See PERSIA, infrà. DARTS, fiery, explained, 248, note 3. DATHAN, one of those who, with Korah, Abiram, and On, conspired against Moses; and, with his accomplices, was swallowed up in the earth. (Numb. xvi.) DAUGHTERS, education of, 451. Portions of, 453. DAVID, the second king of Israel, was the son of Jesse, of the tribe of Judah, and the town of Bethlehem. He was the founder of the Jewish dynasty; and from him, in the fulness of the time appointed by God, descended the Messiah, of whom he is considered as an illustrious type. A military order established by him, see pp. 244, 245. DAVID, City of, 20. DAY, how reckoned by the Jews and Romans, 187, 188. DAY OF ATONEMENT, how solemnized, 345, 346. DEAD, law of Moses concerning, 556. Preparation of, for interment, 557-560. Funeral rites of, 560-564. Duration of mourning for the dead, 570. DEAD SEA, description of, 47-50. Chemical analysis of its waters, 47. note. DEAF persons, law concerning, 217. DEATH, Jewish notions of, 556. DEBORAH. 1. The name of Sarah's nurse, who attended her into Canaan, and continued to reside in the family of Isaac, until her death in the vicinity of Bethel, where she DE was interred with much lamentation under an oak, from that circumstance termed Allon Bachuth, or the Oak of Weeping (Gen. xxiv. 57. xxxv. 8.) 2. A prophetess, the wife of Lapidoth, and the fourth judge of Israel. She was the only woman who ever filled that high office. (Judg. iv. v.) DEBTORS, laws concerning, 158, 159. DECAPITATION, punishment of, 174. DECAPOLIS, district of, 17. DECLARATIONS of war, when and how made, 235, 236. DEDAN. 1. A nomadic tribe, who were descended from Abraham by Keturah. (Gen. xxv. 3.) They dwelt in the northern part of Arabia, near Edom or Idumæa. (Jer. xxv. 23. xlix. 8. Ezek. xxv. 13.) 2. A very commercial people, descended from Cush, who dwelt in the eastern part of Arabia near the Persian Gulph. (Isa. xxi. 13. Ezek. xxvii. 15.) DEDICATION, Feast of, 345, 346. DERBE, a city of Lycaonia, near Isauria, not far from the Cilician range of Mount Taurus. It was the country of Timothy, and is mentioned in Acts xiv. 6. Various ruins of this place are said still to exist, but they have not been described by any modern traveller. (Col. Leake's Tour in Asia Minor, pp. 100, 101.) DESERTS in Palestine, account of, 71, 72. Horrors of the Great Arabian Desert described, 73-75. "DEVOUT MEN," who they were, 294. DEWS, heavy, in Palestine, 39. DIANA ("Aprεc), a heathen goddess, the DO fabled daughter of Jupiter and Latona, and the twin sister of Apollo. She presided over forests and hunting, and also over child-birth, and was especially worshipped at EPHESUS, where a temple was erected in her honour, which, for its extent and magnificence, was anciently reputed to be one of the wonders of the world. (Acts xix. 25. 27, 28, 34, 35.) DICHOTOMY, an oriental punishment, 175. DINAH was the daughter of Jacob and Leah, at the time the patriarch dwelt not far from the country occupied by the Hivites. Prompted by curiosity, she went out to see the daughters of the land, most probably to a festival, when she was ravished by Schechem, a prince of the Hivites. It is not known what became of her, after the extermination of the Schechemites (Gen. xxxiv.); but it appears from Gen. xlvi. 15. that she was living in the patriarch's family, and accompanied him into Egypt. DIONYSIUS, a member of the tribunal of the Areopagus at Athens, who was induced by the preaching of St. Paul to embrace the Christian religion. (Acts xvii. 34.) DIOSCURI, or the Twins (Atoσkovpoi), Castor and Pollux, the fabled sons of Jupiter and Leda, were supposed to have some peculiar power over storms: hence they became the patron deities of seamen. (Acts xxviii. 11.) DIOTREPHES, a professing Christian, who (it appears) did not receive with hospitality those whom the apostle John sent to him, or permit others to do so. (3 John, 9.) DISEASES mentioned in the Scriptures, and their treatment, 546-555. DISPERSION, Jews of the, who they were, 293. DO DOEG, an Idumean proselyte, who was Saul's chief herdsman: he put to death the priests at Nob, whom Saul imagined to be in conspiracy with David, and to supply him with provisions. (1 Sam. xxii. 9-19.) DOMESTIC CUSTOMS and usages of the Jews, 464-483. DOR, or DORA, the capital of NephetDora, a district in Canaan which was conquered by Joshua. (Judg. xii. 23.) It was situated on the coast not far from Mount Carmel, and anciently was a large and important town. It is now a miserable village, consisting of a few wretched houses. There are considerable masses of ruins here. (Wilson's Lands of the Bible, vol. ii. pp. 249, 250.) DORCAS, a charitable and pious Christian widow of Joppa, whom Peter restored to life. (Acts ix. 36-41.) Like the Syriac name Tabitha, it signifies a gazelle. DRESS, of the Priests, 303. Of the High Priest, 305-307. Of the Jews, description of, 427-439. DRINK, medicated, given to Christ, nature of, 183. Ordinary drink of the Jews, 476, 477. DRINK-OFFERINGS, account of, 321. DURA, a plain in the Babylonian empire, mentioned in Dan. iii. According to the historian Polybius, with whom Professor Gesenius agrees, it was situated in Mesopotamia, at the mouth of the river Chebar or Chaboras. It is now a wilderness, with here and there a shapeless mound, the remains of some ancient habitation. (Layard's Discoveries in Nineveh and Babylon, p. 470.) DWELLINGS of the Jews, account of, 411-422., and of their furniture, 422426. ED height. From Ebal the curses were pronounced. (Deut. xi. 29. Josh. viii. 30.) The side of Ebal, along the foot, is full of ancient excavated sepulchres. Ebal is barren; Gerizim, though not cultivated, has rather a fertile appearance. (Dr. Robinson's Biblical Researches, vol. ii. p. 97.) ECBATANA, the Achmetha of Ezra (vi. 2.), was the principal city of Media, on the site of which stands the modern Hamadan. It was remarkable for the coolness of its temperature; on which account it was chosen to be the summer residence of Cyrus and the succeeding kings of Persia. It was built and fortified by Deioces, king of the Medes. The tombs of Esther and Mordecai are said to be still preserved here; and a colony of Jews, who have been resident at Hamadan from time immemorial, protect their remains. (Alcock's [unpublished] Travels in Russia, Persia, and Greece, in 1828-29, p. 80. London, 1831, 8vo.) EDEN. 1. The name of the country in which the Garden of our first parents was placed. (Gen. ii. 8. 15. iii. 23, 24. iv. 16.) It has been variously supposed to have been situated in Syria, in Babylonia, near the mouth of the Euphrates and in Armenia, whence issue the heads of the Euphrates and Tigris, two of the paradisiacal rivers well ascertained; and two others, whose springs are in the neighbourhood, agree in many respects with the third and fourth rivers mentioned by Moses. This last opinion is the most probable, and has been chiefly adopted. A synoptical view of the nine principal hypotheses respecting the site of the terrestrial paradise is given by the Rev. N. Morren, with illustrative notes, in his translation of Rosenmüller's Biblical Geography of Central Asia, vol. i. pp. 91-98. 2. A pleasant city of Syria, situated on Mount Lebanon. In our authorised version of Amos i. 5. it is rendered the house of Eden (marg. rendering Beth-Eden). A beautifully situated village, called Ehden still exists on Lebanon. 3. A country of Mesopotamia or Assyria, under the power of the Assyrians. (2 Kings xix. 12. Isa. xxxvii. 12.) In Ezek. xxvii. 23. it is joined with Asshur. Prof. Gesenius conjectures that it may be Maedon in Diarebekir, towards the Tigris. EDOMITES, notice of. See pp. 8, 9; and Idumæa, pp. 17, 18. |