Modern Crystallography III: Crystal GrowthSpringer Science & Business Media, 6 дек. 2012 г. - Всего страниц: 517 Early in this century, the newly discovered x-ray diffraction by crystals made a complete change in crystallography and in the whole science of the atomic structure of matter, thus giving a new impetus to the development of solid-state physics. Crystallographic methods, pri marily x-ray diffraction analysis, penetrated into materials sciences, mol ecular physics, and chemistry, and also into many other branches of science. Later, electron and neutron diffraction structure analyses be came important since they not only complement x-ray data, but also supply new information on the atomic and the real structure of crystals. Electron microscopy and other modern methods of investigating mat ter-optical, electronic paramagnetic, nuclear magnetic, and other res onance techniques-yield a large amount of information on the atomic, electronic, and real crystal structures. Crystal physics has also undergone vigorous development. Many re markable phenomena have been discovered in crystals and then found various practical applications. Other important factors promoting the development of crystallog raphy were the elaboration of the theory of crystal growth (which brought crystallography closer to thermodynamics and physical chem istry) and the development of the various methods of growing synthetic crystals dictated by practical needs. Man-made crystals became increas ingly important for physical investigations, and they rapidly invaded technology. The production . of synthetic crystals made a tremendous impact on the traditional branches: the mechanical treatment of mate rials, precision instrument making, and the jewelry industry. |
Содержание
1 | |
Nucleation and Epitaxy | 48 |
42 | 98 |
Growth Mechanisms | 104 |
Impurities | 159 |
Mass and Heat Transport Growth Shapes and Their Stability | 208 |
Creation of Defects | 246 |
Mass Crystallization | 279 |
Growth from the Vapor Phase | 298 |
Growth from Solutions | 353 |
Growth from the Melt | 415 |
List of Symbols | 456 |
462 | |
495 | |
503 | |
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Часто встречающиеся слова и выражения
adatoms adsorbed adsorption adsorption layer aggregate ampule anisotropy aqueous solutions atoms autoclave beam binding energy bonds boundary bulk Burgers vector chemical potential cm/s components compounds condensation corresponding corundum critical Cryst crystal growth crystal surface crystalline crystallites crystallizing substance curve defects density dependence deposition diffusion dislocations distribution coefficient electron English transl epitaxial equation films flux formation germanium growing crystal grown growth front growth rate heat hydrothermal impurity atoms impurity concentration impurity particle inclusions increase interface ions kcal/mol kinetic coefficient kink Kristallografiya lattice liquid mechanism melting point metals method microscope molecules NaCl nearest neighbors nucleation nuclei obtained orientation parameters phase diagram Phys plane pressure quartz radius reaction result saturated Sect seed silicon single crystals solid solubility solvent step stresses structure substrate supercooling supersaturation surface energy surface layer temperature gradient thermal thermodynamic tion trapping two-dimensional vapor velocity zone zone melting