is a convincing literary artist, what has been called a "true voice." The organization of society will probably show greater and greater evidence of his influence, for there is immortality in his ability to make the world believe in his sincerity. Those who love Byron will always be his advocates, not merely against the world's indictment, which has often been severe upon both him and his work; but also, you might say, principally, against his own indictment of himself; for in his passionate frankness, he has spared nobody less than he has himself.

DESCRIPTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Thomas Moore's The Letters and Journals of Lord Byron is the standard biography of Byron and has never been superseded. It is unreliable in many details; but the fact remains that all subsequent biographers have gone to it for materials and opinions about Lord Byron. The best life since Moore is Karl Elze's Lord Byron, though it perhaps lacks critical penetration. J. C. Jeaffreson's The Real Lord Byron is interesting and valuable for the way it handles evidence. Good short lives are, — John Nichol, Byron, in "The English Men of Letters Series"; Roden Noel, Lord Byron, in "Great Writers Series"; Sir Leslie Stephen's article in The Dictionary of National Biography; and T. Watts-Dunton's article in Chamber's Cyclopædia of English Literature. There are, besides, several books of personal reminiscences of Byron which are useful in the study of Byron; the most important of which are, Thomas Medwin, Conversations of Lord Byron; Leigh Hunt, Lord Byron and some of his Contemporaries; E. J. Trelawney, Recollections of Shelley and Byron, and Records of Byron, Shelley, and the Author; and Countess of Blessington, Conversations with Lord Byron. There are important essays on Byron by Macaulay, Lord Jeffrey, Victor Hugo, Mazzini, Matthew Arnold, Lord Morley, Swinburne, W. E. Henley, J. A. Symonds, P. E. More. Other valuable books are G. M. C. Brandes, Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature, volume iv.; W. J. Courthope, The Liberal Movement in English Litera

ture; Edward Dowden, The French Revolution and English Literature; and H. Taine, History of English Literature.

The standard edition of Lord Byron's works is that published by John Murray, London, in thirteen volumes,Letters and Journals, six volumes, edited by R. E. Prothero; Poetry, seven volumes, edited by E. H. Coleridge. This edition contains elaborate biographical and bibliographical materials. Good one volume editions of Byron's poetical works are, the Oxford edition, published by the Clarendon Press; the Cambridge edition, published by the Houghton, Mifflin Company; and an edition by E. H. Coleridge, published by John Murray.

LIST OF BYRON'S PRINCIPAL WORKS

1807. Hours of Idleness.

There were four different issues of juvenile poems. The volume called Hours of Idleness was severely criticised in the Edinburgh Review, January, 1808.

1809. English Bards and Scotch Reviewers.

A satire in the manner of Pope, provoked by the critique of Hours of Idleness in the Edinburgh Review, and directed against all the leading English poets, except Campbell, Crabbe, and Rogers, and against the Scotch reviewers, particularly Lord Jeffrey, the editor of the Edinburgh Review.

1810. Hints from Horace.

A satire intended as a sequel to English Bards and Scotch
Reviewers; not published, however, until 1831.

1811. The Curse of Minerva.

A poem in protest against robbing Greece of her ancient sculptures.

1812. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Cantos I. and II.

The poem that brought Byron fame; the first edition of 500 copies was sold in three days. It is a poem of travel; its hero, a nobly born youth, has already exhausted the pleasures of life; he travels to escape disgust and melancholy. He visits Portugal, Spain, Greece, and Turkey.

1813. The Giaour.

An oriental tale. Giaour is a term meaning infidel, applied
by Turks to Christians. The Giaour steals the mistress of
Hassan, who vindicates his honor by drowning her. The
Giaour kills Hassan and retires to a monastery.

1813. The Bride of Abydos.

An oriental tale. Zuleika runs away with Selim from an enforced marriage to Carasman Pasha. The lovers are pursued and captured; Selim is slain, Zuleika dies. Materials for both The Giaour and The Bride of Abydos come from Byron's travels in the Orient; both have been thought to embody, in some measure, his personal experience.

1814. The Corsair.

An oriental tale. Medora loves a pirate, "the Corsair"; she sits in a tower waiting for him while he is away marauding. On one of his expeditions Seyd Pasha captures and enslaves him. Gulnare, a female slave, murders her master, Seyd Pasha, and flees with the Corsair. He finds Medora dead and vanishes.

1814. Lara.

A sequel to The Corsair, containing further adventures of Conrad, the Corsair. The Corsair and Lara continue the vein of the earlier tales. Like them they were rapidly written; both sold with tremendous rapidity. Twentyfive thousand copies of The Corsair were sold in three months.

1814. Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte.

Byron considered Napoleon's abdication and withdrawal to Elba a mean spirited and unworthy act; this feeling gave rise to the ode.

1815. Hebrew Melodies.

A volume of lyrics written for music. Byron wrote a large number of short poems between 1809 and 1816.

1816. The Siege of Corinth and Parisina.

The Siege of Corinth continues the oriental vein. The scene is laid at the siege of Corinth by the Turks. Alp, the Corinthian renegade, tries to save the daughter of the governor of the city, but dies in the attempt. In Parisina Byron abandons the oriental setting, and tells a tale of mediaeval Italian intrigue and revenge.

1816. Fare thee Well, The Sketch, and Stanzas to Augusta. Poems relating to Byron's domestic difficulties.

1816. The Prisoner of Chillon and other Poems.

This volume includes The Dream, Darkness, and the second Stanzas to Augusta. The Epistle to Augusta, though written at this time, was not published until 1830.

1816. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Canto III.

It is addressed to his infant daughter, and has a large basis of personal emotion. The Pilgrim makes a journey from England to Switzerland; and in such passages as that on the field of Waterloo, on the Rhine, Lake Leman, the Alps, and Clarens, Byron's genius for descriptive poetry rises to its finest heights.

1817. Manfred: a Dramatic Poem.

Manfred is a witch drama depicting the miseries and suicide of a Faust-like hero who has committed an inexpiable crime. The scene is laid in the high Alps.

1817. The Lament of Tasso.

An imaginary monologue of the poet Tasso, imprisoned by the cruelty of Duke Alonzo of Ferrara. See Childe Harold, Canto IV., stanzas 30-39.

1818. Beppo: a Venetian Story.

A satire on Venetian life in the form of a story of intrigue.

1818. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Canto IV.

An account of a pilgrimage through Italy from Venice to Rome, splendid in its expression of the poetry of historical association.

1819. Mazeppa.

With it was published Venice: an Ode. 1819-24. Don Juan.

Cantos I. and II. were published in 1819; III., IV., V. in 1821; VI., VII., VIII., in 1823; IX., X., XI., later in the same year; XII., XIII., XIV., as the year closed; XV., XVI., in March, 1824. Don Juan might be described as a medley whose principal constituents are satire, personal and social, and sentiment, heroic and human. It relates the travels and adventures of a Byronic hero who is more than usually violent in his rebellion against the conventionalities of society.