Fragmentation: New Production Patterns in the World EconomySven W. Arndt, Henryk Kierzkowski OUP Oxford, 8 февр. 2001 г. - Всего страниц: 268 "Fragmentation" is a term used in this volume to describe cross-border component specialization and production-sharing. Examination of recent trade data suggests that offshore sourcing of parts and components, as well as offshore assembly, are assuming an increasing role in the world economy. The theoretical implications of this type of specialization are examined in several chapters with the aid of both Ricardian and Heckscher-Ohlin trade models. Production is first decomposed ("fragmented") into its constituent parts and activities, and then it is at this level that factor-intensities and technologies are calibrated. The implications of intra-product specialization and component trade are investigated under conditions of free, restricted, and preferential trade. The role of multinationals is explored and the importance of cross-border service-links among component activities is examined. Overall, extension of the principle of comparative advantage beyond products to the realm of parts and components is welfare-enhancing. Industries take advantage of offshore sourcing in order to reduce costs and increase competitiveness. Component specialization offers new and additional opportunities for the exploitation of scale economies. Across a broad range of conditions, it raises output and employment. Its effects on wages are spelled out. Trade between advanced, high-wage and developing low-wage countries is an obvious candidate for the two-way application of component specialization. The empirical part of the volume presents an evaluation of new data which allow the separation of trade in components and in final products. It also provides assessments of the role of component specialization in the trade of several countries and regions. In addition to their relevance for trade theorists and country specialists, the studies collected in this volume have interesting implications for the conduct of trade policy. They contradict claims that trade with low-wage countries must be welfare-reducing and they suggest new approaches to industrialization and economic development. |
Содержание
1 | |
A Framework for Fragmentation | 17 |
Fragmentation across Cones | 35 |
A CommunicationBased Model of Global Production | 52 |
Offshore Sourcing and Production Sharing in Preference | 76 |
Just How Big is Global Production Sharing? | 108 |
Evidence for | 144 |
Foreign Direct Investment and International | 165 |
Will Italy Survive Globalization? | 187 |
International Subcontracting in the Textile and Clothing | 209 |
Experience and Prospects | 231 |
255 | |
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Fragmentation: New Production Patterns in the World Economy Sven W. Arndt,Henryk Kierzkowski Недоступно для просмотра - 2001 |
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activities Arndt assembly average Caribbean Central Europe China commodity comparative advantage competition component specialization cones coordination Czech Republic Deardorff developing countries domestic Eastern Europe effects efficient electronics industry electronics sector employment European Union exports factor intensities factor prices Figure fixed costs foreign direct investment Forfás fragmentation of production fragmented technology growth Guangdong H firms Hong Kong imports increase industrialized countries integrated international fragmentation International Trade intra-industry trade intra-product specialization Ireland Irish isocost isocost line isoquant Italy Jones and Kierzkowski Kong's labor-intensive machinery manufacturing MNCs multinational network costs OECD offshore sourcing output outsourcing percent produce in H product differentiation production blocks production process production sharing provides ratio re-exports reduced relative role service links SITC subcontracting suppliers supply Table technology transfer textile and clothing tion transition economies transport costs unit-value isoquant United unskilled labor vertical wage