respect to the importance of a rotation of crops, while their income was considerably increased.

In South Carolina, "land is originally holden by grant, signed by the respective governors of the state, under seal of the same, conveying an estate of inheritance in free and common soccage; and is attended with no other expense on obtaining the grant than the payment of certain small fees of office. It is inherited by the laws of this state in equal shares, amongst all of the same degree; and if sold, is conveyed by lease and release, feoffment with delivery, or by simple deed, according to a late act of the legislature passed for that purpose. Few lands are holden on lease; or, if they be, the leases are for short terms and on liberal conditions, and in general the lands are possessed and tilled by the rightful owners of the soil.

"The incomes of the planters and farmers are various, ranging from 80,000 to 40 dollars. Very few, however, receive incomes of the magnitude of the former sum. Many receive from 12,000 to 20,000 dollars per annum; but the majority of the planters are only in the annual receipt of from 3,000 to 6,000 dollars. The estates of these latter may be worth from 20,000 to 40,000 dollars. The farmers are on a smaller scale, and their incomes may be said to range between 2,000 and 40 dollars. The best lands in South Carolina, which are tideswamps, if cultivated, have sold for 170 dollars per acre. In general, however, they sell from 70 to 90 dollars an acre, on a credit of one or two years. Uncultivated tide land sells proportionably lower. Inland swamps, if cultivated, sell at prices between 20 and 50 dollars per acre. Good cotton land has sold in Beaufort district as high as 60 dollars per acre; its value, however, in general, in different parts of the state, is from 6 to 40 dollars; the price depending much on its situation, as that nearest the sea, for instance, is considered the most valuable, and produces the finest cotton. Other high lands sell from one to six dollars an acre, according to their respective situations and conveniences for navigation.

"The buildings are as various as the value of estates, ranging in value between 30,000 and 20 dollars. They are commonly built of wood: some, however, are constructed of brick, though they are principally in the cities and towns. Of late years building has been carried on with spirit throughout the state; and houses of brick and wood erected suitable to the improvement of the manners and comforts of society. The houses are, for the most part, built of one or two stories, according to the taste and abilities of the owner. One peculiarity, however, may be remarked respecting them, which is, that piazzas are generally attached to their southern front, as well for the convenience of walking therein during the day, as for preventing the sun's too great influence on the interior of the house; and the out-offices and kitchens are rarely connected with the principal dwelling, being placed at a distance from it of thirty or forty yards. The houses of the poorest sort of people are made of logs, let into each other at the ends, and their interstices filled up with moss, straw, and clay. The roofs are covered with clap boards.

Their plan is simple, as they consist of only one or two rooms, and the manners of their tenants are equally plain.

"In the lower country cotton and rice are cultivated largely for sale, while Indian corn, cow peas, and long potatoes, are only planted suffi cient for the yearly consumption of the settlement; and on many of the tide-swamp rice plantations no provisions but potatoes are planted, their produce being only equal to the support of the plantation for a few months. The rest is supplied by the purchase of Indian corn, brought down the rivers from the middle parts of the state, and also imported from some of the United States.

"In the middle country cotton and Indian corn are principally raised for sale: and the produce of all kinds of grain is so abundant, that there is no want of provision for the support of life. In the upper country tobacco is the principal object for sale; and its inhabitants have lately turned their attention towards the raising of cotton with good prospects of success: wheat and hemp are also raised there for sale, together with horses and stocks of different kinds. Flax is cultivated for the convenience of family concerns. In some parts of the upper country stones and rocks are met with on the summit of ridges; but the lands in culture are seldom so much troubled with them as to render it necessary either to collect them in heaps, or afford materials for building stone walls; the enclosures are therefore generally made of split rails, which being placed on each other in an angular manner, constitute what is called a worm fence. In the middle and lower parts of South Carolina the soil is free from rocks and stones, and consists chiefly of swamps, sands, and clay, with a slight intermixture of gravel at intervals.

"The implements of husbandry used in South Carolina are few and simple: they consist of various ploughs, such as the bar-share, shovel, fluke, single coulter, cutter and drill; harrows, hoes, spades, waggons, carts, and sledges. Ploughs are chiefly used in the middle and upper country, where labourers are few, and the soil tenacious and stubborn. In the lower country they are but partially used, although the planters would probably find it their interest to adopt them more generally. In some cases they cultivate a cotton and Indian corn crop by the plough; but they are oftener done with the hoe, which may be considered as the principal instrument of husbandry in the lower country. The spade is used chiefly for ditching and draining the rice lands; but the hoe is used for cultivating them. In some tide and inland plantations, however, where the ground is strong, and has been kept sufficiently dry, ploughs are used with great advantage.

Waggons and sledges are principally used in the middle and upper country; the first for transporting heavy articles to a distance, and the last for drawing wood, rails, and small timber about a settlement. In the lower country, ox carts capable of carrying three or four barrels of rice, are almost solely the mode of land carriage for the rice planters. They are drawn by three or four yoke of oxen, and attended by two or three negro drivers.

"There are upwards of sixteen different grasses indigenous to South Carolina; but in general little attention is paid to the forming of pasture

and meadow lands. The cattle are sent into the woods to graze; and the culture of cotton, rice, and maize, becomes the chief object of the planter and farmer's attention. Some lands in the vicinity of Charleston are, however, converted into fields for mowing, as the high price of hay in that neighbourhood renders this branch of agriculture a profitable business; but the greatest proportion of hay is brought from the northern states in the packet vessels. In general the cattle are fed during winter upon the leaves and blades of the Indian corn, rice-straw, &c. Horses and poultry are fed with the corn, which, together with rice, also forms the principal food of the negroes. The white inhabitants are extremely fond of the corn bruised, and boiled into a pudding, which they call hominy. It is eaten with milk, sugar, and butter, and is a favourite dish at breakfast."-(Lambert, vol. ii. pp. 206–211.)

Of the manner in which the farms are cultivated in other states, the volumes now under consideration furnish us with comparatively little intelligence. In the New England and Middle States, oxen are much used for field labour, because they are in every respect cheaper than horses, as they are afterwards profitably fattened for the market. Great numbers of them are exported to Newfoundland, the West Indies, and also to the Southern States; but in South Carolina the work is chiefly performed by slaves, who are subject to all the ill-treatment which is ordinarily inflicted on negroes in the West Indies by the caprice or cruelty of their owners. Yet, where the Africans are well treated, instances of longevity are frequent among them, several having lived to 80, 90, and 100 years. In 1805, a negro woman died in Pennsylage of 116.

vania at the

"In Charleston every kind of work is performed by the negroes and people of colour. Those who are unable to give 500 or 600 dollars for a slave, which is the usual price of a good one, generally hire them by the month or year, of people who are in the habit of keeping a number of slaves for that purpose. Many persons obtain a handsome living by letting out their slaves for 6 to 10 dollars per month. They also send them out to sell oysters, fruit, millinery, &c.; or as carmen and porters. The slaves who are brought up to any trade or profession are let out as journeymen, and many of them are so extremely clever and expert, that they are considered worth two or three thousand dollars.

The slaves in Charleston, employed as domestic servants, or mechanics, are mostly those born in the state; the new negroes from Africa being generally purshased for the plantations in the country. The former have more vices than the latter, and where they are living under persons who have only hired them, they are often lazy and impertinent, and give their employers a great deal of trouble, They conceive they are labouring only for strangers, and are careless in what manner they perform their work. In consequence of the troubles in St. Domingo, a great number of negroes and people of colour have been brought to Charleston by their masters and mistresses. Most of them have been

sold to the Americans, or received their freedom. The women are distinguished from the rest by their coloured handkerchiefs tastily tied about their heads, the smartness of their dress, and long flowing shawls, or muslin handkerchiefs thrown carelessly over their shoulders à la Françoise."-(Lambert, vol. ii. p. 163, 164.)

In the Southern States generally, it is calculated that nearly one fifth part of the population consists of negro slaves; but in South Carolina, in 1808, out of a population of 450,000 inhabitants, 200,000 were blacks and mulattos, the remainder being white people. The population of Charleston was computed at 28,000 persons, one fourth of whom only were whites, the rest being negroes and people of colour, the majority of whom were slaves. But it is only in the low swampy parts of the country that the latter are chiefly wanted, and there they far out-number the white population. In the northern parts of the state, we are informed, very few slaves are to be found: the farmers cultivate the ground themselves, with the assistance of their own families; but, towards the sea-coast, it would be impossible, it is said, for the whites to cultivate the swamps and marshes without the aid of

negroes.

2. Manufactures.-Formerly the United States were indebted to the mother country for almost every article of indispensable use in private life; but since their independence was recognized, their industry has taken a new flight, and most of the articles that minister to the wants or to the comfort of man are now made in abundance, with a view to trade, not to mention the vast scene of household manufacturing which is carried on, and largely contributes to the supply of the community. By far the greater part of the articles made from wool, cotton, and flax, are thus manufactured in private families: they consist principally of coarse cloths, in appearance not unlike our Yorkshire milled coatings, but we are informed much stronger; flannels, cotton-stuffs, and stripes of every description, linen, and mixtures of wool with flax or cotton; to which may be added hats, hosiery, soap, spermaceti, oil, and candles. We state these facts generally from our own knowledge, as the publications before us notice only the manufactures of some of the principal towns. The following particulars, which we have been able to glean, are submitted to the attentive consideration of our readers.

Wool is an article of prime importance, and is now grown in sufficient quantities, not only to supply the consumption at home, but also to enable the Americans to export it. It is not material to ascertain what are the breeds of sheep chiefly reared in the United States; but we happen to know from private correspondence, that Merino or Spanish Sheep have been imported to a great extent; and we have had in our possession samples of Merino

American Wool, three-fourths of American blood, equal in point of fineness to any of similar blood that has been produced in this country. The farmers, generally, are disposing of their country sheep, and supplying themselves with those of the Merino and New Leicester breeds. Many persons in the states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and Delaware have Merino flocks, of various blood, from 200 to 900 in number. One person in the state of Kentucky possesses a flock of 5000, which number he proposes to augment gradually till it amounts to 12,000. This however is a peculiar instance, the extensive and fertile meadows of Kentucky presenting a singularly fine opportunity of maintaining them at a cheap rate. Merinos are far from degenerating in the United States, either in the quality or quantity of their fleece. From 7 to 9 lbs. are commonly obtained from a single animal: and in 1813 the American newspapers asserted the produce of some full bloods to amount to 12, 13, 14 and even 18 lbs., a quantity we believe unparallelled in the annals of sheep-shearing.

The suspension of intercourse between Great Britain and America, though it materially affected the commercial interest, gave a very powerful impulse to the manufacture of wool. In this branch New York takes the lead, and the success of its woollen manufacture is chiefly to be attributed to the premiums given by the legislature of that state. The gentlemen of that province who reside on their own estates, all wear superfine broad cloth, commonly made from wool of their own growth; but the quantity made for sale is such that there is no difficulty in procuring it. The quantity of woollen cloth manufactured in the state of New York, in 1810, was, 3,257,812 yards. The profit of the manufacturers is great: for, although a yard of the best cloth costs them only four dollars and fifty-seven cents, every expense included, they demand the price of British broad cloth, which is from twelve to fourteen dollars per yard. The work is done by machinery, to which the powerful agency of steam has been applied in the course of the present year. Thus encouraged, the American artists have successfully exerted their ingenuity in simplifying the machinery, for which purpose numbers of patents are annually taken out. At Wilmington, in Delaware, a shearing machine has been constructed, which with ease shears thirty yards in one hour.

In domestic manufacture, the state of Pennsylvania is chiefly distinguished, both for woollen and linen fabrics: and further to encourage this branch of industry, a warehouse was established in 1805 by a company at Philadelphia, for the sale of such articles. The members receive six per cent. per annum on the stock. Money is advanced to mechanics on good notes bearing legal interest, or upon their goods, if required, which are then sold to the best advantage, under the direction of a committee of mana