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It is remarkable how little Trevithick really accomplished for railway progress, notwithstanding his ingenuity and skill as an inventor and mechanician. Instructed by Murdock and assisted by Vivian, he was enabled to erect his first steam-carriage, after which he constructed his first railway locomotive. But Trevithick was one of those men who are satisfied with making a beginning. He was not endowed with the gift of continuance the quality of perseverance. With half the cleverness, and double the application, he might have successfully worked out the problem of railway locomotion, and kept ahead of all competitors.

George Stephenson was a man of an entirely different fibre. His patience was never baffled by failure; his faith was never shaken by opposition. When he became fully possessed by a conviction, he held to it with dogged tenacity, and braved the shafts of ridicule, the arguments of opponents, and the shrugs and the sneers of the utterly indifferent. Above all, he was an accurate and careful observer; and the improvements which he was enabled to effect in the locomotive were mainly due to the care with which he noted facts, and the patient reflection which he bestowed upon them, with the object of turning them to useful account.

Thus, his adoption of the steam blast in the chimney was in no way the issue of accident; but it was an invention the result of careful observation and patient reflection. In his first locomotive the eduction steam was allowed to escape into the open atmosphere, with a hissing blast, which was the terror of horses and cattle, and was generally complained of as a nuisance. A neighbouring squire even threatened an action against the colliery lessees if it were not put an end to. But Mr. Stephenson's attention had already been drawn to the circumstance of the much greater velocity with which the steam issued from the exit pipe, compared with that at which the smoke escaped from the chimney of the

engine. He then thought that, by conveying the eduction steam into the chimney by means of a small pipe after it had performed its office in the cylinders, and allowing it to escape in a vertical direction, its velocity would be imparted to the smoke from the fire, or to the ascending current of air in the chimney *, thereby increasing the draft, and consequently the intensity of combustion in the furnace.

The experiment was no sooner made than the power of the engine was at once more than doubled: combustion was stimulated by the blast; consequently the capability of the boiler to generate steam was greatly increased, and the effective power of the engine augmented in precisely the same proportion, without in any way adding to its weight.

This simple but beautiful expedient, though it has hitherto received but slight notice as an original idea on the part of its author, was really fraught with the most important consequences to railway communication; and it is not too much to say that the success of the locomotive depended upon its adoption. Without the steam blast, the advantages of the "multitubular boiler" could never have been fairly tested;

* Mr. Nicholas Wood gives the following account of the circumstances which led to the invention of the steam blast by Mr. Stephenson:-" When the engines were first made, the steam escaped into the atmosphere, and made comparatively little noise. It was found difficult thus to produce steam in sufficient quantity to keep the engine constantly working, or rather to obtain an adequate rapidity of current in the chimney to give sufficient intensity to the fire. To effect a greater rapidity, or to increase the draft of the chimney, Mr. Stephenson thought that, by causing the steam to escape into the chimney through a pipe with its end turned upwards, the velocity of the current would be accelerated; and such was the effect." (Practical Treatise on Railroads, by Nicholas Wood, C.E. Ed. 1825, p. 292.) This passage clearly shows the preconceived design and purpose of Mr. Stephenson in inventing the steam blast. A claim has, nevertheless, been set up in behalf of Timothy Hackworth as its inventor in 1829, although the design, mechanism, and rationale of the invention, as effected by Mr. Stephenson in 1815, and adopted by him in all the Killingworth engines from that year downwards, were clearly described by Mr. Wood in 1825!

and it was these two improvements, working together, which afterwards secured the triumph of the locomotive on the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Without the steam blast, by which the intensity of combustion was kept up to the highest point, and the evolution of steam thus rapidly effected, high rates of speed by means of the combustion of coke could not have been attained, and locomotives might still have been dragging themselves unwieldily along at little more than five or six miles an hour.

The steam blast had scarcely been adopted, with so decided a success, when Mr. Stephenson, observing the numerous defects in his engine, and profiting by the experience which he had already acquired, determined to construct a second engine, in which to embody his improvements in their best form. Careful and cautious observation of the working of his locomotive had convinced him that the complication arising out of the action of the two cylinders being combined by spurwheels would prevent its coming into practical use. He accordingly directed his attention to an entire change in the construction and mechanical arrangements of the machine; and in the following year, conjointly with Mr. Dodds, who provided the necessary funds, he took out a patent, dated the 28th of February, 1815*, for an engine which combined in a remarkable degree the essential requisites of an economical locomotive; that is to say, few parts, simplicity in their action, and directness in the mode by which the power was communicated to the wheels supporting the engine.

This locomotive, like the first, had two vertical cylinders, which communicated directly with each pair of the four wheels that supported the engine, by means of a cross head and a

* A grant to Ralph Dodds and George Stephenson, both of Killingworth, engineers, for their various Improvements in the Construction of Locomotive Engines. Patent Office, No. 3887.

pair of connecting-rods. But, in attempting to establish a direct communication between the cylinders and the wheels that rolled upon the rails, considerable difficulties presented themselves. The ordinary joints could not be employed to unite the parts of the engine, which was a rigid mass, with the wheels rolling upon the irregular surface of the rails; for it was evident that the two rails of the line of waymore especially in those early days of imperfect construction of the permanent road could not always be maintained at the same level, - that the wheel at one end of the axle might be depressed into one part of the line which had subsided, whilst the other wheel would be comparatively elevated; and, in such a position of the axle and wheels, it was obvious that a rigid communication between the cross head and the wheels was impracticable. Hence it became necessary to form a joint at the top of the piston-rod where it united with the cross head, so as to permit the cross head to preserve complete parallelism with the axle of the wheels with which it was in communication.

In order to obtain that degree of flexibility combined with direct action, which was essential for ensuring power and avoiding needless friction and jars from irregularities in the road, Mr. Stephenson made use of the "ball and socket" joint (so called from its resemblance to the hip-joint of the human body) for effecting a union between the ends of the cross heads where they united with the connecting rods, and between the ends of the connecting rods where they were united with the crank-pins attached to each driving wheel. By this arrangement the parallelism between the cross head and the axle was at all times maintained and preserved, without producing any serious jar or friction on any part of the machine.

The next important point was, to combine each pair of wheels by means of some simple mechanism, instead of by

the cogwheels which had formerly been used. And, with this object, Mr. Stephenson began by making in each axle cranks at right angles to each other, with rods communicating horizontally between them.

A locomotive was accordingly constructed upon this plan in the year 1815, and it was found to answer extremely well. But at that period the mechanical skill of the country was not equal to the task of forging cranked axles of the soundness and strength necessary to stand the jars incident to locomotive work. Mr. Stephenson was accordingly compelled to fall back upon a substitute, which, although less simple and efficient, was within the mechanical capabilities of the workmen of that day, in respect of construction as well as repair. He adopted a chain which rolled over indented wheels placed on the centre of each axle, and so arranged that the two pairs of wheels were effectually coupled and made to keep pace with each other. The chain, however, after a few years' use, became stretched; and then the engines were liable to irregularity in their working, especially in changing from working back to working forward again. Eventually the chain was laid aside, and the front and hind wheels were united by rods on the outside, instead of by rods and crank axles inside, as specified in the original patent. This expedient completely answered the purpose required, without involving any expensive or difficult workmanship.

Thus, in the year 1815, Mr. Stephenson, by dint of patient and persevering labour,-by careful observation of the works of others, and never neglecting to avail himself of their suggestions, had succeeded in manufacturing an engine which included the following important improvements on all previous attempts in the same direction:-viz., simple and direct communication between the cylinder and the wheels rolling upon the rails; joint adhesion of all the wheels, attained by the use of horizontal connecting rods; and finally, a beautiful method

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