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different kinds of legal impurities, particularly, 1. The Leprosy of the Per-
son.-2. The Leprosy of Clothes.-3. The House Leprosy.-V. Minor Legal
Impurities, and their Lustrations
CHAPTER VI. On the corruptions of Religion by the Jews.
SECTION I. On the Idolatry of the Jews.
Page 325
I. Origin and progress of Idolatry-II. Sketch of its history among the Israel-
ites and Jews.-III. Idols worshipped by the Israelites alone.-IV. Idols of
the Ammonites, worshipped by the Israelites.-V. Idols of the Canaanites or
Syrians.-VI. Phoenician idols.-VII. Idols worshipped in Samaria during the
captivity-Hieroglyphic stones, why prohibited to the Jews.-VIII. Idols of
the Greeks and Romans mentioned in the New Testament.-IX. Allusions in
the Scriptures to the Idolatrous Worship of the heathen nations.-Different
kinds of Divination.
332
SECTION II. Account of the Jewish Sects mentioned in the New Testa-
ment.
I. The Sadducees.-II. The Pharisees.-III. The Essenes.-IV. The Scribes
and Lawyers.-V. The Samaritans.-VI. The Herodians.-VII. The Galilæ-
ans and Zealots.-VIII. The Sicarii.
300
SECTION III. On the extreme Corruption of the Jewish People, both in
Religion and Morals at the time of Christ's Birth.
General corruption of the Leaders of the Jewish nation-Of their Chief Priests,
and other ministers of religion-its deplorable effects on the people.-State
of the Jews not resident in Palestine.
372
PART IV. DOMESTIC ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEWS, AND OF OTHER
NATIONS INCIDENTALLY MENTIONED IN THE SCRIPTURES.
CHAPTER I. On the Dwellings of the Jews.
I. Tents.-II. Houses-their arrangement-materials-and conveniences-III.
Furniture.-IV. Cities and Markets.
CHAPTER II. On the Dress of the Jews.
377
I. Dress in the early ages.-Upper Garments.-II. Tunic.-III. Dress of the
Women.-IV. Distinction between the 'Iparov or upper Garment and the
Xirov or Tunic.-V. Mode of dressing the Hair.-VI. Sandals.-VII. Some
articles of Female Apparel elucidated-complexion of the women.-VIII.
Rending of garments, a sign of mourning.-IX. Numerous changes of ap-
parel, deemed a necessary part of their treasures.
CHAPTER III. Jewish Customs relating to Marriage.
391
I. Marriage accounted a sacred obligation by the Jews.-II. Polygamy tolerated.
-Condition of Concubines.-III. Nuptial contracts, and espousals.-IV.
Nuptial Ceremonies.-V. Divorces.
CHAPTER IV. Birth, Education, &c. of Children.
405
I. Child-birth.-Circumcision.-Naming of the Child.-II. Privileges of the
First-born.-III. Nurture of Children -IV. Power of the Father over his
Children.-Disposition of his Property.-V. Adoption. 413
CHAPTER V. On the Condition of Slaves and of Servants, and the
Customs relating to them, mentioned or alluded to in the New Tes-
tament.
I. Slaves how acquired.-II. Their condition among the Hebrews.-III. And
among other nations.-IV. Of Hired Servants.-Customs relating to them
and to slaves, alluded to in the New Testament.
419
SECTION III. Of the High Places, and Proseucha, or Oratories of
the Jews.
I. Of the High Places.-II. Of the Proseucha, or Oratories.
SECTION IV. Of the Synagogues.
I. Nature and origin of Synagogues.-The Synagogue of the Libertines ex-
plained. II. Form of the Synagogues.-III. The Officers or Ministers.—IV.
The service performed in the Synagogues.-V. On what days performed.—VI.
Ecclesiastical Power of the Synagogues.-VII. The Shemoneh Esreh, or
nineteen Prayers used in the Synagogue service.
CHAPTER II. Sacred Persons.
SECTION I. Of the Jewish Church and its Members.
238
I. The whole nation accounted holy.-II. Members of the Jewish Church;
Hebrews of the Hebrews.-III. Proselytes.-IV. Jews of the Dispersion.-V.
Hellenistic Jews.-VI. The Libertines.-VII. Devout Men.-VIII. Circum-
cision.-IX. Proselytes how introduced into the Jewish Church.
253
SECTION II. On the Ministers of the Temple, and other ecclesiastical
or sacred Persons.
I. Of the Levites.-II. The Priests, their functions, maintenance, and privileges.
-III. The High Priest.-Succession to the Pontifical Dignity. His qualifica-
tions, functions, dress, and privileges.-IV. Officers of the Synagogue.-V.
The Nazarites; nature of their vows.-VI. The Rechabites.-VII. The
Prophets.
261
CHAPTER III. Sacred Things.-On the Sacrifices and other offerings
of the Jews.
General Classification of Sacrifices and Offerings:-I. BLOODY OFFERINGS, and
the divine origin of Sacrifices;-1. Different kinds of Victims ;-2. Selection
of Victims;-3. Manner of presenting them;-4. Libations;-5. Immolation
of the Sacrifice ;-6. The Place and Time appointed for Sacrificing;-7.
Different kinds of Fire-sacrifices;-i. Burnt Offerings;-ii. Peace Offerings;
-iii. Sin Offerings;-iv. Trespass Offerings;-National, regular, weekly,
monthly, and annual Sacrifices;-II. UNBLOODY OFFERINGS.-III. DRINK
OFFERINGS.-IV. ORDINARY OBLATIONS.-the Shew-bread and Incense.-V.
VOLUNTARY OBLATIONS, Corban.-VI. PRESCRIBED OBLATIONS;-1. First
Fruits;-2. Tithes.
CHATPER IV. Sacred Times and seasons observed by the Jews.
277
I. THE SABBATH.-How observed.-Jewish worship on that day.--Their Pray-
ers, public and private; Attitudes at Prayer; Forms of Prayer.-II. Their
manner of worshipping in the temple.-III. New moons.-IV. Annual Festivals.
-V. THE PASSOVER; when celebrated, and with what ceremonies; its mysti-
cal or typical reference.-VI. THE DAY OF PENTECOST-VII. THE FEAST OF
TABERNACLES.-VIII. THE FEAST OF TRUMPETS.-IX. DAY OF EXPIATION.
-X. Annual Festivals instituted by the Jews.-FEAST OF PURIM.-XI. THE
FEAST OF DEDICATION.-Other Festivals observed at stated intervals.-XII.
THE SABBATICAL YEAR.-XIII. THE YEAR OF JUBILEE.
CHAPTER V. Sacred Obligations and Duties.
SECTION I. Oaths and Vows
290
I. Of Oaths.-II. Nature of Vows-how far acceptable to God.-III. Requi-
sites essential to the validity of a Vow.-IV. Different sorts of Vows.-1. The
Cherem or irremissible Vow.-2. Other Vows that might be redeemed.-Of
the Nazareate.
SECTION II. On the Purifications of the Jews.
320
I. Materials, with which the Purifications of the Jews were performed.-II. Cere-
monies of Purification.-III. Of the persons lustrated.-IV. Account of the
I. Origin and progress of Idolatry.-II. Sketch of its history among the Israel-
ans and Zealots.-VIII. The Sicarii. 300
and other ministers of religion—its deplorable effects on the people.-State
NATIONS INCIDENTALLY MEntioned in thE SCRIPTURES.
Women.-IV. Distinction between the 'Iuariov or upper Garment and the
1. Marriage accounted a sacred obligation by the Jews.-II. Polygamy tolerated.
CHAPTER VI. Domestic Customs and Usages of the Jews.
I. Forms of Salutation and Politeness.-Reverence to Superiors.-II. Mode of
receiving Guests or Visitors.-III. Food and Entertainments.-IV. Mode of
Travelling-V. Hospitality a sacred duty among the Jews.-Account of the
Tessera Hospitals of the Greeks and Romans.
Page 426
CHAPTER VII. On the Occupations, Arts, and Sciences of the Hebrews.
SECTION I. Agriculture and Horticulture of the Jews.
I. Agriculture of the Jews.-II. Manures known and used by them.-III. Their
mode of ploughing, sowing, and reaping-IV. Different ways of threshing out
corn.-V. Vineyards, and the culture of the Vine and Olive.-Gardens. 441
SECTION II. On the Arts of the Hebrews.
I. Origin of the Arts.-State of them from the Deluge to the time of Moses.—
II. State of the arts from the time of Moses until the Captivity.-III. State of
the Arts after the Captivity.-IV. Account of some of the Arts practised by
the Jews.-Writing;-Materials used for this purpose ;-Letters;-Form of
Books.-V. Poetry.-VI. Music and Musical Instruments.-VII. Dancing. 454
SECTION III. On the Sciences of the Hebrews.
I. Origin of the Sciences.-II. History, Genealogy, and Chronology.-III.
Arithmetic, Mathematics, Astronomy, and Astrology.-IV. Surveying.-V.
Mechanic Arts.-VI. Geography.-VII. Physics, Natural History, and Philo-
sophy.—VIII. Medicine.-IX. Notice of some particular Diseases mentioned
in the Scriptures, viz. 1. Disease of the Philistines;-2. Of King Saul;--3 Of
King Jehoram;-4. Of King Hezekiah;-5. Of Nebuchadnezzar ;-6. Palsy;
-7. The Disease of Job ;-8. Issue of Blood;-9. Blindness;-10. Demonia-
464
cal Possessions.
SECTION IV. On the Commerce of the Hebrews.
I. Commerce of the Midianites, Egyptians, and Phoenicians.-II. Mode of trans-
porting Goods.-III. Commerce of the Hebrews, particularly under Solomon
and his successors.-IV. Notice of antient shipping.-V. Money, weights,
and measures.
474
CHAPTER VIII. Allusions to the Theatres, to Theatrical Perform-
ances, and to the Grecian Games in the New Testament.
I. Allusions to the Theatres and to Theatrical Performances in the New Testa-
ment.-II. Allusions to the Grecian Games, particularly the Olympic Games.
-1. Qualifications of the Candidates.-Preparatory Discipline to which they
were subjected.-2. Foot Race.-3. Rewards of the Victors.-4. Beautiful
allusions to these Games in the New Testament, explained.
481
CHAPTER IX. Jewish Mode of treating the Dead.-Funeral Rites.
I. Mosaic Law relating to the Dead.-II. Treatment of the Deceased.-III. La-
mentations for them.-IV. Rites of Sepulture.-V. Notice of the Tombs of
the Jews.-VI. Funeral Feasts.-Duration of Mourning.
494
APPENDIX.
No. 1. Geographical Index of the principal Places mentioned in the
Scriptures, especially in the New Testament.
505
No. II. Tables of weights, Measures, and Money, mentioned in the
Bible.
554
No. III. A Chronological Index of the principal Events recorded in
the Bible.
556
INTRODUCTION
TO THE
CRITICAL STUDY AND KNOWLEDGE
OF
THE HOLY SCRIPTURES.
SUMMARY OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY AND ANTIQUITIES.
PART I.
A SKETCH OF THE HISTORICAL AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE HOLY LAND.
CHAPTER I.
HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE HOLY land.
1. Names.-II. Boundaries.-III. Inhabitants before the conquest of
Canaan by the Israelites.-IV. Division by Joshua.-Allotments of
the twelve tribes.-V. The Kingdom under David and Solomon.-
VI. The Kingdoms of Judah and Israel.-VII. Divisions in the time
of Jesus Christ.-VIII. Account of the City of JERUSALEM :—1. Its
situation;-2. Names;-3. Fortifications and walls;—4. Remark-
able Buildings;-5. Notice of the successive captures of the city ;—
6. Sketch of its present state.-IX. Historical Epochs.
1. THIS country has in different ages been called by various
names, which have been derived either from its inhabitants, or from
the extraordinary circumstances attached to it. Thus, in Jer. iv. 20.
it is termed generally the land: and hence, both in the Old and New
Testament, the word T, which is sometimes rendered earth, is by
the context in many places determined to mean the promised land
of Israel; as in Josh. ii. 3. They be come to search out all the
country (Sept. rv ynv); Matt. v. 5. The meek shall inherit the
earth (y, the land); and in Luke iv. 25. where a great famine is
said to have prevailed throughout all the land (& Tadav anv gnv).
In like manner, oxoUMεvn, which primarily means the inhabited world,