He speaks several languages besides Turkish, Servian, German, and Italian with equal fluency. In his mode of life he has retained much peculiar to Europeans. His house is furnished entirely after the German fashion, and he drinks wine publicly and without any scruple. Very recently, too, he abolished his harem, and lives with only one wife, a native of Transylvania, whom he allows the liberty of European women.

CURSCHID PACHA (GUYON).

GUYON is an Englishman. His father served in the Royal Navy, and had risen to the rank of Post Captain when his son was born in 1815. In his early youth, for he had hardly attained his 15th year, Guyon went to solicit a commission in the Austrian army. We can only conjecture that the prospect of being able to take part in the war, which was so imminent in 1830, summoned up this resolution; but we fancy that is the truth. The Austrian army has many educated foreigners among its officers, and until the time in which the political differences with England took place, Englishmen of respectable family were sure of a most cordial reception. The English volunteers were accustomed to give the preference to those regiments whose uniform was most tasteful and richly ornamented, and this Guyon proved by entering an Hungarian regiment.

His time of service did not last long. In the house

of Field-Marshal Baron Spleny he formed the acquaintance of his host's amiable daughter, married her, and left the service. He purchased an estate in Hungary, managed it himself, and lived exclusively with his family and his friends. He formed an accurate acquaintance with the country through this practical employment, and through the connection into which it brought him with all classes of people; but the language he spoke very poorly. He was a perfect master of German, on the other hand, but the difficult Magyar he terribly garbled even in 1849. His friends belonged to the ultra-liberal party, and Guyon entertained the same views. The Hungarian papers, previously to 1849, repeatedly mentioned him as one of those who simultaneously promoted the national economical plans of Pulszky, and the political schemes of Kossuth.

He entered into the unsettled war of parties in 1848 with perfect consciousness. As soon as it was evident that the army would have to decide, he joined the militia, and as a former Austrian officer, received the command of a battalion of honveds. With these he made the ill-considered and worse-effected march to the relief of Vienna. The far greater part of the troops selected for the purpose consisted of volunteers, honveds and landsturm. It was expected that the "glowing enthusiasm" of the strangely-composed mob, who knew neither their companions nor their leaders, would make up for everything. This ex

pectation was naturally found to be deceptive. The excellent-schooled and excellently-officered Austrian troops treated the Hungarians unmercifully in the engagement of Schwechat; landsturm, volunteers, and honveds poured themselves in hurried flight over this district, which was not accustomed to regard the Hungarian prowess in this light, and the regular troops were intrusted with the duty of covering this disgraceful flight.

Görgey, who, according to his own narrative, did everything in his power to keep his honveds firm before the hostile batteries, was hurried off in the flight of his troops, and breathlessly arrived, like the rest, behind the Leytha. Only one honved battalion formed an exception, and even surpassed the regular Hungarian troops in bravery. This was the battalion commanded by Guyon. Although it occupied a most difficult position opposite to the village of Mannswörth, still it not only kept its ground, but gained some advantages. The heroic bravery with which Guyon led them to the attack, was the sole reason why this solitary battalion withstood the enemy's fire. In the most violent cross-fire of the Austrian batteries he fought on foot at the head of his troops, when his horse had been shot, with a pistol in each hand, and contested every inch of ground. After the retreat had been ordered, he kept his troops in good order; at favourable places held the enemy at bay, and in this way did much to protect the irregular fugitives.

The battle of Schwichat was decisive of the future relations between Guyon and Görgey. The latter felt himself mortally insulted that a simple Major of Honveds should have distinguished himself in a manner that contrasted so strongly with his own conduct. This feeling is evinced in a hundred passages in Görgey's so-termed defence (My Life and Actions in Hungary'). Wherever Guyon is mentioned, it is sure to be accompanied by the remark, that if his heart was in the right place, his head was not so; or with an addition of a similar nature. With great industry Görgey tries to propagate the opinion that Guyon was in every respect as incapable as he was brave. The history of the Hungarian insurrection, however, tells another story about the heroic Major of Honveds.

We will not make extracts from it here, but merely state that Guyon, during the operations of the first campaign, which ended with Prince Windischgrätz's retreat from Pesth, distinguished himself in several engagements, and more especially by his victory on the Tarega, when Count Schlich was opposed to him. A soldier who measures his strength against a Schlich and gains the victory, must necessarily possess a very large share of strategic talent. His courage was also of the highest value to Hungary on another occasion, when he defended for a whole day the unprotected town of Tyrnan with only 1,800 men, on the 18th December, 1848, against the Imperial General Simunich, who was at the head of 10,000 men.