B. C.

198 Antiochus once more takes Palestine, but promises to return it to Ptolemy V.
Epiphanes (who had ascended the throne of Egypt B. C. 204), as a marriage-
dowry to his daughter, whom Ptolemy married.

193 In consequence of this marriage, Palestine reverts to Egypt.

176 Palestine subjected to Syria. Son of Simon II. high priest. Heliodorus
attempts to plunder the temple.

175 Jason, the brother of Onias, purchases for himself the high priest's office, and
becomes the head of the "Greek" party among the Jews.

172 The high priest's office transferred to Menelaus (Onias), who subsequently
plundered the treasures of the temple.

Antiochus IV. Epiphanes, king of Syria, being informed of the rebellious con-
duct of the Jews, plunders the temple, and causes a great slaughter among the
Jews.

167 A Syrian army under Apollonius seizes Jerusalem and inflicts great cruelties
upon the Jews.

The worship of Jehovah prohibited, and a statue of Jupiter Olympius set up in
the temple.

Insurrection of part of the Jews under Mattathias.

THE ASMONÆAN PRINCES, OR MACCABEES.

166 On the death of Mattathias, his son Judas (surnamed Maccabæus) becomes a
successful leader of the Jewish patriots, and obtains various successes
against the Syrians.

164 Jerusalem taken by the Jews. The temple purified. First offering on the 25th
of the month Chisleu.

Judas head or prince of the country, and undertakes operations against the
neighbouring tribes.

163 The Jews besiege the fortress in Jerusalem. A Syrian army enters the land.
Antiochus V. Eupator (who succeeded Antiochus IV. on the throne of
Syria this year) makes peace with Judas.

161 Alcimus, the head of the "Greek" party, is confirmed as high priest by Deme-
trius (Soter), and is introduced by a Syrian army. Judas Maccabæus de-
feated by the Syrians and slain. Jonathan takes his place, as leader of the
Jews.
159 Alcimus dies suddenly. The Jews live in peace with the Syrians for some

years.

152 Jonathan, going over to the party of Alexander Balas, the rival of Demetrius
Soter for the throne of Syria, is named high priest by him.

147 Jonathan, as an ally of Alexander, takes the field against Demetrius.
145 Jonathan goes over to Demetrius, by whom he is confirmed as high priest; but the
Syrians still hold the fortress at Jerusalem. Jonathan sends troops to De-
metrius against the Antiochian party, who had revolted; but he soon declares
for Antiochus.

144

143 Jonathan taken prisoner by Tryphon. Simon leader of the Maccabees. Jo-
nathan soon after murdered.

142 Simon joins Demetrius, and proclaims the Jewish people free from tribute. The
first year of Jewish freedom. Peace and returning prosperity to the Jews.
141 Simon takes and demolishes the fortress which Antiochus Epiphanes had
erected to curb Jerusalem, and levels the hill on which it stood.

135 Simon is murdered with two of his sons by Ptolemy his son-in-law, and is suc-
ceeded by his son John, surnamed Hyrcanus, as high priest and leader of the
Jews.

130 John Hyrcanus asserts his independency against the Syrians, and destroys the
temple on Mount Gerizim.

129 He conquers the Idumæans or Edomites, whom he compels to be circumcised,
and incorporates them among the Jews.

Aristobulus and Antigonus, sons of Hyrcanus, lay siege to Samaria, which
city falls into the hands of Hyrcanus with all Galilee.

Death of John Hyrcanus. He is succeeded by his elder son Aristobulus, who
first assumed the insignia and title of KING.

B. C.

106 Ituræa conquered by Aristobulus, who dies, and is succeeded by his brother

Alexander Jannæus.

95 A mutiny of the Jews at the temple of Jerusalem against Alexander Jannæus,
who slays six hundred men.

94 He subdues the inhabitants of Gilead and the Moabites.

79 The death of Alexander Jannæus, after many successes and cruelties. He is
succeeded on the throne by his wife Alexandra; who, consulting the Pha-
risees, reigned peaceably to the end of her life.

78 Hyrcanus II. made high priest by Alexandra.

77 The Pharisees, managing the affairs of Alexandra, grievously oppress the Jews.
76 The Romans greatly extend their conquests both in Asia and in Africa, and
reduce many regions into the form of provinces.

72 The birth of Herod, afterwards called the Great.

70 The death of Alexandra. The kingdom seized by Hyrcanus, who is soon de-
prived of it by Aristobulus his younger brother.

65 Syria reduced into the form of a province by Pompey the Great ;

63 Who, being appealed to by Hyrcanus and Aristobulus, and promising to arbi-
trate between them, discovered that Aristobulus was preparing for war.
Pompey marched against Jerusalem, which he captured after three months'
siege, and restored Hyrcanus.

57 Disturbances roused in Judæa by Aristobulus and his son Alexander, who were
vanquished by the Roman commander Gabinius.

47 Antipater, an Idumæan or Edomite, made ruler over the Jews by Julius Cæsar,
nominally under Hyrcanus, but in reality superseding him.

44 The walls of Jerusalem rebuilt by Antipater, by permission of the Romans.
Death of Antipater.

43

42 Antigonus, the son of Aristobulus, excites disturbances in Judæa; but is van-
quished by Herod.

40 Hyrcanus made prisoner by the Parthians, who appoint Antigonus king of
Judæa. Herod flees to Rome, where the senate nominate him king of the
Jews.

37 Herod takes Jerusalem, which he had besieged two years before.

Ananclus, an obscure Babylonian, appointed high priest.

36 Deposition of Ananclus. The royal infant Aristobulus named high priest, but he
was soon after murdered by Herod.

31 Herod confirmed in his kingdom by the Roman emperor Augustus.

21 Herod begins to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem.

19 The temple completed.

5 The birth of John the Baptist.

The census, or registration of estates and families throughout Judæa, was made
about this time; but the taxes were not imposed or collected until some
years after

PART III.

THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS FROM THE BIRTH OF JESUS CHRIST TO THE
DESTRUCTION OF JERUSALEM.

The Christian Era begins FOUR YEARS after the real Time when Jesus Christ
was born.

Before
the Year
Vulgar
of
Era. J. C.

4

1

The Nativity of Jesus Christ at Bethlehem.

The presentation of Jesus in the temple.

Visit of Wise Men from the East at Bethlehem.

Herod in vain attempts to murder the infant Saviour, but cruelly
massacres the children at Bethlehem.

2 Death of Herod. Archelaus appointed Ethnarch of Judæa. Joseph and
Mary, returning out of Egypt, settle at Nazareth in Galilee.

3

1

3

V. E.

or

A. D.

12

12

27

8 Archelaus deposed for maladministration, and exiled to Gaul. Judæa
made a province of the Roman Empire by Quirinius or Cyrenius,
governor of Syria, who first levied the taxes according to the census
before made. The administration of Judæa was put into the hands
of procurators, the first of whom was Coponius.

2 228

29

30 33

Jesus went up to Jerusalem, and at the temple sat in the midst of the
Teachers of the Law, both hearing them and asking them questions.
Pontius Pilate appointed Procurator of Judæa.

Christ purges the Temple and preaches in Judæa.
Imprisonment of John the Baptist.

The twelve apostles sent forth. John the

35 THIRD PASSOVER.- Seventy disciples sent forth.
Transfiguration of Jesus Christ.

32

33

37

FOURTH PASSOVER.

---

The crucifixion, death, resurrection, and as-
cension of Jesus Christ.

Feast of Pentecost. Descent of the Holy Spirit.

-

The Christian Church increased.

The martyrdom of Stephen.- First Jewish persecution of the Church.

The conversion of Saul.

Herod king of Judæa.

Second Jewish persecution of the Church.

Paul sent a prisoner to Rome, and shipwrecked at Malta.

He arrives at Rome, and continues there a prisoner two years.
Paul set at liberty.

67 Paul comes out of Italy into Judæa; visits the churches in Crete
Ephesus, Macedonia, and Greece.

Several prodigies at Jerusalem, this year, during the passover.

Paul goes to Rome the last time; is there put into prison; also Peter.
Second Epistle of Paul to Timothy.

The Epistle of Jude written in this or the following year.

V. E.

or
A. D.

66

67

68

70

71

Year
of
J. C.
69

Paul and Peter put to death at Rome.

Cestius Gallus, governor of Syria, comes to Jerusalem; enumerates the
Jews at the passover.

Disturbances at Cæsarea, and at Jerusalem.

Florus puts several Jews to death.

The Jews rise and kill the Roman garrison at Jerusalem.

A massacre of the Jews at Cæsarea and in Palestine.

All the Jews of Scythopolis slain in one night.

Cestius, governor of Syria, comes into Judæa.

He besieges the temple of Jerusalem; retires; is defeated by the
Jews.

The Christians of Jerusalem, seeing a war about to break out, retire to
Pella, in the kingdom of Agrippa, beyond Jordan.

Vespasian appointed by Nero for the Jewish war.

Josephus made governor of Galilee.

Vespasian sends his son Titus to Alexandria; comes himself to Antioch,
and forms a numerous army.

70 Vespasian enters Judæa; subdues Galilee.

Tiberias and Tarichæa, which had revolted against Agrippa, reduced
to obedience by Vespasian.

Divisions in Jerusalem.

The Zealots seize the temple, commit violences in Jerusalem, and send
for the Idumæans to succour Jerusalem.

71 Vespasian takes all the places of strength in Judæa about Jerusalem.
Simon, son of Gioras, ravages Judæa and the south of Idumæa.

In this or the following year John writes his three Epistles.

73 Titus marches against Jerusalem to besiege it.

Comes down before Jerusalem some days before the passover.

The factions unite at first against the Romans, but afterwards divide
again.

The Romans take the first inclosure of Jerusalem; then the second :
they make a wall all round the city, which is reduced to distress by
famine.

July 17. The perpetual sacrifice ceases in the temple.

The Romans become masters of the court of the Gentiles, and set fire
to the galleries.

A Roman soldier sets the temple on fire, notwithstanding Titus com-
mands the contrary.

The Romans, being now masters of the city and temple, offer sacrifices
to their gods.

The last inclosure of the city taken.

74 Titus demolished the temple to its very foundation.

He also demolished the city, reserving the towers of Hippicos, Pha-
zael, and Mariamne.

Titus returns to Rome with his father Vespasian; they triumph over
Judæa.

John banished to Patmos.

John is liberated from exile, and writes his Gospel and Revelation about
this time.

No. III.

A CONCISE DICTIONARY

OF THE

SYMBOLICAL LANGUAGE OF THE SCRIPTURES.

[Referred to in page 522. of this Volume, and designed to facilitate the perusal of the Poetical and Prophetical Books.']

ABOMINATIONS.

1. Sin in general. — Isa. lxvi. 3. Their soul delighteth in abominations.-Ezek. xvi. 50. They... committed abomination before me. See also ver. 51.

2. An Idol. - Isa. xliv. 19. Shall I make the residue thereof an abomination? See also 2 Kings xxiii. 13.

3. The rites and ceremonies of the idolatrous and corrupt church of Rome.-Rev. xvii. 4. Having a golden cup in her hand, full of abominations.

4. Abomination of Desolation.-The Roman army, so called on account of its ensigns and images which the soldiers worshipped, and which were abominable to the Jews.

- Matt. xxiv. 15. When ye shall see the abomination of desolation spoken of by Daniel the Prophet.

ADULTEROUS Generation (Matt. xii. 39., xvi. 4.; Mark viii. 38.); a faithless and impious generation.

See

ADULTERY. Idolatry and apostasy from
the worship of the true God.-Jer. iii. 8,
9. When backsliding Israel committed adul-
tery... with stones and with stocks.
also Ezek. xvi. 32., xxiii. 37.; Rev. ii. 22.
AIR, Wind, Breath.—The Holy Spirit.
John iii. 8. The wind bloweth where it
listeth; and thou hearest the sound thereof,
but canst not tell whence it cometh and
whither it goeth; so is every one that is
born of the Spirit. - John xx. 22. He
breathed on them, and saith unto them,
"Receive
ye the Holy Ghost.". Acts ii.
2. 4. Suddenly there came a sound from
Heaven as of a rushing mighty wind
And they were all filled with the Holy
Ghost. See PRINCE.

-

ALPHA and OMEGA, an appellation which Jesus Christ appropriates to himself; to denote that, as he is the Creator, so he will be the final judge of all things.—Rev. i. 8. I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending.

AMEN.

1. Truth and faithfulness; a title of Christ.
Rev. iii. 14. Thus saith the Amen;
Truth, i. e. He who is true says, &c.
2. So be it: a form of wishing, approving,
or praying at the end of a sentence.

1 Besides the authorities cited for particular words, this Dictionary of the Prophetic or Symbolical Language of the Scriptures has been drawn up, after a careful perusal of the remarks on this subject by Sir Isaac Newton, Bishops Lowth and Hurd, the Commentary of William Lowth on the Prophets, the Rev. William Jones's Key to the Language of Prophecy, Dr. Lancaster's admirable Symbolical Alphabetical Dictionary prefixed to his Abridgment of Daubuz's Perpetual Commentary on the Revelation of St. John, Robinson's Greek Lexicon to the New Testament, and Dr. Woodhouse's Notes to his Translation of the Apocalypse. Those symbols, and interpretations of symbols, which have been the subject of controversy among some late writers on prophecy, are designedly omitted.