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and the Virgin Mary as mediators; acknowledging Jesus Christ as the only mediator; and in many other points. In these, and in other particulars, the Greek Church seems to have a leaning to the principles of protestantism rather than of popery."

On these grounds the Bishop sees no impediment to the marriage.

EXTRAORDINARY CIRCUMSTANCE.

In a German Journal, called the Miscellanies from the newest productions of Foreign Literature, we find the following remarkable but not improbable account. "A merchant not only heard the name of Bonaparte in the deserts of Tartary, but also saw a biography of this tyrant in the Arabic tongue, which contained a great many falsehoods and exaggerations, and ended with his marriage in the year 1810. This biography was printed in Paris, and thence it was sent to Aleppo, to be circulated in the East. It may be presumed, that this was not done merely to spread the glory of the hero, but most probably to prepare the way for some great undertaking.”

FRENCH TRANSLATION.

The French translator of Franklin's Correspondence, has made a true French blunder. Franklin somewhere says: "People imagined that an American was a kind of Yahoo." Upon this the translator makes the following note: "Yahoo. It must be an animal. It is affirmed that it is the Opossum; but I have not been able to find the word Yahoo in any dictionary of Natural History"!!!-This reminds us of an anecdote also founded on one of Swift's admirable works. A gentleman saw a person poring over an atlas, and seemingly disconcerted by some want of success. "Can't you find what you want," said he, "or can I assist you?" "I don't know (was the reply) for I have been looking two hours through all latitudes and longitudes, and cannot discover this cursed Lilliput any where"!!

GERMAN LITERATURE.

Several officers of the Prussian general staff have begun to publish an interesting

military Journal, in the first number of which there is a day-book of General Lauriston, which was found on the field of battle of the Katzebach, with several other papers. Though it is only a fragment, the rain having destroyed several leaves, it is still perfect enough to lead to some interesting observations.

The accounts of count Schulenberg, of his campaign in Poland and Saxony, in the years 1703-1706, acquire a particular literary value, from several inedited letters of Voltaire. Among other things, he writes to the count, "Have you never thought, marshal, how detestable, though it may be necessary, your profession is? I have been assured, for example, that general Renschild, after the battle of Fraustadt, had from 12 to 1800 Russians massacred in cold blood, who six hours after the battle begged for quarter on their knees. The historian Adlerfeld affirms, that there were only 600, and that they were killed immediately after the action. From you I expect to hear the truth, which is as dear to me as your glory." But Schulenberg did not answer.

There is at present published in the French language, at St. Petersburg, a periodical work entitled, Les Ephemerides Russes, Politiques et Literaires, by M. Spada. M. Paul Swinni edits Le Description de Petersbourg, et de ses Environs, in Russian and French. There is, besides, another periodical French work published in that capital, entitled La Lanterne Magique.

Italy has lost her most celebrated professor of agriculture and botany, count M. Filipo Re, who died lately at Modena. Among the vast number of works which he has be queathed to posterity, we may distinguish his Elementi di Agricoltura, the only Italian production in which the most solid principles of chemistry are applied methodically and clearly to practical agriculture.

A continental journal states, that a fisherman of Philisberg, has found in the Rhine, the fore-foot and shoulder-blade of a mammoth, which have been deposited in the Cabinet of Nat. Hist. at Carlsruhe.

ART. 15. REPORT OF DISEASES.

Report of Diseases treated at the Public Dispensary, New-York, during the month of April, 1818.

ACUTE DISEASES.

HEBRIS Intermittens, (Intermittent Fever,) 2; Febris Remittens, (Remittent Fever,) 7; Febris Continua, (Continued Fever,) 9; Febris Infantum Remittens, (Infantile Remittent Fever,) 4; Phlegmone, 2; Ophthalmia, (Inflammation of the Eyes,) 5; Otitis, (Inflammation of the Ear,) 1; Cynanche Ton

sillaris, (Inflammation of the Tonsils) 3; Cynanche Trachealis, (Hives or Croup,) 2; Catarrhus, (Catarrh,) 5; Bronchitis, (Inflammation of the Bronchiæ,) 4; Pneumonia, (Inflammation of the Chest,) 32; Pneumonia Typhodes, (Typhoid Pneumony,) 4; Pertussis, (Hooping Cough,) 2; Gastritis, (Inflammation of the Stomach,) 1; Enteritis, (Inflammation of the Intestines,) 2; Hepatitis, (Inflammation of the Liver,) 2; Rheumatismus, (Rheumatism,) 3; Hæmoptysis, (Spit

ting of Blood) 2; Cholera, 1; Rubeola, (Measles,) 1; Erysipelas, (St. Anthony's Fire,) 2; Variola, (Small-Pox,) 1; Vaccinia, (KinePock,) 70; Convulsio, (Convulsions,) 1; Dentitio, (Teething,) 2.

CHRONIC AND LOCAL DISEASES.

Asthenia, (Debility,) 3; Vertigo, 2; Dyspepsia, (Indigestion,) 6; Obstipatio, 3; Cofica, (Colic,) 1; Hysteria, (Hysterics,) 1; Epilepsia, (Epilepsy,) 1; Mania, (Madness,) 1; Ophthalmia Chronica, 3; Catarrhus Chronicus, 2; Bronchitis Chronica, 3; Asthma, 1; Phthisis Pulmonalis, (Pulmonary Consumption,) 3; Rheumatismus Chronicus, 10; Pleurodyne, 2; Lumbago, 5; Hæmorrhois, 1; Menorrhagia, 2; Diarrhoea, 4; Amenorrhoea, 5; Anasarca, (Dropsy,) 1; Vermes, (Worms,) 8; Syphilis, 10; Urethritis Virulenta, 5; Hernia, 2; Contusio, (Contusion,) 17; Stremma, (Sprain,) 2; Luxatio, (Dislocation,) 2; Fractura, (Fracture,) 5; Vulnus, 3; Ustio, (Burn,) 4; Abscessus, (Abscess,) 2; Ulcus, (Ulcer,) 5; Scabies et Prurigo, 14; Porrigo, 3; Herpes, 1; Psoriasis, 1; Eruptiones Variæ, 2.

The weather during this interval has been almost uniformly unpleasant; frequently cloudy or rainy, accompanied with sleets of hail or snow, and generally with a coldness or chillness in the atmosphere unusual at this season of the year; wind blowing the greater part of the time from the northwest, north, and northeast-giving a character to this month resembling March.

From the frequent frosts, and the want of genial warmth, there is little appearance of vegetation. Cold unseasonable weather appears to have prevailed throughout the United States. At Buffaloe, in the state of New-York, snow fell on the 17th and 18th of the month, measuring six or eight inches on a level; and in South-Carolina and other southern situations, much injury is said to have been done to vegetation, particularly to the cotton crops, by a heavy frost on the night of the 19th. The thermometrical range in this city has been considerable. The highest temperature at sunrise in any morning has been 45°, lowest 29°; highest temperature in any afternoon, 65°, lowest 39°; highest temperature at sunset of any day 480, lowest 349; greatest diurnal variation 25°. Barometrical range from 30.12 to 30.86.

Notwithstanding the unfavourable state of the weather, this period has not been unusually productive of diseases. The classes of morbid affections have continued much the same as in the preceding month; but there has been a marked increase of pneumonic inflammations and of fevers of the typhoid form. The deaths from pneumonia, which, according to the bills of mortality, amounted in January to sixteen, in February to fifteen, and in March to no more than ten, have, during this month, increased to twenty-six, and those from typhous fever to

twenty-one in number. The cases of typhous fever have been of the kind denominated by writers the typhus mitior; and in some instances the disease was accompanied with pulmonic irritation, being attended with cough, or with symptoms of pneumonic inflammation or local congestion. A disposition to run into typhous was apparent in many cases of pneumonia, which showed early signs of debility that forbid the free and repeated use of the lancet, which experience has demonstrated to be, in general, so indispensably necessary in pneumonic affections in this climate. Some cases of well marked pneumonia typhodes have been under treatment. In a disease of this mixed character, which sometimes makes a rapid progress through its stages, it has perhaps been too common a practice, in order to obviate the symptoms of putrescency, which ultimately take place, to resort to the stimulating or cordial plan of cure too early, and thus eventually to accelerate the progress of the very symptoms which it was intended to retard. It is in some of these critical cases that the most cautious practice is required; and it is only by a nice estimation of the forces of the system that we can determine how far the antiphlogistic treatment may be called for, or when it may be necessary to resort to the opposite plan.

The New-York Bills of Mortality for April give the following account of deaths from different diseases:

Abscess, 2; Apoplexy, 5; Asthma, 1; Burned, 1; Colic, 1; Consumption, 44; Convulsions, 12; Contusion, 1; Cramp in the Stomach, 1; Debility, 2; Diarrhoea, 2; Dropsy, 13; Dropsy in the Chest, 5; Dropsy in the Head, 8; Drowned, 2; Fever, Hectic, 2; Fever, Intermittent, 2; Fever, Inflammatory, 3; Fever, Remittent, 3; Fever, Typhous, 21; Gravel, 1; Hæmoptysis, 1; Hives, 13; Herpes, 1; Hooping Cough, 6; Inflammation of the Chest, 26; Inflammation of the Bowels, 3; Inflammation of the Liver, 3; Insanity, 1; Intemperance, 2; Measles, 1; Mortification, 1; Old Age, 9; Palsy, 6; Pneumonia Typhodes, 2; Rheumatism, 1; Salt Rheum, 1; Scirrhus of the Liver, 1; Scrophula, 1; Sore Throat, 2; Spasms, 3; Still-born, 16; Stranguary, 1: Suicide, 5; Syphilis, 2; Tabes Mesenterica, 13; Teething, 3; Ulcer, 2; Unknown, 4; Worms, 1.-Total 259.

Of this number there died 67 of and under the age of 1 year; 24 between 1 and 2 years; 12 between 2 and 5; 7 between 5 and 10; 9 between 10 and 20; 25 between 20 and 30; 32 between 30 and 40; 40 hetween 40 and 50; 17 between 50 and 60; 11 between 60 and 70; 8 between 70 and 80; 5 between 80 and 90; 1 between 90° and 100; and 1 of upwards of 103 years.

JACOB DYCKMAN, M. D.
New-York, April 30th, 1818.

THE

AMERICAN MONTHLY MAGAZINE

AND

CRITICAL REVIEW.

No. III......VOL. III.

JULY, 1818.

ART. 1. Discourse, delivered at the Consecration of the Synagogue of bwa, niane pp in the City of New-York, on Friday, the 10th of Nisan, 5578, corresponding with the 17th of April, 1813. Br MORDECAI M. NOAH. 8vo. pp. 47. New-York. C. S. Van Winkle.

Τ

IT is to the liberal and patriotic mind a

source of proud satisfaction, to behold the benign effects of the universal religious toleration guarrantied to the people of the United States, by the Federal Constitution, to see all sects of Christians living, if not in harmony, at least in peace, and Jews and Gentiles openly worshipping God after the dictates of their own hearts, without fear, and almost without reproach-to see all the avenues to wealth, to fame, and to power, equally open to every candidate who will court them by honourable means, without the nugatory requisition of a religious test; and all the talents and energies of the nation brought into unrestricted exercise and generous competition. Nor are the results of this beneficent system less a subject of gratulation to the enlightened disciple of Jesus, than to the calculating statesman. The interests of true religion, and the true interests of the commonwealth, are, indeed, closely conjoined,but nothing can be more baneful to both, than the boasted coalition of church and state. Under the auspices of such a combination, government becomes a burthen, and religion a scourge. The exclusion of any rational being, of correct morals, from any station for which his Creator has fitted him, on the ground of his inadequate comprehension of that Being, of whom the wisest of us has but an imperfect understanding, is an act of injustice,—and as VOL. III. No. 1.

21

what is commenced in wrong can only be supported by violence, a union of the kind we refer to has a direct tendency to the establishment of a sort of secular hierarchy, in which the priesthood pander for the sovereign and the sovereign pimps for the priesthood, whilst the unhappy subject, whom it is alike the duty of both to protect, is mutually abandoned as a prey to their common rapacity. Ages of mournful experience attest this truth; and the blood of martyrs cries from the ground against such unhallowed alliances. The salutary influence of a complete severance of religious from political concerns, is happily exemplified among us. It is conspicuously shown in the very occasion which has given rise to these remarks. One cannot but perceive, in reading the Discourse of Mr. Noah, which gives title to this article, the advantages which he, in common with his fellow worshippers, has derived from a free and equal intercourse with Christians,-not only is the rancour of their religious hatred done away, but they have even imbibed some of the distinguishing doctrines of our holy faith. From the catholic tone of this address, and from the enlarged charity which it inculcates and claims, we should hardly imagine it to proceed from those, who still arrogate to themselves the title of "God's chosen people," and who preserved their isolation by the sternest inhospitality and most brutal intolerance

towards all other nations, till they became at last a scorn and a by-word, and, in a reverse of circumstances, were refused the comity which they had denied-from those, whose ancestors, in taking possession of the "land of promise," exercised an exterminating vengeance, so horrible in its execution against the miserable inhabitants whom they came to drive out, throwing some into furnaces and sawing others asunder, that could the Deity rearray word he might well have revoked his bounty-from those-but we will not call up against them the persecutions of the early Christians. The later Christians we believe have amply retaliated upon them, not only their own injuries, but those of all the rest of the world. Nor do we intend any scandal by bringing to recollection what we rejoice lives only in memory. We do not know that Christianity would derive any advantage from a comparison with Judaism, of the atrocities which have been committed, by the professors of cach, under the sanction of its name. We certainly do not desire to institute any-though it must be admitted to the honour of Christians, that it was in the plenitude of their power they bowed to the meek precepts of their religion, and learnt "forgiveness of enemies," whilst it was after the lessons of adversity, and with the benefit of Christian example, that the Jews first brought themselves to act upon this divine injunction. And this is all the inference we would draw. We should show ourselves wanting in that spirit which we wish to cherish, were we to go farther.

But if Mr. Noah has benefitted by his opportunities of acquiring just views of religion, afforded by his residence in a Christian land, he has richly repaid the obligation. In the Discourse before us, there are many axioms which cannot be too widely disseminated, and which we cannot but regret are not more generally received. There are ministers of the gospel, not only incapable of writing as he has written, but of feeling that authentic piety which he has manifested,-who, in attempting to eradicate the depravity of their nature, have extirpated every natural grace which God had implanted in them, and, in pulling out the tares, have plucked up the wheat also.

Mr. Noah has taken a cursory review of the Jewish history, and a survey of the present condition of his countrymen. The latter, which is condensed, as well as interesting, we will lay before our readers. "Great Britain, by an act of parliament, passed in the year 1753, granted to the Jews

the rights of citizens; the clamours of the people, and, indeed, the discontent of a large portion of the Jews themselves, caused this honourable law to be revoked; and from the organization of the government, there exists no hope at present of its revival. This cannot be sufficiently deplored; a difference of religion, and a disparity in forms of worship, should not separate men, nor weaken the civil bonds that unite them. It is by mutual confidence that errors may be ascertained and checked, and good actions known and rewarded. We are not apt to look for superstition or prejudice in a country where intelligence and morality flourish. The English civil code is pure and wholedent in its execution: they have the most some in its foundation, wise and indepensplendid seminaries of learning, and illustrious institutions of charity. Their religious disqualifications arise from political events, connected with the supposed existence and integrity of the government, not springing from the feelings or wishes of the people. Although the Jews in Great Britain are deprived of the essential rights of citizens, it must, nevertheless, be conceded, that every municipal protection is extended to them in couragement is given to their industry and common with other subjects, that every encommercial views, and that a tolerant disposition, commensurate with their character, is afforded them. There are many possessing respectability and wealth; many who boast of cultivated talents; they are attached to their country, and are always ready to support it. This is a commendable spirit; for that country whose justice and humanity allows the Israelite to repose in peace in his dwelling, secure in his person, in his property, and his religious rights, is ever worthy of his best efforts in its defence and preservation.

"In France the Jews suffered much from persecution; and, until this day, their condition would have been but partially ameliorated, had not the veil of error been rent by a powerful effort; had not the progress of learning and the dissemination of science taught a people naturally liberal and humane, that to be true to themselves they fetters of prejudice, and disdaining to nourshould be just to others. Trampling on the ish the superstition and bigotry of the darker ages, they announced a toleration in religious opinions, and gave freedom to the conscience. Not content alone with the commencement of a good work, they completed it: they declared the Jews of their country to be citizens; and, with this declaration, gave them every essential right. This was to have been expected from a great nation, which had acquired a reputation in

arts, in arms, and in science, that no reverse of fortune can impair.

"Part of Italy contains many respectable and enlightened Jews, who receive every protection from government in the prosecution of their temporal and religious concerns.

"The Austrian and Russian empires, and their dependencies, the States in Germany, the kingdoms of Holland, Prussia, Sweden, and Denmark, are peopled with a vast number of Jews; many of them possessing wealth and learning-many inheriting poverty and ignorance; their privileges are controlled and circumscribed, and preju dices yet exist, though milder measures are adopted towards them in the present times. It unfortunately has been the case, that, hitherto, the governments of Europe, generally, have directed their attention more to the punishment of erimes than the rewarding of virtue. The failings of the Jews have been the theme of incessant reproach and rigorous severity; their good actions have been unaccredited and unrewarded! If the Jews in Europe have been indifferent to public opinion, it is because that opinion invariably operated to their prejudice; their minds were cramped, and their pursuits were low, because they were deprived of every source of ambition and emulation. Attempts to reform them have failed, because severe and restrictive laws, harsh and oppressive punishments, have been substituted for mild ordinances and temperate regulations. This course has ever been unwise and injudicious. While they are con sidered as a people, on whom oppression and persecution may be exercised with impunity-while they are deemed fit objects for scorn and contempt-they will never cease to evidence towards their oppressors feelings wounded and lacerated, and sentiments of repugnance and irritation. They should be treated with a degree of lenity and mildness, to which their long sufferings justly entitle them. They must be made sensible of the necessity and importance of industry, wisdom, and tolerance, by precept and example.

"Society throughout Europe, (and wherever our people are scattered they are objects of our solicitation,) without doubt, will be greatly benefitted by the amelioration of the Jews; and the countries which they inhabit be greatly strengthened by giving them the essential rights of citizens. Their moral and physical character will be improved; their integrity and industry will be strengthened, and their attachment to the governments which protect them will be firm and sincere. They will progressively acquire a love for science, and a taste for the arts; they will increase in wealth; and, in proportion to their liberty, they will encourage learning and promote civilization; and from a participation of equal privileges, they will attain a degree of perfection and happiness which our unfortunate people have never yet enjoyed. But I shall be asked, is there no country in Europe from whence the Jews have been banished, where persecution, with an iron hand, weighed them to the earth, and where torture and flames have afforded them a passage to the grave? Ay, Spain and Portugal-lands of

darkness and bigotry; they persecuted, and finally banished the Jews; and, with them, banished their prosperity and national strength. Look at them: centuries behind their cotemporaries in civilization; the people fettered by ignorance; the arm of government unnerved by disaffection; their resources destroyed; their colonies conquered; and their energies impaired: they are left to the sway and influence of more liberal and powerful nations. Spain and Portugal, from their bigotry and intolerance, their flames and inquisitions, their pride and their ignorance, have been cut off from every hope of solid independence, and deprived of the sympathy and respect of other nations. Let other nations take warning from their example. The patriot ruler and sovereign sacrifices private interest and private affection for the welfare of his subjects; he cements them together in the bonds of harmony, unanimity, and affection. The monarch, who builds his hopes of safety, like those of Spain and Portugal, on the ignorance of his people; who shuts the door to learning and civilization, and perpetuates a state of vassalage, is false to his God and his country sooner or later, peril and ca. lamity will menace the welfare, and even the existence of his inheritance."

The candour which he has displayed towards foreign nations, gives weight to the eulogium which he passes on our own country;

"Let us turn, then, from Europe and her errors of opinion on points of faith, to contemplate a more noble prospect. OUR COUNTRY, the bright example of universal tolefaith. In the formation and arrangement of rance, of liberality, true religion, and good our civil code, the sages and patriots whose collected wisdom adopted them, closed the doors upon that great evil which has shaken the old world to its centre. They proclaimed freedom of conscience, and left the errors of the heart to be judged at that tribunal whose rights should never have been usurped. Here, no inequality of privileges tinctions exist; dignity is blendid with no asperity of opinion-no invidious disequality; justice administered impartially : merit alone has a fixed value; and each man is stimulated by the same laudable ambition-an ambition of doing his duty, and meriting the good will of his fellow citizens. Until the Jews can recover their ancient rights and dominions, and take their rank among the governments of the earth, this is their chosen country; here they can rest with the persecuted from every clime, secure in person and property, protected from tyranny and oppression, and participating of equal rights and immunities. Forty years of experience have tested the wisdom of our institutions, and they only will be surrendered with the existence of the nation." In the foregoing extracts, many impor

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