B.C. phis, which lasted five years, and was at last abandoned by the Athenians. 457. War between the Athenians and the Corinthians, assisted by other Peloponnesians. Myronides, the Athenian general, defeats the Corinthians at 456. Myronides gains a brilliant victory over the Thebans at Enophyta. Completion of the Long Walls. Surrender of Egina. Death of Eschylus. 455. The Athenians gain several advantages over the Peloponnesians, and capture Naupactus. Euripides produces his first play. 454. The Athenians undertake the restoration of Orestes, but are defeated and compelled to retreat from Thessaly. Pericles repulsed from Eniadæ. Assassination of Ephialtes. 453. Cimon recalled to Athens: an armistice for three years, followed by a truce for five years. 449. Death of Cimon at Citium in Cyprus. The Athenian fleet defeats that of the Phoenicians and Cilicians. 448. War between the Delphians and the Phocians respecting the superintendence of the oracle of Apollo. Sparta supports the Delphians, Athens the Phocians. 447. The Athenians under Tolmides defeated by the Boeotians in the battle of Coronea. The ascendency of Athens in Boeotia destroyed. 445. Expiration of the five years' truce. Revolt of Euboea and Megara. Invasion of Attica by the Peloponnesians. Subjugation of Euboea. A truce for thirty years concluded between Athens and Sparta. 444. Thucydides, the leader of the Athenian aristocracy, sent into exile. The power of Pericles at its height. He carries a law excluding nearly 5000 persons from the rights of citizenship. 443. The colony of Thurii established. 440. The revolt of Samos. Its conquest by Pericles. Byzantium also taken by the Athenians. The sovereignty of Athens over her allies established. 438. Death of Pindar. Perfection of the Attic drama. 438-432. Pericles adorns Athens by the erection of the Parthenon, Propylæa, &c. 435. A war breaks out between Corinth and Corcyra respecting Epidamnus. 434. The Corcyræans defeat the Corinthians in a naval engagement near Actium. 433. The Athenians conclude a defensive alliance with Corcyra, and send a fleet to its assistance. 432. Battle of Sybota between the Corcyræan and Corinthian fleets. Thucydides regards this battle as the first occasion of the war between Athens and Corinth. B.C. Prosecution and death of Phidias. Accusation and acquittal of Aspasia. War between Perdiccas and the Athenians. Revolt of Potidæa and other Chalcidian towns. Defeat of the Corinthians under Aristeus by the Athenian general Callias. Meeting of the Peloponnesian confederates at Sparta, and declaration of war against Athens. This was the commencement of the Peloponnesian war. 431. First year of the Peloponnesian war. The Thebans attack Platea, but are repulsed. The Spartan king, Archidamus, invades Attica, and besieges (Enoe. Meantime the Athenians land at Methone, from which they are repulsed by Brasidas. Ægina and Cephallenia occupied by the Athenians. who also form an alliance with Sitalces, and devastate Ægaris. 430. Second year of the Peloponnesian war. The plague breaks out at Athens. Second invasion of Attica. The Athenians ravage the coast of Peloponnesus. Surrender of Potidea. 429. Third year of the Peloponnesian war. Continuance of the plague; death of Pericles. Commencement of the heroic defence of Platea. The Athenian fleet under Phormio defeats that of the Peloponnesians in the Corinthian gulf. The allies make an incursion into Salamis. 428. Fourth year of the Peloponnesian war. Third invasion of Attica. Revolt of Lesbos from the Athenians. First im 427. Fifth year of the Peloponnesian war. Fourth invasion of Attica. Surrender of Mytilene, and conquest of Lesbos by Paches. First appearance of a Peloponnesian fleet in Asia Minor. Surrender and destruction of Plataa. Cleon appears as a leader of the Athenian people. Civil war in Corcyra. Nicias takes and fortifies Minoa. The Athenians begin to interfere in the affairs of Sicily. The plague breaks out again in Attica. 426. Sixth year of the Peloponnesian war. Earthquakes deter the Spartans from entering Attica. The Athenians are successful in Boeotia, Locris, Ætolia, Sicily, and southern Italy. 425. Seventh year of the Peloponnesian war. Fifth invasion of Attica. The Athenian general Demosthenes takes and fortifies Pylus, which is besieged by the Spartans both by land and sea. The Athenian fleet arrives and blockades the Spartans in Sphacteria. Negotiations for peace. Cleon takes Sphacteria, and conveys all the Spartan prisoners to Athens. Nicias lays waste the coast of Peloponnesus. 424. Eighth year of the Peloponnesian war. Continued success of the Athenians. Nicias takes possession of the island of Cythera, and ravages the coast of Peloponnesus. General pacification of Sicily. Brasidas prevents Megara falling into the hands of the Athenians. Battle of Delium, in which the Boeotians completely defeat the Athenians B.C. Brasidas takes Acanthus, Amphipolis, and many other towns in Chalcidice. 423. Ninth year of the Peloponnesian war. A truce for one year concluded. Revolt of Scione and Mende from Athens. A peace, commonly 420. Twelfth year of the Peloponnesian war. The Argives form 419. Thirteenth year of the Peloponnesian war. Hostilities be- 418. Fourteenth year of the Peloponnesian war. The Lacedæ- monians invade the Argive territory. The Athenians assist Argos. The Argive confederates invade Arcadia. battle of Mantinea, in which the Spartans gain a decisive victory. Conclusion of a treaty of alliance for fifty years 417. Fifteenth year of the Peloponnesian war. 416. Sixteenth year of the Peloponnesian war. The Athenians besiege and conquer Melos. Ambassadors from the Si- cilian town of Egesta come to Athens to solicit aid against 415. Seventeenth year of the Peloponnesian war. The Athenians resolve to send an expedition to Sicily. The mutilation of the Hermæ. Charge brought against Alcibiades. Arrival of the fleet in Sicily. Alcibiades recalled to Athens, but escapes to Peloponnesus. The Athenians commence the siege of Syracuse. Gylippus sent by the Spartans to 414. Eighteenth year of the Peloponnesian war. Siege of Syra- cuse continued. Battle of Epipolæ gained by the Athe- nians. Death of Lamachus. The circumvallation of 413. Nineteenth year of the Peloponnesian war. The Spartans, B.C. siege of Syracuse raised. The Athenians retreat, but are pursued and compelled to surrender. Nicias and Demosthenes put to death. Conclusion of the Sicilian war. Sparta becomes a maritime power. The allies of Athens make preparations for revolt. 412. Twentieth year of the Peloponnesian war. Alcibiades goes with a Spartan fleet to Asia Minor. Chios and other Ionian states revolt from Athens. First treaty between Persia and Sparta concluded. The Athenians recover many of their possessions in Asia Minor. Alcibiades deserts the Spartans, and acquires great influence over Tissaphernes. He intrigues for the purpose of procuring his recall to Athens. 411. Twenty-first year of the Peloponnesian war. Oligarchical government established at Athens. Democratic reaction in the Athenian army at Samos, which recalls Alcibiades, and elects him its general. The oligarchy at Athens overthrown by the people, who send commissioners to recall Alcibiades. Battle of Cynossema. The Peloponnesians defeated in the battle of Abydos. 410. Twenty-second year of the Peloponnesian war. The Lacedæmonians defeated at Cyzicus by Alcibiades, who recovers many places in Asia Minor. 409. Twenty-third year of the Peloponnesian war. The Athenians gain possession of Byzantium. 408. Twenty-fourth year of the Peloponnesian war. Alcibiades returns in triumph to Athens, and conducts his fellowcitizens to Eleusis. Goes to Andros and Samos. Lysander appointed the Spartan commander in Asia Minor. 407. Twenty-fifth year of the Peloponnesian war. Battle of Notium, in which the Athenians are defeated. Alcibiades deposed from the command, and retires to Chersonesus. Conon appointed in his stead. 406. Twenty-sixth year of the Peloponnesian war. Callicratidas succeeds Lysander as Spartan commander, and is killed in the battle of Arginusa, in which the Athenians defeat the Lacedæmonians. Six of the Athenian generals put to death. Lysander again assumes the chief command. 405. Twenty-seventh year of the Peloponnesian war. Lysander totally defeats the Athenians at Egospotami, and subdues nearly all their possessions in Asia: he then sails to Attica, and invests Athens by land and sea. Negotiations for peace, the terms of which are finally submitted to by the Athenians. 404. Lysander enters Athens, and sets up the government of the Thirty Tyrants. He takes Samos and returns to Sparta. Death of Alcibiades. 403. Thrasybulus makes himself master of Piræus. The government of the Thirty overthrown, and democracy re-established. The Solonian constitution restored and revised. 401-400. Expedition of Cyrus against his brother Artaxerxes. B.C. the king of Persia; terminated by the battle of Cunaxa, 399. War in Asia Minor between Persia and Sparta. Dercyllidas Trial and execution of Socrates at Athens. 398. Death of king Agis, and accession of Agesilaus. 396. Agesilaus assumes the command in Asia Minor, and winters 395. Agesilaus defeats the Persians on the river Pactolus, subdues nearly the whole of Asia Minor, and makes preparations for penetrating into the interior of the Persian empire. A league against Sparta formed in Greece. War between the Locrians and Phocians. Lysander killed before Hali- artus. The Spartan king Pausanias goes into exile. 394. Agesilaus recalled to Greece. Battle of Corinth. The Spartan fleet destroyed in a battle off Cnidus by the com- 393. Iphicrates introduces various changes in the armour of the 392. The walls of Athens completed. 391. The Spartans send Antalcidas to negotiate terms of peace 387. The peace of Antalcidas concluded, which sacrifices the free- 382. The Spartan Phoebidas seizes upon the Cadmea at Thebes. Death of Ismenias. Pelopidas escapes from Thebes to 379. In this year the power of the Spartans was at its highest point. Pelopidas, assisted by the Athenians, liberates Thebes from the dominion of Sparta. 378. Beginning of the Theban war, which continued till B.C. 362. Cleombrotus invades the Theban territory The Athenians prepare for war, and form an alliance with the Boeotians. A new confederacy formed against Sparta. Agesilaus invades Bootia. Death of Phoebidas. 377. Agesilaus again makes an inroad into the territory of 376. Cleombrotus compelled by the Athenians and Thebans to 375. The Spartans defeated in a battle near Orchomenus by the 371. Peace concluded between Athens and Sparta. Cleombrotus |