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the Caffeé de Chartres, whence it extended itself all over Paris, and ultimately over the whole surface of the republic; the busts of this bloody fanatic were every where broken to pieces; his picture by David, which hung in the hall of the Convention, was ordered to be taken down; and his remains were removed from the Pantheon. A figure representing him was burnt in the court of the Jacobins, in the presence of an immense crowd of joyful spectators; the ashes were deposited in a certain necessary utensil; were paraded along the streets, borne by a little humpbacked man; and were then thrown into the common sewer of Montmartre.

From the same coffeehouse, sallied forth a jovial party, resolved to attack the formidable sect of Jacobins in their fortress, their own hall. The troop swells as it advances. The hall is besieged, and the president covers himself with his bonnet rouge, to signify that the country is in danger, since the society which is its main prop is attacked. Gloomy silence prevails in this dread temple. The armed force is ordered, and arrives, but it will take no part, and the soldiers remain spectators. Stones are hurled in through the windows, the door is assailed, and no respect is shewn to the red cap. The most courageous among the Jacobins then rush out, face their enemies, and a general combat ensues. During this laughable scene, the author thinks, the fate of France and of Europe was decided.

While the battle rages at the principal door, the ladies endeavour to escape by the side doors, but are watched by parties of the wicked Muscadins, and the fair patriots experience every rude treatment from them;--ils les fouettent impetoyablement. To obtain favour, the ladies cry out that they are not Jacobines, but Muscadines; on les fouettent encore davantage, telling them, si tu es Muscadine, que fesais tu là, au lieu de t'occuper de ton menage, et de tes enfans. While the heroines at the side-outlets undergo this ignominy, the heroes in the battle at the principal door are worsted and obliged to retire into the hall, but are presently rescued by some members of the Convention at the head of an armed force. The deputies were well pleased with what had taken place, but they wished to prevent a massacre; and they obtained leave from the multitude for the Jacobins to come out, though the latter were obliged to parade along the kennel, the populace hemming them in on each side; and they were hissed and hooted every where as they proceeded, while some of them experienced more serious insults.

This was the last procession in which this mighty society figured. The women, also, who had been the scourge of

9

Paris,

Paris, hardly dared to shew their faces for shame, and many of them on that account changed their abode.

The Convention, which governed or rather desolated France during a period of little more than three years, terminated its sittings on the 26th of October 1796. It had passed eleven. thousand two hundred and ten decrees: there were denounced in it three hundred and sixty conspiracies, and a hundred and forty insurrections; and its conduct verified the observation of Mirabeau, when he said, "I would rather live at Constantinople, than under an assembly which united in itself all the powers of the state."

The intrigues of the Convention for the purpose of retaining its dominion, the arts which it used, the violence which it practised to procure the introduction of two thirds of its members into the directorial councils, and its various devices for prolonging its domination and for monopolizing power, are very fully set forth. The leaders of that Assembly contrived to rule till the réins were wrested from their hands by the bayonets of the soldiery. If, as we are here told, the resistance of the sections was the impulse of pure patriotism, (we refer to the insurrection of the 13th of Vendémiaire, 4th of October 1795,) it follows that the first achievement of Bonaparte was to strengthen usurpation, and to perpetuate oppression: since the triumph of the conventional party, and the defeat of the sections, were owing to his exertions. General Menou (afterward Abdallah, and so distinguished by his devotion to Bonaparte), then commandant of the Conventional guard, scrupled to shed the blood of the citi zens; he was therefore superseded; and his successor, the present ruler of France, possessing feelings less delicate, led on his troops to merciless butchery, and placed Jacobin usurpation on a firm footing, which enabled it not only to mock the substance but to trample on the very forms of liberty: thus disposing the ill-fated French to submit to the barefaced despotism, which he was destined one day to introduce among

them.

Our readers will recollect, that a leading charge against Pichegru was a supposed correspondence with M. d'Antraigues. The latter has since positively denied having any sort of intercourse whatever with, or any knowlege of, the republican General; and it was Bonaparte who transmitted the papers of d'Antraigues, which furnished the foundation for the charge. Another head of accusation against the General was a supposed correspondence with the Prince of Condé relative to the restoration of royalty, which rests on the authority of a letter sent by General Moreau to Bartelemi, while director. The author states several reasons to prove that this allegation

is

is not better founded than the other. It is curious to observe, that each of the two principal characters in France has been an underhand accuser of the conqueror of Belgium and of Holland. Europe, as well as France, there is reason to believe, has suffered from the misfortunes of this modest hero; who engaged the esteem while he commanded the admiration of his enemies, and whose persecutions have since ensured him very sincere as well as general commiseration. It is also remarkable that the civil authorities, with which, by becoming a deputy, he had (as it were) identified himself, should have been so desirous of disgracing the only man who could have formed a counterpoise to the attempts of an ambitious military chief; and who, relying on his power and reputation, might endeavour to seize on the supreme authority. Had it not been for the 18th of Fructidor, and the deportation of Pichegru, the 18th of Brumaire never would have happened; a Sieyes did not weigh a feather against the Corsican hero: but, had a Pichegru been found in the ranks of the civil authorities, Bonaparte would not have become the autocrat of France.-Setting aside the ostensible reasons for the deportations which followed the 18th Fructidor (4th September 1797), we shall mention a few of the real causes, as they are stated by this author.

Bourdon and Rovere were two violent Jacobins, but the one had set his face against the measures which produced the 13th Vendémiaire (4th of October 1795); and the other had exposed the dilapidating system pursued by the Directory in relation to the colonies. Boissy d'Anglas, though a Protestant, had espoused the cause of the catholic priests, and had been the most active in obtaining the repeal of the barbarous laws in force against them. Jourdan (des Bouches du Rhône), one of the finest geniuses that had appeared during the course of the Revolution, had kept within some bounds the Jacobin persecutions in his department. The young and accomplished Camille Jordan had patronized the return of the people to ideas of religion, and had been the advocate for allowing the church bells to be rung to summon the faithful to divine worship. Portalis and Tronçon du Coudray were for emancipating the judicial legislation from its subserviency to revolutionary pur poses. Barbé de Marbois had made a report on the scandalous dilapidations which prevailed in every department of the government; and Bartélémi had the misfortune of enjoying the good opinion of all the moderate and respectable men in France. For these, and similar delinquencies, were the most estimable names in the country inserted in the horrid list of deportation. Our readers have not forgotten Ramel's account of the treatment which these unfortunate persons experienced

*

while on their voyage, as well as during their confinement in the fortress of Sinamary The refined cruelty of this scheme of destruction is more ous than the open butcheries of Robespierre. What was the inhuman saying of the Governor of Guiana, when the unhealthy state of the persons deported was represented to him? Ces messieurs devraient savoir, qu'ils n'ont pas été envoyés à Synnamari pour vivre éternellement +."

Speaking of the enlargement of territory which France secured by the treaty of Campo Formio, the author justifies that measure on the ground of the partition of Poland; stating it to be necessary to restore the balance which had been disturbed by that event.

We shall now conclude this long article; only repeating that much valuable information is collected in this work; and that the principal characters and the successive ruling factions, which figured in the course of the Revolution, are here appreciated with great fairness, judgment, and ability.

ART. VI. Mémoires de Candide, &c.; i. e. Memoirs of Candide, respecting the Liberty of the Press, Universal Peace, the Foundations of Social Order, and other Trifles. By Dr. EMANUEL RALPH. Translated from the German, 3d Edition. pp. 301. Altona. 1802. Imported by De Boffe. sewed.

CANDI

8vo.

Price 6 s.

ANDIDE, an old acquaintance of most of our readers, is here represented as quitting the shores of the Propontis, in order again to appear on the public stage; and he arrives at Paris, with the view of obtaining the publication of the sequel of his adventures from the press of that city,-the freedom of which has been guaranteed by three, if not four, constitutions. If the veteran's faculties be less bright, his imagination less lively, his wit less poignant, and his satire less keen, than at his former he discovers a turn of mind which must be said to appearance, bear considerable similarity to that of our former friend. Like him, he takes delight in unmasking hypocrisy, in detecting imposture, in decrying oppression, in exposing usurpation, and in holding up pernicious folly to the light. Like him, he appears unwil ling that mankind should be always hoodwinked, and desirous to strip off the veil which blinds them, and to open their eyes to the snares which are laid in their path. He is even romantic enough to wish to see fair and honest dealing introduced into

*See Rev. Vol. xxx. N. S. p. 129.

These gentlemen should recollect that they were not sent to Sinamary to live to all eternity."

all

all the transactions of human beings, without excepting the highest. If the brilliancy of his former days appears dimmed, we discover in him solid good qualities which he was not then so solicitous to display, and we deem it our duty to treat him with considerable attention.

On his arrival at Paris, he visits the opera. In the course of the evening, a hymn to Liberty is demanded by the pit, when the ladies in the boxes venture to hiss: but the citizens below prevail, the Goddess receives her adorations, and the indevout fair are obliged to kneel while they are performed. Our hero, puzzled how to reconcile these ceremonies with the rights which the Goddess is supposed to secure to her votaries, is addressed under the term citizen by a poet who sits near to him; as a stranger, he disclaims the appellation; when the other tells him that, whether he has a right to it or not, prudence should induce him to assume it, there being at Paris every kind of liberty but that of declining the title in question. Candide, with his wonted simplicity, inveighs against this restraint, and hazards observations on the application of the title even to all natives indiscriminately. The poet discusses the matter no farther with him, but departs; when a bystander politely takes him by the arm, and requests him to accompany him to the Bureau Central de la Police, with which he complies. Having waited there exactly forty-four hours, his turn to be examined came; he is then sent to another office, where his companion states the conversation at the Opera, in order to prove the disaffection of the accused: but the magistrate recognizes Candide, treats him respectfully, sets him at liberty, and dismisses his accuser: who, it seems, was one of that numerous and important class of men who, since the reign of liberty, have been denominated informers, but who under the ancien regime were termed spies.

Being thus at large again, as he was passing along the streets, he saw written over a door, " Imprimerie du Citoyen Français ;' and here, said he, I will get my work printed. In the absence of the master, the compositor describes to him the situation of the French press at that period; (viz. in the year VIII., a little time before the famous 18th of Brumaire ;) and all that he learns from the intelligent compositor confounds his understanding he cannot conceive how matters can be thus ordered, in the most free and best governed of all cities.

The ruins of places of worship, the mutilated saints, the garbled names of the streets *, and the church of Notre Dame

Referring to the substitution of Rue Honoré for Rue St.

Honoré, &c. &c.

transformed

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