crusaders, looking upon it as the bulwark of Egypt on the Mediterranean side, made it the object of many attacks. In one of these sieges it was captured by Louis IX. of France (1249); | but the victorious monarch, having fallen soon after into the hands of the Arabs, was forced to purchase his freedom by restoring the city to its former owners. The sultan of Egypt, because of its exposed position, razed it to the ground, built the present city, and blocked up that mouth of the Nile by which it communicates with the sea.

DAMIRON, Jean Philibert, a French eclectic philosopher, born at Belleville, May 10, 1794, died in Paris, Jan. 11, 1862. A pupil of the normal school, he taught literature and philosophy in provincial colleges, and was called to Paris, where he occupied a chair of philosophy in three of the principal colleges, and was finally appointed professor of philosophy in the faculty of letters. In 1836 he was elected to the academy of moral and political sciences, where he succeeded Destutt de Tracy. His works are: Essai sur l'histoire de la philosophie au XIX siècle (1828); Cours de philosophie (1831), treating of psychology, logic, and morals; Essai sur l'histoire de la philosophie au XVII siècle (1846), giving a synopsis of the philosophical systems of Descartes, Gassendi, Spinoza, Malebranche, Bossuet, and Fénelon, and concluding with his own opinions; Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de la philosophie du XVIII siècle (1857); Souvenirs de vingt ans d'enseignement à la faculté des lettres de Paris (1859); and Conseils adressés à des enfants d'ouvriers et à leurs familles (1861). He also edited Jouffroy's Nouveaux mélanges, with an introductory notice, besides publishing a variety of miscellaneous philosophical memoirs, including sketches of Bayle, Leibnitz, Clarke, Helvétius, Diderot, and others.

DAMOCLES, one of the courtiers of Dionysius the Elder, tyrant of Syracuse. As related by Cicero, Damocles had extolled the happiness of Dionysius in being a rich and powerful king, and the latter, wishing to show him the nature of that happiness, placed him one day at a magnificent banquet, with a naked sword suspended above his head by a single hair.

DAMON AND PYTHIAS, two celebrated Syracusans, whose names are always joined as the types of true and noble friendship. They were both Pythagoreans. Pythias, or correctly Phintias, was condemned to death by Dionysius the Elder, but requested to be temporarily released in order to arrange his affairs, promising to procure a friend to take his place and suffer his punishment if he should not return. Pythias was allowed to depart, and Damon gave himself up as his substitute. Before the time for the execution Pythias returned, and Dionysius set both of them free.

DAMOREAU, Laure Cinthie (MONTALANT), a French vocalist, born in Paris, Feb. 6, 1801, died at Chantilly in 1863. Her parents were employed as concierges in the conservatory,

and she became one of the pupils of that institution. In 1819 she made her first appearance in Paris under the name of Mademoiselle Cinti; but her reputation was not established until four years afterward. In 1827 she left the Paris opera and went to Belgium, where she married M. Damoreau, an actor connected with the theatre of Brussels. In 1829 she sang in the first act of the Matrimonio segreto together with Malibran and Sontag, without being eclipsed by either of those artists. In 1844 she took leave of the French stage, and made a professional tour in the United States. She afterward became professor in the conservatory, and held that position till 1856. She published a Méthode de chant, an Album de romances, and some fugitive pieces.

DAMPIER, William, an English navigator, born at East Coker, Somersetshire, about 1652; the date of his death is unknown. In early life he went to sea, served in the war against the Dutch, and afterward became overseer of a plantation in Jamaica. He next spent three years with a party of logwood cutters on the bay of Campeachy, and wrote an account of his observations on that coast in " Voyages to the Bay of Campeachy" (London, 1729). In 1679 he crossed the isthmus of Darien with a party of buccaneers, who captured several Spanish vessels and pillaged the towns on the Peruvian coast. In 1684 he set out from Virginia with the expedition of Capt. John Cook, which cruised along the coasts of Chili, Peru, and Mexico, making depredations on the Spaniards. He then embarked for the East Indies, touched at Australia, and after cruising for some time in the Indian archipelago landed at Bencoolen. He arrived in England in 1691, and published his "Voyage around the World." In 1699, having been appointed to the command of a sloop of war, he was sent on a voyage of discovery to the South sea. He explored the W. and N. W. coasts of Australia, the coasts of Papua, New Britain, and New Ireland, and gave his name to a small archipelago, and to the strait between Papua and New Britain. After numerous other discoveries, he returned by a new route to Ceram in the Moluccas. On his way to England his ship was wrecked off the island of Ascension. He reached England in 1701, and continued to go to sea till 1711, but the latter part of his life is obscure. He published a Treatise on Winds and Tides," and a " Vindication of his Voyage to the South Sea in the Ship St. George" (1707). The best edition of his collected voyages appeared in London in 1729, in 4 vols. 8vo.

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DAMPIERRE, Auguste Henri Marie Picot, marquis de, a French soldier, born in Paris, Aug. 19, 1756, died in battle near the forest of Vicogne, May 8, 1793. He early entered the army, but Louis XVI. ridiculing his partiality for Frederick the Great and Prussian tactics, he resigned his commission. He became president of the department of Aube, and in 1791 aide

de-camp of Rochambeau, and subsequently served under Biron as colonel of dragoons. He was raised to the rank of general, and at Valmy, Sept. 20, 1792, commanded a division under Dumouriez. At Jemappes, Nov. 6, 1792, he had the principal part in the brilliant victory over the Austrians, but was subsequently defeated at Maestricht, and shared in the defeat at Neerwinden, March 18, 1793. After the defection of Dumouriez Dampierre succeeded as commander-in-chief, and undertook the of fensive against superior numbers of the enemy. He was repulsed on May 6, but renewed the action the following day in the forest of Vicogne, and received a fatal wound. The attack was repelled, but the French retired in good order. The convention, which had been on the point of sending him to the guillotine, decreed public honors to his memory.

DAN. I. The name of the fifth son of Jacob, and of the tribe descended from him. Dan was the first son of Bilha, Rachel's maid, and own brother to Naphtali, and in a sense connected with Joseph and Benjamin. There is no record of his life; and only one son is attributed to him, though his name Hushim is of plural form, and perhaps indicates not an individual but a family. When the people were numbered near Sinai, Dan was the largest tribe except Judah, containing 62,700 men able to serve; and on entering Canaan they had increased 1,700. It was the last tribe to receive its portion of land, which, though fertile, was the smallest of the twelve, lying in the S. W. part of the country, near the Mediterranean. This ground was disputed by the remnant of the Canaanites, and the Danites became necessarily a rude warlike people, and their principal settlement was called Mahaneh-Dan (the encampment of Dan). The tribe is mentioned as late as the time of David, but after that seems to have lost its identity, its people mingling with the other tribes. II. A city in the northern part of Palestine, familiar in the expression "from Dan even to Beersheba." The city was originally called Laish, and was inhabited by people connected with Sidon. A wandering tribe of Danites, tired of their harassed life at home, captured it, and named it after their ancestor, setting up a graven image which they had stolen on their way, and establishing a line of priests who were of the tribe of Levi, but not descended from Aaron. After this settlement it became the recognized northern outpost of Israel. Jeroboam subsequently established an idolatrous worship in Dan. The city was finally laid waste, with other northern cities, by Benhadad.

DAN, a river of Virginia and North Carolina, which rises at the foot of the Blue Ridge in Patrick co., Va., and flows S. E. into Stokes co., N. C. It then turns to the east, and after a winding course of 200 m., during which it five times crosses the boundary between the two states, and drains a tract of 4,000 sq. m., it unites with the Staunton or Roanoke river at

Clarksville, Va. It is navigable by boats as far as Danville, Va.

DANA, Francis, an American jurist, son of Richard Dana, born in Charlestown, Mass., June 13, 1743, died in Cambridge, April 25, 1811. He graduated at Harvard college in 1762, and was admitted to the bar in 1767. He joined the "Sons of Liberty," and John Adams's diary of January, 1766, speaks of the club in which "Lowell, Dana, Quincy, and other young fellows" were not ill employed in lengthened discussions of the right of taxation. In 1773 he acted in behalf of the Rhode Island patriots in concert with John Adams for the prosecution in the matter of Rome's and Moffatt's letters; and in the next year he opposed, though one of the youngest of the bar, the addresses of that body to Gov. Hutchinson on his departure. In September, 1774, he was chosen delegate from Cambridge to the first provincial congress of Massachusetts. In April, 1775, he sailed for England with confidential letters to Dr. Franklin on the critical state of affairs, from Warren, the elder Quincy, Dr. Cooper, and other leaders. In May, 1776, he was chosen by the Massachusetts assembly one of the council, who at that time acted not only as a senate but as the executive of the state; of this body he continued a member till 1780. In the same year he was chosen a delegate from Massachusetts to the congress of 1777, which formed the confederation, and again to the congress of 1778, where he was placed at the head of a committee charged with the entire reorganization of the army and its establishments. Accompanied by President Reed, Gouverneur Morris, and others of the committee, he passed from January to April of that year in the camp at Valley Forge, concerting with Washington the plan subsequently transmitted by congress, June 4, 1778, to the commander-in-chief, "to be proceeded in with the advice and assistance of Mr. Reed and Mr. Dana, or either of them." On Sept. 29, 1779, he was chosen secretary to Mr. Adams's embassy, to negotiate treaties of peace and commerce with Great Britain, sailed with the minister from Boston Nov. 13, and arrived at Paris Feb. 9, 1780. On March 15, 1781, he received in Paris the congressional appointment of minister to Russia, and in July proceeded to St. Petersburg. His powers extended, besides the making of treaties of amity and commerce, to an accession of the United States to the "armed neutrality" of the north. The results of his two years' residence at the court of St. Petersburg are given in detail in Sparks's "Diplomatic Correspondence of the Revolution," vol. viii. He returned to Boston in December, 1783, and in February, 1784, was again delegated by the assembly to the general congress, where he took his seat May 24, and on the 29th was selected to represent Massachusetts on the committee of states, which continued in session until Aug. 11. On Jan. 18, 1785, he was appointed by Gov. Han

cock a justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts. In 1786 he was chosen delegate to the Annapolis convention, which resulted in the call of the convention which framed the constitution of the United States; and to this latter body he was also appointed a delegate, but his judicial duties and his health, still suffering from his residence at St. Petersburg, prevented his attendance. In the Massachusetts convention for the adoption of the constitution (1788), he took a leading part in its favor. On Nov. 29, 1791, he was appointed chief justice of Massachusetts, and during his 15 years' tenure of that office kept aloof from political life, except that he was a presidential elector in 1792 and in 1800, as well as in 1808. He was appointed by Mr. Adams, June 5, 1797, with Cotesworth Pinckney and John Marshall, special envoy to the French republic; but precarious health compelled him to decline that office. After retiring from the bench in 1806, Chief Justice Dana took no official part in public affairs. As a judge he was well read and apprehensive of principles, and of an exemplary austerity toward all manner of chicane and indirection; a discerning and assiduous diplomatist, and an influential man in elective and popular assemblies, where his eloquence exhibited a rare union of impassioned feeling with natural dignity. He was one of the founders of the American academy of arts and sciences, and his retirement was enlivened by his interest in enterprises for the benefit of the neighborhood of Boston, and by literary and other cultivated tastes. His house at Cambridge was much visited by his old fellow leaders of the federal party, and by younger men from the university, the Channings, Allston, Buckminster, and others, afterward variously distinguished. He married in early life a daughter of William Ellery of Rhode Island, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and was the father of Richard H. Dana and several other children.

DANA, James Dwight, LL. D., an American geologist and mineralogist, born at Utica, N. Y., Feb. 12, 1813. He graduated at Yale college in 1833, where he evinced an especial love for the natural sciences and mathematics. He soon after received the appointment of teacher of mathematics to midshipmen in the United States navy, and sailed to the Mediterranean, returning in 1835. During the two years following he acted at Yale college as assistant to Prof. Silliman, whose successor he ultimately became. In 1837 he published "A System of Mineralogy," a work of high repute in Europe and America (5th ed., revised and enlarged, 1870). In December, 1836, he was appointed mineralogist and geologist of the United States exploring expedition, then about to be sent to the Southern and Pacific oceans. The squadron, under command of Lieut. Wilkes, sailed in August, 1838, and returned in 1842. During the 13 years following, Mr. Dana was engaged in preparing for publication the various

reports of this expedition committed to his charge, and in other scientific pursuits. The results of his labors were given in his "Report on Zoophytes" (4to, with an atlas of 61 folio plates, 1846), in which he proposes a new classification, and describes 230 new species; the "Report on the Geology of the Pacific" (with an atlas of 21 plates, 1849); and the "Report on Crustacea" (4to, 1,620 pages, with an atlas of 96 folio plates, 1852-'4). In this last named work 680 species are described, of which 658 were new. These reports were published by the government. With few exceptions, the drawings in the atlases were made by Mr. Dana himself. A series of four articles by him entitled "Science and the Bible," called forth by a work of Prof. Tayler Lewis on the "Six Days of Creation," appeared in the "Bibliotheca Sacra in 1856-'7. Soon after Prof. Silliman's resignation of the chair of chemistry and geology in Yale college, Mr. Dana entered in 1855 on the duties of the office of Silliman professor of natural history and geology, to which place he had been elected in 1850, and which he still retains. In 1854 he was elected president of the American association for the advancement of science, having been for many years one of the standing committee of that body, and in August, 1855, he delivered the annual address before that association at its meeting in Providence. He has also published a "Manual of Geology' (1863), a "Text Book of Geology for Schools and Academies" (1864), and "Corals and Coral Islands" (1872). For many years he has been associated with his brother-in-law Prof. Benjamin Silliman, jr., as editor and publisher of the "American Journal of Science and Arts," founded in 1818 by the elder Silliman. To this journal, as well as to the proceedings of the American academy of arts and sciences in Boston, the lyceum of natural history of New York, and the academy of natural sciences of Philadelphia, Prof. Dana has contributed various important scientific memoirs. He has been elected a member of many learned societies in Europe, including the royal academies of sciences in Berlin and Munich, the geological and Linnæan societies in London, the philomathic society in Paris, and others. In 1872 the Wollaston gold medal, in charge of the geological society of London, was conferred upon him.

DANA, Richard, an American jurist, born in Cambridge, Mass., July 7, 1699, died May 17, 1772. He was grandson of Richard Dana, progenitor of the family in America, who settled at Cambridge in 1640. He graduated at Harvard college in 1718, and after practising law for a time at Marblehead and Charlestown, he removed to Boston, where he became a leading barrister. He was very prominent in the measures of resistance to the arbitrary acts of the British government, which immediately preceded the revolution. Although devoted to his profession and declining office, he took a leading part in those important political as

semblages, where he sometimes presided, the Boston town meetings from 1763 to 1772; and he was often at the head of the committee chosen by Boston to address the country at large on public affairs, under the form of published instructions to the representatives of the town. He reported the papers of Nov. 20, 1767, and May 8, 1770, noted at that time. He was a member of the sons of liberty, and at their celebrated meeting of Dec. 17, 1769, administered to Secretary Oliver the oath of non-execution of the stamp act, and made and signed a solemn official record of that fact. His death is spoken of in the letters of the leading patriots as a great loss to the cause. He married the sister of Judge Trowbridge, and was the father of Chief Justice Dana.

DANA, Richard Henry, an American poet and essayist, son of Chief Justice Dana, born at Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 15, 1787. He was educated at Harvard college, in the class of 1808, but did not complete the course, being involved in the noted college rebellion of 1807, and refusing with many others to accept the terms of accommodation offered by the faculty. His degree, however, was conferred upon him, as of 1808, many years later. He spent two years at Newport, R. I., in completing the usual collegiate course, studied law in Boston, and afterward in the office of Robert Goodloe Harper in Baltimore, was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1811, and took up his residence in his native town, where he entered upon his profession, and was for a time also warmly engaged in politics, on the federal side, as a member of the legislature and otherwise. His paramount tastes, however, were literary, and in 1814 he joined the club of gentlemen in Cambridge and Boston by whom the "North American Review was projected and for a time conducted. His earliest writings were published in that periodical, the "Essay on Old Times," and an article on the poems of Washington Allston, afterward his brother-inlaw. In 1818-'19 he was associated with Prof. E. T. Channing in the editorship of that review, in which his criticisms excited much attention. In 1821-22 he published in numbers "The Idle Man," with some aid from his friends Bryant and Allston. It was read and admired by a class of literary men, but this was too small a public for its continuance. His first poems, "The Dying Raven" and "The Husband and Wife's Grave," appeared in the "New York Review" in 1825, then edited by Bryant. In 1827 he published "The Buccaneer and other Poems," in a small volume which was well received, and highly commended by the critics. In 1833 he published an enlarged volume, including new poems and the papers of "The Idle Man;" and again in 1850, Poems and Prose Writings" (2 vols.), in which to the contents of the former volume are added poems, the essays and reviews from the "North American Review," and others of more recent date; being a complete collec

tion of his writings, with the exception of a series of eight lectures on Shakespeare delivered in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, in 1839-'40. In the controversy between the Unitarian and Trinitarian Congregationalists of Massachusetts, in 1825-'35, Mr. Dana took an active part with the latter; but for many years past he has been connected with the Episcopal church. The success of Mr. Dana as an author is perhaps more noteworthy for its quality than for its extent. His peculiar style is most highly appreciated by lovers of the simple and masculine beauties of the older English writers. In dealing with the greater passions, the handling is bold, and the language instinctively true, but the manner is dramatic, not melodramatic, nor what is called popular.

DANA, Richard Henry, jr., an American author and lawyer, son of the preceding, born in Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 1, 1815. He graduated at Harvard college in 1837. Having been compelled by an affection of the eyes to suspend his collegiate course in 1834, he made the voyage described in his "Two Years Before the Mast" to California, then an almost unknown region. He was a member of the law school from 1837 to 1840, and during two years of that time was also adjunct to Prof. Channing in the department of rhetoric in the university. He was admitted to the Boston bar in 1840, and was at once much employed in admiralty cases. In 1841 he published a manual of sea usages and laws, under the title of "The Seaman's Friend," republished in England as "The Seaman's Manual." His practice now became general in the law courts. He was engaged in 1845 in the well known investigation of the presumption of murder or homicide in York's case (9 Met., 93), which led to a revision of the decisions and to new enactments on the general subject in several states. He also defended the legal right to require the use of the Bible in the common schools in Maine (Donahue v. Richard, 38 Maine Rep., 376); discussed the canon law of the Episcopal church in the Rev. Mr. Prescott's case in 1852; the title to public and religious charities in the case of the Presbyterian synod v. the parish of the late Dr. Channing in 1854, and in the case of the Price charity in 1864; and appeared for the defence in the numer ous trials for the rescue of the slave Shadrack in 1853, and in the more celebrated case of Anthony Burns in 1854. He was a member of the Massachusetts constitutional convention of 1853. Having been one of the founders of the free soil party, a delegate from Boston to the Buffalo convention of 1848, and a popular speaker in the republican movement of 1856, he has remained attached to the republican party, advocating the election of Lincoln in 1860 and in 1864, when he delivered political addresses in several states, and that of Grant in 1868 and 1872. In 1859 and 1860 he made a tour around the world, revisiting California and visiting the Hawaiian Islands, China, Ja