66 79 83 61 85 184 4 4 0 15 94 24 1 26 88 935 85 8 50 16 96 46 13 52 79 126 1851 1848 Methodist Episcopal.. Lutheran 5 190 42 660 1832 Presbyterian.. 1832 Lutheran.. 7500 20 660 1853 Presbyterian.. 19 6 8 4 1815 Methodist... 47 74 46 53 41 85 89 a: AR & GENNAR No. of students collegiate dep't. 11 10 1 1 6 43 100 10,000 8,750 6,000 11 9 8 224 42,000 55 12 10 2 1 0 70 6606 50 27,000 COLLEGE HILL, a post village of Hamilton co., Ohio, 6 m. N. of Cincinnati, and the seat of two institutions of learning, viz.: Farmer's college, formerly Carey's academy, founded in 1846, and having in 1870 4 instructors and 45 students; and the Ohio female college, founded in 1848, and having in 1870 13 instructors, 130 students, and a library of 1,000 volumes. COLLES, Christopher, an American engineer, born in Ireland about 1738, died in New York in 1821. He was educated under the care of Richard Pococke, the oriental traveller, after whose death he emigrated to America, and in 1773 delivered lectures in New York upon inland lock navigation. He was the designer of one of the first steam engines built in the country. In 1774 he submitted proposals for the construction of a reservoir for the supply of the city of New York with water. Afterward he gave instruction to the artillery of the United States upon the use of projectiles, until the arrival of Baron Steuben in 1777, when a change was made in the organization of the department. In November, 1784, he presented a memorial to the New York assembly recommending that Lake Ontario should be connected with the Hudson by means of canals and other improvements. He surveyed the obstructions in the Mohawk river, and the results of the survey were published in 1785. He also published an elaborate pamphlet in regard to inland navigation. The revolution having prevented the construction of the reservoir which he had projected, he offered to undertake the supply of New York from outside of the city by means of pipes, and was probably the first person who drew attention to the subject. He personally explored the roads of the state of New York and published a book describing them. He exhibited much ingenuity in a great variety of employments, but was always poor. At length he was appointed superintendent of the academy of fine arts in New York. He was the friend of Hamilton, Jefferson, and other eminent men, and was honored as the original suggester of the canal system of New York. COLLETON, a S. county of South Carolina, bordering on the Atlantic, bounded S. W. by the Combahee river; area, 1,672 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 25,410, of whom 16,492 were colored. The Edisto, Ashepoo, and Salkehatchie are the principal rivers. Much of the land is flat, alluvial, and swampy; the drier parts are fertile. The palmetto and cabbage palm are here indigenous. The South Carolina and the Savannah and Charleston railroads traverse the County. The chief productions in 1870 were 207,927 bushels of Indian corn, 52,825 of sweet potatoes, 2,335 bales of cotton, 8,742,271 lbs. of rice, and 1,040 hhds. of sugar (all that was produced in the state except 15 hhds.). There were 1,679 horses, 4,264 milch cows, 6.237 other cattle, 3,314 sheep, and 17,508 swine. Capital Waterborough. COLLETON, James, a colonial governor of South Carolina. He was appointed in 1686, A during the attempt to carry out Locke's constitution, and in the interest of the lords proprietors, one of whom was his brother. He received with his appointment the dignity of landgrave and 48,000 acres of land. On his arrival he found the colonial parliament unwilling to recognize the constitution, and he at once excluded the refractory members. new assembly was elected in 1687, in avowed opposition to the governor, and the people resisted his collection of quitrents. The assembly imprisoned his secretary, seized the records, and defied the governor and his patrons. In 1689 Colleton, pretending danger from Spaniards and Indians, called out the militia and declared martial law; but as the militia were the people themselves, this effort was futile. In 1690 William and Mary were proclaimed, and the representatives of South Carolina deposed Colleton and banished him. COLLETTA, Pietro, a Neapolitan patriot, born in Naples, Jan. 23, 1775, died in Florence, Nov. 11, 1831. He was an officer of artillery and civil engineer, took an active part in politics during the French invasion of Naples, distinguished himself in the army under Joseph Bonaparte, and was made by Murat in 1808 intendant of Calabria, and in 1812 general and director of bridges and public roads. When the Bourbons returned to power, he was for some time imprisoned. On the outbreak of the revolution of 1820 he was sent as viceroy to Sicily, but was soon recalled and appointed minister of war. After the Austrian intervention he was banished to Brünn in Moravia, but afterward he was permitted to reside in Florence. He wrote Storia del reame di Napoli dal 1734 sino al 1825 (2 vols., Capolago, 1834; 2d ed., 4 vols., 1837; English translation by S. Horner, with a supplementary chapter, 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1858). COLLIER, Arthur, an English clergyman, born at Langford Steeple, Wiltshire, in 1680, died in 1732. He was rector of Langford, a living which had belonged successively to his greatgrandfather, grandfather, and father. In 1713 he published a work entitled Clavis Universalis, maintaining the non-existence and the impossibility of the existence of any objects external to the mind. Berkeley had three years before advanced incidentally a similar theory, but the two philosophers appear to have had no knowledge of each other. Collier was inferior to his contemporary rather in the graces of composition than in acuteness or method; and yet, while Berkeley's publication produced a profound impression, the Clavis Universalis attracted not the slightest attention in England. In Germany a copious and able abstract of its contents was given in 1717, in a supplemental volume of the Acta Eruditorum, and in 1756 a complete translation of it into German was made by Eschenbach. Thus rendered accessible in Germany, Collier has enjoyed among the thinkers of that country high repute for talent and originality. The best view of his VOL. V.-5 doctrines, as compared with those of Berkeley, is that given by Tennemann. Reid was the first to call attention to the Clavis Universalis in England; and in 1837 it was published in London as part of the contents of a volume of metaphysical tracts, which had been prepared for the press by Dr. Parr. In the same year the memoirs of his life and writings, by Robert Benson, appeared in London. The Clavis was subsequently reprinted in Edinburgh. Other publications of Collier were the "Specimen of True Philosophy" (1713), the "Logology" (1732), and two controversial sermons. In religion he was an Arian, and also a high churchman on grounds which his associates could not understand. COLLIER, Jeremy, an English nonjuring clergyman, born at Stow Qui, Cambridgeshire, Sept. 23, 1650, died in London, April 26, 1726. He was educated at Caius college, Cambridge, and became successively chaplain to the countess dowager of Dorset, rector of Ampton in Suffolk, and in 1685 lecturer of Gray's Inn, London. Upon the revolution he engaged in controversy with Bishop Burnet and others, and opposed the new organization of church and state during many years in numerous pamphlets, which were written with great ability. He was imprisoned for a short time in 1688 for a publication in favor of the dethroned monarch. He was again arrested in 1692 on the Kentish coast, on the supposition that he was in communication with the Jacobites across the channel, and refusing to acknowledge the jurisdiction of the court by putting in bail, he was again imprisoned, but was finally released without trial. In 1696, when Friend and Parkyns were condemned for plotting to assassinate King William, Collier attended the prisoners in Newgate, accompanied them to the gallows at Tyburn, and there gave them absolution. The result was that a warrant was issued for his arrest, but he made his escape, and it could not be executed. From his hiding place he published a defence of his conduct, which immediately received many answers, one of which was signed by the two archbishops and all the bishops then in London, 12 in number. He again refused to acknowledge the jurisdiction of the court by putting in bail, and suffered sentence of outlawry, which was not reversed during the remainder of his life. He published in 1697 the first volume of his "Essays upon several Moral Subjects," and in the next year his "Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage." The latter engaged him in a lively controversy with Congreve and Vanbrugh, and the wits of the time. The discussion lasted ten years, and contributed decidedly to the improvement of the English stage. Among his later publications were a translation of Moreri's "Historical Dictionary" (1701-221), an "Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain" (1708-'14), two additional volumes of "Essays upon Moral Subjects," and a volume of "Practical Discourses" (1725). COLLIER, John Payne, an English author and commentator on Shakespeare, born in London in 1789. He studied law, and was for several years parliamentary reporter for the "Morning Chronicle" newspaper. He published in journals and reviews criticisms and annotatations on the old English poets, in 1820 the "Poetical Decameron," a series of dialogues on the poets chiefly of the reigns of Elizabeth and James I., and in 1825 a poem entitled the "Poet's Pilgrimage." In 1825-7 he edited a new edition of Dodsley's "Old Plays," adding 11 additional plays to it. In 1831 appeared his "History of English Dramatic Poetry," containing a great variety of information collected from original sources. Many valuable collections, such as the library of the duke of Devonshire and that of Lord Ellesmere, were in consequence of this publication opened to his researches. In Lord Ellesmere's collection of MSS. he found most of the materials for his series of "New Facts" and "Further Particulars" concerning Shakespeare and his works, published between 1835 and 1839. In 1844 he completed the publication of a new life of Shakespeare, and a new edition of his works, for which he had collected materials during 20 years, the text being founded on a new collation of the old editions. In 1852 he published "Notes and Emendations" to the text of Shakespeare, from early manuscript corrections on the margin of a recently discovered copy of the folio of 1632, and the next year a new edition of the plays, with the text regulated by collation of this folio and of other old editions. These publications excited much interest and discussion concerning the date and authority of the manuscript corrections. Mr. Collier has been a zealous member of both the Camden and Shakespeare societies, for which he has edited several interesting works, as the "Memoirs of Edward Alleyn" (1841), the 66 Diary of Philip Henslowe" (1845), "Memoirs of the principal Actors in Shakespeare's Plays" (1846), and "Extracts from the Registers of the Stationers' Company from 1557 to 1580" (1848-'9). In 1865 he published a "Bibliographical Account of Rare Books" (2 vols.), and in 1866 commenced a series of reprints of the early English poets and pamphleteers. He receives an annual pension from the crown of £100, granted by Sir Robert Peel. COLLIERY, a term applied to coal-mining establishments, including the mines, buildings, and machinery employed. In their simplest form, as now seen in the Alleghany coal field, where the strata lie nearly horizontal, and generally in the hills or mountains above the level of the streams, or common water level, the collieries employ little or no machinery; but at the deep and extensive mines of the Pennsylvania anthracite fields, and in the older mining districts of Europe, these establishments are of immense proportions, employing hundreds of hands and a vast capital. Primitively, the process of digging coal and other minerals consisted in simply removing the surface earth, and quarrying the coal on the outcrops of the beds, and this was continued even to a late day. The most notable instance of modern surface coal mining was at the old Summit mines of the Lehigh, where the great FIG. 1.-The Great Open Quarry of Anthracite, Summit Hill, Mauch Chunk Mountain, Pa. Mammoth bed was uncovered to the extent of 30 acres, and produced 2,000,000 tons of coal up to 1847, when it was abandoned. The great bed, which was nearly 70 ft. thick at this place, formed an anticlinal with the axis near the surface where the quarry was opened. A tree which had grown over this spot and extended its roots into the coal bed below, having been uprooted by the wind, revealed the coal to a hunter, who reported the discovery, and from this grew the famous Lehigh Frs. 2.—Mammoth Coal Bed. a. The great quarry on the Mammoth coal bed. coal mines. From the quarry method, the next step in advance introduced the art of mining, or under-ground work, and the establishment of collieries. Where the coal beds existed above water level, or near the surface, rude excavations were made into the bed; where they were small, simple galleries were formed in the solid coal from 4 to 12 ft. wide, with arched top and without timber. At the old Butterknowle workings on the southwest outcrops of the Newcastle (English) coal field, these galleries are three yards wide, with square pillars of coal of equal dimensions on each side. These mines are supposed to be 200 years old, and are from 40 to 50 ft. deep. In the Richmond, Va., coal field, galleries of the same character are found, driven at right angles to each other between square pillars, or at random when in faulty ground. These works are also in shallow pits, as all the coal of that field exists below the water level. They are apparently more than 100 years old, and are situated at Springfield on the N. E. edge of the Richmond coal field, where trees over 100 years of age were found during the year 1857 growing on the heaps of waste extracted from them. The most noted of these in the Pennsylvania anthracite fields were on the outcrops of the Mammoth, locally known as the Baltimore bed, near Wilkesbarre, and on the B bed, known as Smith's bed, below Plymouth, in the lower end of the Wyoming valley. These excavations were large, corresponding to the size of these great beds, and wide enough to admit horses and wagons to drive in and turn in the rooms or galleries thus formed. All or most of the coal of England and Belgium exists below water level, and is mined by pits. Until the application of steam for general purposes in 1800, both coal and water were raised from these mines by horse power or by women; and this was continued even up to 1845, when the employment of women in the mines was prohibited by act of parliament. During 1842, 2,400 girls and women were at work in the mines of Scotland alone, mostly employed in conveying the coal to the surface. In some favored localities near FIG. 3.-The old Baltimore Mines. the streams, water power was made use of for pumping; in others, horse wains or gins and sometimes hand windlasses were used to raise both coal and water; but more frequently women were employed as beasts of burden, not only to convey the coal along the low entries, in which they could not stand upright, but also up long lengths of ladders from the bottom of small pits to the surface. The work that was performed by women in these old collieries is almost incredible. Robert Bald, in his "General View of the Coal Trade of Scotland" (1808), says: "We have seen a woman take on a load of 170 pounds of coal and travel with this up the dip of the bed, 150 yards, and then ascend a pit by stairs or ladders 117 ft., no less than 24 times during a day of 10 hours." Formerly the colliers of England were practically serfs, and kept in a state of bondage to the proprietors of the collieries where they were born. They were held to be part of the establishment for carrying on the coal mines, and if the mines were leased the colliers were included in the lease. In the habeas corpus act it was declared "that this sparks from a circular wheel armed with steel present act was in no way to be extended to striking against flints; as "trappers" to open colliers and salters." But in 1775 an act of and shut the many doors then used to regulate parliament declared that colliers and salters and guide the air currents; to blow the small were no longer "transferable with the collier- fans often used to convey air to points beyond ies and salt works;" and upon certain condi- the range of the air currents; and to " put" tions they were to be gradually emancipated, or push the bogies. But for the last 20 years while others were prevented from coming into boys under 12 years of age have been prosuch a state of servitude. Even after the gen-hibited from working in the British coal mines. eral introduction of the steam engine at the British mines, for raising coal and hoisting or pumping water (though pumps were seldom used until a much later day), women were employed to convey the coal from the mines to the bottom of the pit, a distance of from 100 | to 300 yards, with loads of 100 or 150 pounds in bags on their backs, traversing a total distance of nearly 10 miles a day in going and returning. About this time wheelbarrows were also used, and afterward sleds or "cauves," which were pulled by women or boys; and at a still later day "bogies," pushed or pulled by boys, were introduced. These were provided with narrow tram wheels, which ran in grooved rails of wood. Boys of very tender age were employed in the British mines up to a late date to work the "steel mills," which gave light by the production of In Belgium, however, both women and children are still employed in and about the mines. Wages are so small that it requires the united exertions of fathers, mothers, and children to ⚫ earn a livelihood.-In England, Belgium, and France, most of the coal lies deep below water level, and can only be reached by expensive pits, which are owned and worked by wealthy proprietors or large companies. In the older mining districts, where the outcrop coal has been long since exhausted, or partially worked by the old methods, in which from half to two thirds of the coal was lost, these pits are constantly growing deeper, and now reach a great depth. W. W. Smith states that a coal pit exists in the province of Hainaut in Belgium, at the colliery des Viviers at Gilly, near Charleroi, which has been sunk 3,411 ft. We do not know that coal has been mined at that 1, 2, 3, &c., pits; a, coal measures; b, Permian; c, cretaceous, &c.; d, slip dike; e, trap dike; g, trap dike; h, Devonian; i, Silurian; k, Cambrian; m, gneiss; n, granite.. less be continued until the deep coal beds, reposing 10,000 to 20,000 ft. beneath the sea, will be won and worked.-In the great American bituminous fields mining operations are much more diversified than in the bituminous fields of Europe. In the Alleghany and central coal fields the carboniferous rocks are the latest and highest geological formations; consequently their wide horizons, covering nearly 100,000 sq. m., may be penetrated at any point without hazard. While the coal of the former is generally found in the hills or mountains, and accessible by drifts or tunnels above the natural drainage, that of the latter is generally below the water level, yet may be entirely developed by pits less than 1,000 ft. in depth. Of the 17,000,000 tons of coal mined from the Alleghany field in 1871, less than 1,000,000 tons were mined below the water level, and the remainder from drift or tunnel collieries, and generally from the former. Drift is a technical term for a tunnel, entry, or gallery driven through the coal horizontally, while the tunnel is a horizontal gallery driven through the rocky strata to reach the coal. . The dip or undulations of the strata vary considerably, even in coal fields which have a general dip in depth, however. In many cases these pits pen- | etrate the overlying Permian formation, beneath which most of the carboniferous formations of England and France are concealed, and where the existence of coal was formerly doubted. Indeed, more than two thirds of the English coal measures are supposed to lie beneath the more recent rocks; while over 40,000 sq. m. of France is covered by the Permian, triassic, cretaceous, and tertiary formations, beneath which coal may exist; or, if it does not exist, it is the exception and not the rule. The geological order of the sedimentary rocks requires the existence of the carboniferous below the Permian; and as far as we know, from their outcrop and from the evidence of the deepest pit yet sunk, this succession does in fact prevail, though there may be localities in which the regular order is interrupted. This alone would create doubt, and make the most enterprising cautious. Yet, step by step, the miners of England have approached this doubtful ground, and are now 2,000 ft. beneath the Permian rocks, where no one but William Smith, the father of English geology, ever dreamed of looking for coal in his day. And this advance into unknown ground will doubt |