27 F.(2d) 637 1. Patents No. 4016. 303—Connection between defend. ant and corporation, of which he was president, and identity between alleged infringing devices, held sufficiently shown to warrant preliminary injunction under decree in suit against corporation. In patent infringement suit, connection be tween defendant and corporation of which he was president, sued as defendant in another case, and identity of the infringing devices involved, was sufficiently established to warrant preliminary injunction, where defendant claimed to be inventor of the device and the same defenses were disclosed in both cases, and final decree was entered in other case establishing validity of plaintiff's patent. 2. Patents 300-Preliminary injunction against patent infringement was authorized, where defendant's ability to pay damages was doubtful. Where, on motion for preliminary injunction in patent infringement suit, corporation of which defendant was president was shown to be insolvent, and ability of defendant to pay damages was doubtful, irreparable injury was sufficiently shown to warrant granting temporary injunction against patent infringement. 3. Patents 327(14)-President of corporation against which final judgment was entered in infringement suit should be estopped thereby. President of corporation against which final judgment was entered for infringement of plaintiff's patent should be estopped by final decree in the other case. Appeal from the District Court of the United States for the Eastern Division of the Northern District of Illinois. Patent infringement suit by Leo J. Wahl against Nils. E. Norstrom, doing business as the Norstrom Electric Company. From an order and decree granting a preliminary injunction, defendant appeals. Affirmed. Carl V. Wisner, of Chicago, Ill., for appellant. Max W. Zabel, of Chicago, Ill., for appellee. Before ALSCHULER, PAGE and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges. PAGE, Circuit Judge. The sole question here is whether the District Court exercised a sound discretion in granting the preliminary injunction. This case and Norstrom Electric Mfg. Co. v. Wahl, No. 3970, 27 F.(2d) 635, were argued together. The Wahl patent, No. 1,487,189 involved and held valid in No. 3970, is the patent here involved, and Nils E. Norstrom the defendant (appellant) here, was the president of the defendant, N. E. Norstrom Electric Manufacturing Company, in No. 3970. [1] Appellant urges that plaintiff here does not show any connection between him and the N. E. Norstrom Electric Manufacturing Company, defendant in No. 3970, nor identity between the infringing device in that case and the alleged infringing device in this case. Norstrom signed the answer on behalf of defendant in No. 3970, and made the affidavit attached thereto, and claimed to be the inventor of the device there used and the inventor of the alleged infringing device in this case. These and other pertinent matters are established by his affidavits in this case. The matters urged in that case against the validity of the Wahl patent are the same defenses disclosed here by Norstrom's affidavits. [2] It is further urged that no irreparable injury is shown. It appears that the defendant in No. 3970 has long been insolvent, and, from the showing in the affidavits, it is highly improbable that defendant in this case will be able to adequately meet any obligation for damages, if they are assessed against him. [3] It is finally urged that there is not shown a final decree, adjudicating the validity of the patent. which would be an estoppel against defendant. Appellant, claiming to be the inventor of his device, makes some claim that such changes have been made that it is no longer an infringement, if it ever was. He is the president of the corporation, and it seems probable that he should be estopped by the final decree in No. 3970, which has now been affirmed. We are of opinion that the preliminary injunction was properly granted, and that the decree of the District Court should be, and it is hereby, affirmed. CLINE ELECTRIC MFG. CO., Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. and the Tribune Co. v. KOHLER. Circuit Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit. Rehearing Denied September 7, 1928. 1. Patents 81-Evidence of prior use, to invaldate patent, must satisfy court beyond reasonable doubt as to time of use and that patented article was involved. To strike down a patent on ground that patented article was in use more than two years before filing of application, that fact must be established by evidence satisfying court beyond reasonable doubt, not only as to time, but also that the use was of the very thing which was patented, and evidence of person testifying from memory as to remote incidents, without corroboration from contemporaneous records, is generally insufficient. 2. Patents 81-Testimony based on recollections as to remote occurrences, without corroboration, held insufficient to establish prior use invalidating patent, as against trial court's finding. Testimony of witnesses as to recollection of remote occurrences, without corroboration by contemporaneous writings or records, or definitely proved circumstances, held insufficient to establish prior use of patented article, invalidating patent, as against finding of trial court that there was in fact no prior use. 3. Patents 83-If use of patented article is for experimental purposes only, period within which application must be filed does not run until experimentation ceases. If it appears that installation and use of a patented article before filing of application for patent was for experimental purposes, to perfect device or demonstrate its utility, two-year period, for purpose of invalidating patent, does not begin to run until the experimentation ceases and the device is perfected or its utility demonstrated. 4. Patents 83-Delay in securing patent through numerous protracted amendments within then existing law did not affect patent's validity. Delay of applicant for patent in making 12 amendments, in each instance delaying within one week of a full year following the next preceding action of the Patent Office, resulting in pendency of patent for 141⁄2 years, did not affect the validity of patent, where proceedings were within the law as it then existed. 5. Patents 328—1,124,673, claims 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 24, for feeding paper to printing presses, held valid and infringed. Kohler patent, No. 1,124,673, claims 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 24, for apparatus for feeding paper to printing presses, held valid and infringed. Appeal from the District Court of the United States for the Eastern Division of the Northern District of Illinois. Patent infringement suit by G. A. Edward Kohler against the Cline Electric Manufacturing Company, the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, and the Tribune Company. Decree for plaintiff, and defendants appeal. Affirmed. Affirming decree 28 F. (2d) 405. Appellants assail a decree of the District Court holding valid and infringed claims 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 24 of United States patent No. 1,124,673 for "apparatus for feeding paper to printing presses, etc.," applied for by the inventor, I. I. Stone, June 18, 1900, and granted to appellee, Kohler, his assignee, January 12, 1915. The decree awarded injunction and accounting. The device of the patent is sufficiently described in the master's finding of facts, as follows: "The structure of the patent consists of a rotatable reel, the framework at each end thereof having a plurality of arms, each corresponding pair of arms adapted to carry a revoluble roll of paper. The reel is rotated by a motor or a hand wheel may be used for small adjustment. One or more belts, in practice usually two, driven by power from any convenient source, engaged and pass over a portion of the periphery of the roll of paper running to press. The belt runs over two. wheels, one at the top and one at the bottom, with a framework connecting them, the top wheel rotating on an axle suspended from the ceiling or some partition, the bottom wheel being free to enable the belt to remain in contact with the roll of paper as it diminishes. "In the operation of this structure the belt travels in the same direction as the paper going to the press and feeds it to the press. When the roll of paper is about exhausted, paste is placed on the outside of the loose end of the adjacent roll, the press is slowed down, the reel is rotated by the motor, carrying the expiring roll below the free end of the belt and bringing the new roll, which is given a start by hand to help overcome its inertia, in contact with the web of the expiring roll and through the web with the belt which acting on the new roll sets it revolving, and as the end of the new roll bearing the adhesive comes in contact with the old web running to press the pressure of the belt and new roll cause a joining of the new web with the old web, the new roll then being fed to the press, and the old web is severed after the joint has been effected. The press is then speeded up. The old expired roll is removed from the reel, and a full roll put in place. 27 F.(2d) 638 "This joining of the old and new rolls 1844, No. 10234; to Tomlinson, 1867, No. without stopping the press is in practice 628; to Newton, 1871, No. 1825; to Matermed making a flying paster, and permits guire, 1885, No. 11755; to Marks, 1897, No. a continuous feeding of paper to the press, 18740; and to Annand, 1898, No. 9721; without stopping the press to change from United States patents to Crowell, 1887, No. one roll to another." 365051; and to Moody, 1898, No. 598107. It is apparent, from examination of these patents and the detailed evidence of the patent experts concerning them, that no one of them embodies all of the elements which inventor Stone combined in his device. To fully analyze each of these patents, and compare it with that in issue, would enlarge this discussion far beyond beneficial scope. Prior to 1919 very few of the Stone machines were marketed. About that time the Chicago Tribune was installing a new plant, and was negotiating with appellee for pressfeeding machines which embodied the patent device, and which appellee proposed to install, together with all necessary electrical connections, for the price of $125,000. Appellant Cline Manufacturing Company, in conjunction with appellant Westinghouse Company, which would supply the electrical equipment, amounting to about 47 per cent. of the total contract price, took the contract at the price of $100,000; the Westinghouse Company undertaking to protect the Tribune against all claims of infringement, and agreeing to pay any award which might be made against the Tribune on account of infringement of any patents covering the equipment, and in case of injunction to supply the Tribune with noninfringing apparatus. The alleged infringing machinery was according ly installed, and has since been in use. The defenses urged are invalidity be cause of want of novelty over the prior art, and because the patent device is a mere aggregation of old elements, and because of a prior commercial use of the invention by the Chicago Daily News more than two years prior to application date, and, through such use, by and under the supervision of the patentee, a dedication to the public; also noninfringement. For appellee it is contended that this use by the Chicago Daily News was not at the time in question a full embodiment of the patent, and in any event was experimental up to a time within the two-year period preceding application date. The evidence upon these issues was orally heard by the master, who made findings of fact and of law contrary to the contentions of appellants. Wesley G. Carr, of Pittsburgh, Pa., and Victor S. Beam, of New York City, for appellants. Donald M. Carter, of Chicago, Ill., for appellee. Before ALSCHULER, EVANS, and PAGE, Circuit Judges. ALSCHULER, Circuit Judge (after stating the facts as above). Appellants' contention of want of invention over the prior art is based on British patents to Phipps, Concededly, mounting a plurality of rolls of paper or other material upon a rotatable reel to bring the rolls successively into position for feeding the paper into a printing press, was not new with Stone. Neither was there novelty in a belt so mounted that it would movably rest upon the periphery of a roll of paper or other material which was being fed into a press. Some of the patents cited showed one or the other of such, but none showed both; and surely none showed them so assembled with reference to each other that they co-operated to make what is known as the "flying paster," which is Stone's achieved result over the prior art, by means of the several elements which he first brought together. Tomlinson, which is perhaps the most persuasive citation, shows the plurality of rolls upon a reel, but without the belt. The fact that Tomlinson's machine was designed for printing calico might not of itself prevent its successful reference as prior art. Instead of making a "flying paster," it points out the operation of storing some of the material in a box, from which it would be taken for attachment to the material of the next roll. It is pointed out that, with some modification, such as reversing one of the rollers, a flying paster might be successfully made by the Tomlinson device. We do not need to speculate whether such modification, enabling, if it did, the successful making of a flying paster, would in itself involve invention over Tomlinson's patent. Suffice to say, it is not the device of the Stone patent, and, in our judgment, would not, and evidently did not, suggest it. And in general we might distinguish each of the cited patents, all of which, except Annand, were cited and considered in the Patent Office during the extraordinarily protracted pendency there of Stone's application. It is of course true, as appellants contend, that Stone's patent does not cover a flying paster. It is a machine patent whereby the flying paster is effected, and it secured to him the monopoly for the specific combination which brought it about. A structure combining wheels, springs, screws, and what not, however ingenious and interesting, unless it effects some useful purpose, is not properly the subject of a pat ent. As stated in Electric Signal Co. v. Hall Signal Co., 114 U. S. 87, 5 S. Ct. 1069, 29 L. Ed. 96: "The thing patented is the particular means devised by the inventor by which that result is attained, leaving it open to any other inventor to accomplish the same result by other means." but it is a patent upon an instrumentality from doubt. Stone had long been the mechanical superintendent of the Chicago Daily News office. New presses were installed there early in 1897, and about that time Stone supplied for each of two of the new presses a multi-reel feeding device with four arms, each carrying a roll of paper. An article of March 16, 1897, published in the Chicago Record (a daily newspaper of same ownership as the Daily News, and using the same equipment), gives a glowing account of the new installation of presses, headlining and stressing the use for the first time of electrical appliances for controlling the machinery. It refers to Irving Stone (the inventor) as the mechanical superintendent in charge of all the presses, and states that he had devised other novelties, one of which is a magazine reel, which can be loaded with four rolls of paper to feed the press, the reels standing far below in the basement. It describes the operation of the reel, but makes no mention of the belt feature, nor of the flying paster, or anything of that nature; the general practice then being to stop the press long enough to change to another roll. It emphasized the value of the reel device, in that it enabled the expired roll to be removed from the reel and replaced by another roll while the press was moving, thus effecting a saving in time. But the failure in that article to refer to the further time saving which the flying paster effects is quite persuasive that the means to that end were not then and there present-if, indeed, then conceived. It is not material that in the claims the term "flying paster" is not employed. One can scarcely read the patent and file wrapper without reaching the conclusion that the improved result at which Stone was aiming, and which his combination was designed to bring about, was this flying paster, whereby without the unreeling and storage of the web, as in Tomlinson, and without the making of a loose loop of the web, as in Marks, or otherwise, the paper from the expiring roll might be joined to that of a new roll upon the same reel, and the printing operation continuously carried on without stop page of the press. It is manifest that in newspaper printing, where every saving of a moment's time is a "consummation devoutly to be wished," its achievement, either by means entirely new, or by a new and advantageous combination of old elements, strongly points toward the quality of invention. Prior to 1919 apparently few of the Stone installations had been made. But about the time of the installation in question, and afterwards, it was rapidly adopted by large newspaper printing offices, and by 1925 installations of the machines had been made by appellee in the aggregate price of $1,300,000, and, so far as appears, no installation, save that in question, was made in defiance of Stone's patent. From our careful examination and comparison of the prior art patents, as well as the action of the Patent Office in granting the patent after the long pendency and its citation of nearly all the alleged prior art, also the very substantial public recognition of the patent, we would not be warranted in disturbing the conclusion of the District Court that the claims are not invalid upon the prior art. The question on the contended commercial use by the Chicago Daily News more than two years before application date is not free There was in evidence also a publication of the Electrical Engineer, of February 24, 1898, and of the Western Electrician, of April 16, 1898, and of Electricity, of February 22, 1899. These publications are, in the main, devoted to a description of the electrical equipment for governing these presses. None of them refers to the belt arrangement for mechanically making the flying paster. It appears from the record that at some time in this period the operatives became sufficiently expert, so they could cut out the expiring roll and manually paste the severed web to the new roll, thus continuing the operation of the press by very materially slowing it down, but not stopping it, and thereby effecting some further saving of time. This was, in a sense, a flying paster manually made, and it is reasonable to conclude that the second article, which refers to the printing of 60,000 papers an hour without stopping the press, was descriptive of this method. The same may be said of the last publication, which was about eight months 27 F.(2d) 638 within the two-year period; that is to say, that at the time the article was prepared (which the evidence does not show) the mechanical pasting, as effected by the belt, was not yet in use. The other evidence upon this prior use was that of three witnesses, one of them a brother of the inventor and long employed in this pressroom, and of two others employed there for a time. While they say, with varying degrees of certitude, that the belt was part of the installation some time in 1897, their evidence in some respects is quite contradictory in details. While it is often true that contradictions in details between witnesses may tend to indicate their good faith and lack of their conscious cooperation, yet in proving a date or time, upon the establishment of which the issue depends, contradictions upon that very subject do not assist in fixing it. [1] It is quite elementary that, to strike down a patent upon the ground that the patented article was in public use more than two years before the application was filed, this fact must be established by evidence so clear as to satisfy beyond reasonable doubt; and the evidence must so satisfy, not alone as to the time, but also that the use was of the very thing which was patented. James Heddon's Sons, Inc., v. South Bend Bait Co. (C. C. A.) 14 F. (2d) 805. [2] Where the evidence is that of persons testifying from memory upon incidents remote in time, without corroboration by contemporaneous records, or writings, or definitely proved circumstances, the proof quite generally fails to establish with sufficient certainty the alleged prior use. Deering v. Winona Harvester Works, 155 U. S. 286, 15 S. Ct. 118, 39 L. Ed. 153; T. H. Symington Co. v. Natl. Malleable, etc., Co., 250 U. S. 383, 39 S. Ct. 542, 63 L. Ed. 1045; Eibel Process Co. v. Minnesota & Ontario Paper Co., 261 U. S. 45, 43 S. Ct. 322, 67 L. Ed. 523. The publications tending as they do rather to negative than to establish the alleged prior use, the proof here rests wholly on these witnesses. Testifying, as they did, solely from their recollection of things occurring about 25 years before, without corroboration by contemporaneous writings or records or articles, or other definite fortifying data or things, we would not be justified in substituting our opinion upon the weight of the evidence for that of the master, who had the added advantage of seeing and hearing the witnesses, and whose finding against the fact 27 F.(2d)-41 of prior use was sustained by the District Court. Furthermore, appellee maintains that, even if it were concluded from the evidence that the Daily News original installation of 1897 embodied substantially the elements of the Stone patent, that installation was under the supervision of the inventor himself, and was experimental only, until within the two year period preceding application. For appellants it is contended that the burden is on the inventor of proving that a prior installation was experimental, and that, under the evidence, appellee has not sustained this burden. [3] But, if it can be made to appear that such installation and use was for experimental purposes only-to perfect the device, or to demonstrate its utility-the twoyear period does not begin to run until the experimentation ceases, and the device is perfected or its utility so demonstrated. Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co., 97 U. S. 126, 24 L. Ed. 1000; Smith & Griggs Mfg. Co. v. Sprague, 123 U. S. 249, 8 S. Ct. 122, 31 L. Ed. 141. There is abundance of evidence in the record tending to show experiment and change in the device for a considerable time following the Daily News installation. For just how long, it is difficult to say. While it is upon the inventor to prove, if he so claims, that a prior use, if shown, was experimental, we cannot say that the master who heard the contradictory testimony thereon was wrong in his conclusion of fact that the here alleged prior use was experimental. But we do not reach this contingency, if, as we have above indicated, we do not find that appellants have sustained their initial burden of establishing belond reasonable doubt that the Daily News installation of 1897 was in fact the embodiment of the patent which was subsequently applied for. [4,5] The defense of invalidity urged in the District Court, based on delay in prosecution of the application for the patent, is not seriously urged here. That the prosecution was most extraordinarily procrastinated is manifest from inspection of the file wrapper, which shows pendency of 141⁄2 years, without as much as an interference proceeding to consume the time. Applicant made 12 amendments, in each instance delaying within a week of a full year following the next preceding action of the Patent Office. But, this being within the law as it then was, the validity of the patent is not thereby affected. |