FRIENDS' INTELLIGENCER.

well as the latter, notwithstanding the law and
ordinances of God delivered to them, which they
had not kept; and that both had redemption
through faith in the Lord Christ, by whom they
were made free from sin even in this life,"

etc.

Then Thomas Story goes on with conclusive and irrefutable arguments, predicated upon the testimony of the Apostle (which John Kerr had quoted as above,) from Romans vi. 9, 10, 11, 13, 22, and vii. 24, 25, and viii. 1, 2, concluding his argument as follows:

"Thus it appears, that the Apostle Paul was not under the body of sin and death, at the time when he wrote that epistle; but was only recounting the various states both of himself and others, under the law of Moses, and after the law of life and liberty from sin was come by the Son of God, and fulfilled by him in the Apostle, as also in the adult in the congregation of Christ."

Upon this, the said John Kerr acknowledged before the company, that he had all along mistaken that Scripture, and that we understood it right.

After the conclusion of this interesting argument, the Journal goes on with an account of their trials and travels. It appears that Thomas Rudd and John Bowstead were the ministers, and Thomas Story their companion: For this service he was eminently qualified. His profound knowledge of the law was a terror to their adversaries, and his peculiar gift in argument was a dread to the priest,-the whole account is too lengthy, (interesting as it is,) for insertion in the Intelligencer. Passing from page 58 to 65, our author says:

"From old Nairn we went to Nairn, where part of a regiment of dragoons were quartered; and Thomas Rudd delivering his message as at other places, many of them followed us through the streets very soberly; one of whom, (a corporal as I remember,) so soon as he had seriously observed us and heard the message, held up his hand, and stretching it toward the people, gave strict orders that neither soldiers nor others should in any way molest or interrupt us; which accordingly was observed, for all were very peaceable toward us. Rudd had done, a multitude of soldiers and And as soon as Thomas towns people followed us to the door of our inn; and there being outstairs ascending to an upper room, John Bowstead stood upon the same and preached a considerable time to them. And though the Lord had not hitherto opened my mouth in a testimony (so as to be termed a minister) of words, yet my heart was full of the word of life; and the love thereof went toward the people, as it were unrestrained; as it had done towards many others of that nation,

In that visit."

(To be continued.)

THE NEGROES OF TORONTO.

been the refuge of the fugitive slave, and every
The neighboring British provinces have long
increase on this side of the border of the rigor
of the laws to ensure his return to his master,
a country in which his liberty is secure and he
causes him to look with more eager longing to
possesses the same political rights as the rest of
mankind. There the law is a protector, and
the public, always more rigidly virtuous when
the crime to be condemned is that of a neighbor,
The desire of safety and of political equality,
will see that it is neither violated nor evaded.
valued the more highly from its being strenuously
denied, has attracted numbers of colored men,
both fugitive slaves and free, to a climate naturally
ungenial to them. What have been the effects of
this security and this political equality upon them?
Have they improved morally and socially? Have
they become more industrious and more intelli-
they become more idle and more vicious? Are
gent, or, in the absence of all restraint, have
they capable, under favorable circumstances, of
becoming good citizens in a well ordered com-
which renders the overseer and the taskmaster
munity, or is there a want in their organization
necessary to their well-being? A hurried trip
through a portion of Upper Canada, undertaken
as a relaxation from professional toil and care,
has enabled the writer to answer some of these
questions, at least to his own satisfaction. He
claims no peculiar fitness for his task, beyond
as they exist, uncolored as far as possible by
an honest desire to learn the truth, to see facts
prejudice or theory; and if, with every well-
wisher of his race, he hoped to find the colored
elevation in the political scale, his anticipations
man improved, both morally and socially, by his
were that circumstances and the short lapse
of time had hitherto prevented such improve-
ment.

of accurate statistical information regarding the
There is in Canada a remarkable want
people of color.
arrived at with any degree of accuracy. The
Even their numbers cannot be
census of 1852 is, in this respect, notoriously
unreliable, and its inaccuracy is acknowledged
by the authorities themselves. It is generally
estimated at between 30,000 and 40,000 souls,
certain basis, yet it is perhaps the closest ap-
and though this computation rests on no very
proximation we can attain to the truth. The
largest body of them is to be found in the coun-
ties of Kent and Essex. Next to these places
Toronto contains the greatest number; then
haps Hamilton, St. Catherines and London; but
they are found more or less scattered throughout
the towns and villages, and to some extent inter-
spersed among the rural population.

per

tains a more numerous colored population than
The large and thriving city of Toronto con-
any other town of Canada. Out of its 50,000
inhabitants, from 1,200 to 1,600 are estimated

to be colored. Though the great majority belong to the class of unskilled laborers, among them are to be found followers of a great number and variety of occupations. One of them, a man of wealth, lives upon his means, attending to his own property, and occasionally discounting a note, when he is satisfied with the rate per cent and the soundness of the indorsers. One is a regularly educated physician; three are studying law, one medicine; two at least are master builders, taking contracts and employing a number of journeymen both white and black: four are grocers, and the store of one of themthe only one we visited-was in a good part of the town, handsome, neat, well stocked, and evidently doing a thriving business, the customers being mostly whites; one keeps a large livery stable, one of the best in town, and is employed to take the mails to and from the Post-Office to the railroad depot, steamboats, &c.; several within the precincts of the city are occupied in farming and gardening; others are bricklayers, carpenters, shoemakers, plasterers, blacksmiths and carters. Many find employment in sawing and chopping the wood which is the general fuel; and the barbers and waiters in hotels and private families are almost exclusively colored men.

a small wood fire blazed upon the hearth. Our host was a light colored mulatto of middle age, short, spare, well and strongly built, with a large square head, and a firm, sagacious-looking countenance. Many years previous he had emigrated with his wife and elder children from Mobile, bringing some capital with him. He was by trade a carpenter, and industry, economy, and judicious investments had gradually raised him to his present position. His wife, apparently in ill health, was darker than himself; the children, somewhat darker, too, than the father, consisted of a well-built lad of 19, a slender girl of 17 and a boy of 12, who was busy at the table writing a school exercise. The elder boy was studying medicine, and, at the same time, preparing himself to pass the classical examination, which, in Upper Canada, is a necessary preliminary to taking the degree of Doctor of Medicine, and had advanced so far as to read Cicero De Senectute. The language of the young people was well chosen, and both in manner and conversation they would be looked upon. as good examples of the youth of the middle class of any nation. In the course of the evening the young man played several pieces on the piano, and he and his sister sang duets with skill

and taste.

Many of them have accumulated considerable The physician, Dr. A. T. A., is a mulatto, a property. This has happened chiefly among the native of Virginia, but for a long time resident older residents, who, purchasing real estate at a in Philadelphia. Finding that he was unable low price, have been enriched by the rapid en- to obtain access to the medical schools in that hancement in value it has undergone within the city, he came to Toronto and entered there upon last few years. One colored man, (a light mu- the study of medicine, attending the lectures of latto,) is estimated to be worth at least $100,- the faculty of medicine of Trinity College. He 000. The property of another is valued at has not yet obtained a degree, since though he $35,000; of a third at $25,000; of a fourth passed a creditable examination in medicine, he at $15,000 of a fifth at $10,000; several are failed in the classical examination, which is a worth over $5,000; eighteen between $2,000 necessary preliminary to graduation. He is now and $3,000, and a still greater number, $1,000. prepared for this ordeal, and after being exThese figures are not mere rough guesses. In amined again on the proscribed books of Plato obtaining them, the names of the individuals and Cicero, and translating the necessary amount were taken down, the value of their property of good English into bad Latin, will become an estimated, and allowance made for the encum- M. D. He, however, is already engaged in berances on it, and, though all such statements practice, and has received the appointment of are necessarily liable to error, we are satisfied of Physician to the Poorhouse, which, as it is in the substantial accuracy of this one. We visited the gift of medical men, is a proof of the adthe wealthiest of the colored men at his own re-vancement he has made. He both talks and sidence. It was a plain two-story frame build-writes well, and is generally respected throughing, such as in a country town in the States out the city. would be occupied by a respectable mechanic. The sitting-room on the second floor was covered with a good ingrain carpet; a table, on which were lights and books, occupied the centre of the apartment; there was a sofa and the usual complement of chairs; an open piano stood on one side of the room; a melodeon occupied the pier between the window on the walls hung a well painted portrait of the owner of the house, and engravings representing the Queen, her husband and children. Though early in September, the evening being somewhat cool,

The livery-stable keeper is a fine example, physically, of the pure blackman; in countenance good-humored, open and sensible, stout in figure and inclined to obesity, in manner equally free from rudeness and servility; and with none of that wonderful polish which in negroes accustomed to good society is apt to produce a smile. He is a Canadian born, his parents having been brought to the country from New York by one of the Herkimer family more than fifty years ago. At sixteen he was left the eldest of eleven children, with an old and widowed mother,

and labored manfully in the fields for their support. | mates, and they were numerous, were whites Four only of the eleven are left, all men, all residents of Canada, and all possessed of property. One of the master builders was a light-colored mulatto a slight, active, wiry-looking man; shrewd; ready and enterprising. He talked well and fluently, but with a trace of his Southern origin in his pronunciation.

The reports of the Chief of Police and the Keeper of the Prison, however, put this matter, so far as Toronto is concerned, finally at rest. In his annual statistical report to the Council, Mr. Samuel Sherwood, Chief of the Police at Toronto, returns 5,346 persons as arrested by the police force during the year ending December 31, 1856. Of these, 78 only were colored

We instance these individuals not as the most remarkable men among the colored population—not 1 per cent. Now, as the colored people

of Toronto, but because in the few days of our stay there we came in contact with them, and because they struck us as instances of shrewd sense, industry, energy and, we believe, integrity. In any population of 1,500 or 1,600 souls, they would, we think, have been marked men. They all, while denying that anything like pauperism or beggary existed among their fellows unless as a rare exception, acknowledged and regretted the faults of their countrymen, their improvidence, their love of finery, their disposition to shirk hard work. The builder, employing both white and colored men, said that it was his interest to employ the former alone; they required, as a rule, less looking after. The capitalist found the colored men too apt to neglect to discharge their pecuniary obligations promptly and punctually. They all said that while there was but little crime found among the negroes, there were bad men of all complexions, and the colored men had their share of them.

The public schools of Canada are open alike all, without distinction of color. The negroes, as a general rule, are anxious for education, and many indeed attach more value to school education than perhaps it deserves. About one half or all the colored children of Toronto attend the public schools. Of the remainder many attend private schools. We saw several colored children at the Model School, which is attached to the Normal School at Toronto. The teachers in formed me they found them equally docile and intelligent with the whites. Some allowance had to be made for their conduct on account of the annoyance and teasing they suffered from the white children

constitute at the lowest computation between two and three per cent. of the total population of Toronto, this is a high, and I may add, an unexpected evidence of the general good conduct of the colored people; and the value of it is increased when we remember that they all originally belonged to the class in which crimes against order and property are the most rife. Of the whole number of persons arrested, 4,295 were males and 1,051, or nearly one-fourth, were females; while of the colored people 70 were males and 8 only, not quite one-ninth, were females.

The printed report of Mr. Sherwood refers, as was stated, to the total number of arrests. Of these, 1,922 were summarily punished by fine, in 273 cases the charges were withdrawn, and 230 cases were dismissed. Thinking that possibly the actual commitments to jail might set a different face upon the matter, we obtained from Mr. George L. Allan, the intelligent keeper of the jail at Toronto, the monthly return of commitments to that prison from October 1, 1855, to July 31, 1857, a period of twenty two months, transcribing them from the book of the jail in his presence. The total commitments amounted in that period to 3,370, of whom 62, not quite two per cent., were colored. Immediately after the passage of our Fugitive Slave Law, Mr. Allan informed us that there was a sudden increase in the number of commitments among the colored people, almost wholly for petty larcenies. This increase of crime Mr. A. attributed to the number of fugitives who flocked into Canada without any means of support, and whom destitution drove to theft; in a few months, as the new-comers found employment, this inThe negroes have four churches at Toronto-crease disappeared. On the whole, Mr. Allan two belonging to the Baptist and two to the Methodist persuasion. The former pay their clergymen $400 a year, and the latter from $150 to $200. A number attend the Church of Enggland, and there are some few Congregationalists and Roman Catholics. The only colored clergymen I met left no favorable impression either of his ability or his learning.

On first entering Canada, we repeatedly heard it asserted that the colored population was given to petty thieving; and one gentlemen connected with the press told me that he believed the jail at Toronto was filled with colored people. On inquiry at the jail itself, we found but three colored persons in it; the remainder of the in

was decided in the opinion, as regards crimes against the law, the condition of the colored people was better than that of the mass of the population.

PECULIARTIES OF GUTTA PERCHA.

In its crude state, or in combination with other materials, gutta percha may be heated and reheated to the consistency of thin paste, without injury to its future manufacture, while India rubber, if but once treated in the same manner, will be destroyed and unfit for further use. Gutta percha is not dissolved by fatty substances; indeed, one application of it is for oil vessels,—