their hand to the work. That which is done by the regular powers cannot he regarded as sedition." He counsels his followers "to spread the Gospel by every means of argument and what then will become of pope, bishops, cardinals, priests, monks, nuns, bells, church-towers, masses, vigils, cassocks, capes, tonsures, beads, statutes, and the whole of the papal nuisance? It will have disappeared like smoke." He bids them not spare the hardened rogues "with whom they have to deal in argument but as for the men of simple minds whom they have chained down in the bonds of their false doctrine, you must observe quite a different treatment towards them. You must disengage them by degrees. You must give them a reason for every thing you do, and thus fit them for freedom as you are emancipating them."*

Soon after the diet (October, 1526), Luther pressed on the Elector the necessity of a visitation of the Churches in his dominions. In this letter he does not assume the mad notion that the people will for themselves desire pastors or schools. Where education is most wanted, there will the people least feel the want. "It is your duty," writes Luther to the Elector, "to regulate those things. On the papal order On the papal order being abolished, the duty devolves on

you.

In

No other can, no other ought. As the guardian of youth and of those who cannot take care of themselves, you should compel your subjects, who desire neither pastors or schools, to receive those means of grace, as they are compelled to work on the roads, or bridges, and such like services." Luther's opinion, then, as in ours, the voluntary principle would not go far to support the institutions necessary for the education or the civilization of a people. A commission was appointed to visit the Churches, and in the spirit of the passages from Luther which we have cited, Melancthon wrote to one of the inspectors: :-"All the old ceremonies that you can preserve, pray do so. Do not innovate much, for every innovation is injurious to the people." The Latin liturgy was retained, a few hymns in German being introduced. The communion in one kind for those who scrupled to take it in both; confession was still allowed; many saints' days; the sacred vest

*

ments- "There is no harm in them," writes Melancthon, "whatever Zwingle may say." Both Rome and the Reformers were scandalized-" Call you this reformation ?" exclaimed the more zealous of Luther's disciples. "Our cause is betrayed." The Romanists exulted at what they called Luther's inconsistency. His old antagonist, Cochlæus, taking a leaf from Luther's own book, assailed him with caricature. And Luther himself was exhibited as the seven-headed beast which has served to symbolize so many empires and princes. A monk's cowl covered without concealing seven frightful faces, each with different features; all were represented as uttering words the most contradictory. They were at fierce war with each other; and under the print -a companion for some of Luther's own popular exhibitions of Antichristwere the words, "Monstrosus ille Germaniæ partus, Lutherus Septiceps."

Dr. D'Aubigné tells us that the Elector was surprised at the moderation of Melancthon, and communicated to Luther his plan of reform. The plan had probably been before arranged between him and Melancthon; at all events he approved of it, making a few slight and unimportant changes, and Ecclesiastical Commissioners were appointed, in accordance with these rather low church views. A number of dissolute priests were removed; church property was ascertained, and secured for the maintenance of public worship in the first place, and then for public purposes; convents were suppressed; uniformity of instruction provided for, by ordering Luther's larger and smaller catechisms to be every where taught. The pastors of great towns were commissioned, under the name of superintendents, to watch over the churches and schools in their vicinage; and the celibacy of the clergy was abolished. One of the princes where the reform was carried on, wrote to Ferdinand, that these acts were done rightfully; "for I have been appointed by God the ruler over these people, and this compels me to guard not only their temporal, but their spiritual welfare."

In the Catholic states there was equal anxiety to guard against the doctrines of the Reformers; and D'Aubigné has his tales of martyrdom to

† Michelet.

relate. Meanwhile Charles and the Pope had settled their differences, and the condition of their peace, or its inevitable consequence, was their joint effort to extirpate heresy.

A diet was convoked to meet at Spire, in February, 1529. To the reformers it was a time of ominous import; and perhaps when we remember the superstitions, unconnected with religion, which then blended with the feeling of the bravest, it may be worth while, in a deeper view than as giving a mere picture of the manners of the time, to state what Luther tells in one of his letters, of a great gulf of light (chasma) illuminating the whole nocturnal heavens. "What that forebodes," said he, "God only knows." There were earthquakes at Carinthia, and lightning had split the tower of St. Mark, at Venice. Astrologers peeped and muttered. "The quartiles of Saturn and Jupiter, and the general position of the stars, was ominous. The waters of the Elbe rolled thick and stormy, and stones fell from the roofs of churches. All these things,' exclaimed the terrified Melancthon, 'affect me deeply.'

There were signs of less doubtful interpretation; and the aspects of King Ferdinand and the papal princes foreboded evil. After a vain effort for the peaceable restoration of the old order of things in the states where the reformation had made way, with some doubtful toleration for the reformers, the diet decreed that the states should continue to obey the decree of Worms against Luther, and interdicted all further innovations. Dr. D'Aubigne gives a minute account of the memorable protest against this decree which gave to the reformers their name of Protestants. The Reformation, as far as it had gone, had been already recognized as legal by the Diets of Nuremberg and Spire. A return to the old state of things would have been now a revolution.

We have exceeded the limits which we proposed to ourselves when we commenced this paper, and cannot accompany our author further at present. His book is one deserving of very high praise. His power of bringing before us the scenes of those old iron days, in which the great battle of liberty was won alike for all

men of all creeds, in pictures as distinct as those of Scott or Michelet, is altogether unequalled by any other writer who has undertaken the history of the Reformation. We think that in stating the doctrines which were the subject of contest, the very words of original documents ought to have been given more often than they are, and that there should be an appendix of such state papers as the Protest of Spire, and the more important decrees of the several diets. Without these, it is not always easy to understand the precise position of parties; and it seems to us important to show that at the different stages of the contest the states which received the Reformation were not only morally justified, but were legally in the right. In the case of the electorate of Saxony, where Luther did not act except in concurrence with the civil power, we think there can be no reasonable doubt of this. We conclude our present remarks with a striking passage from Dr. D'Aubigné ;

"The Reformation had by the protest of Spire, taken a bodily form. It was Luther alone who had said No at the Diet of Worms: but churches and

ministers, princes and people, said No at the Diet of Spire.

"In no country had superstition, scholasticism, hierarchy, and popery, been so powerful as among the Germanic nations. These simple and candid people had humbly bent their neck to the yoke that came from the banks of the Tiber. But there was in them a depth, a life, a need of interior liof God, might render them the most berty, which, sanctified by the Word energetic organs of Christian truth. It was from them that was destined to emanate the reaction against that material, external, and legal system, which had taken the place of Christianity; anity; it was they who were called to shatter in pieces the skeleton which had been substituted for the spirit and the life, and restore to the heart of Christendom, ossified by the hierarchy, the generous beatings of which it had been deprived for so many ages. The Universal Church will never forget the debt it owes to the princes of Spire and to Luther."

In a future number we shall probably return to this interesting book.

A.

We have always, even before an opportunity was afforded us of making his acquaintance, had a sort of leaning towards the Bursch. He bore what in the days of boyhood we were wont to deem a fabled existence; there was to us an inexplicable charm in all his wild adventures; there was a beautiful and poetical halo of romance floating around him. We saw him with slashed doublet, long hair, and open collar, with his sword and his trusty dog, and no proud knight of olden time ever possessed half the charm with which we invested him.

That romance is now, in some degree, dissipated-such visions usually fade into thin air when we have known the realities; and though we cannot regard the student now as a personage possessing the concentration of all the graces which ever adorned the flower of chivalry, yet we cannot, for the life of us, help feeling a strong affection for him still. Since those days, when he was to us but as the undefined and fanciful creation of the brain, we have, with him, heard the chimes at midnight, we have tasted of his hospitality, and felt from his hand the hearty grasp of a warm-hearted friend, and, must we confess it, we love him even for his very foibles; they are not many, but such as they are, have not failed to become a source of painful misrepresentation to the ignorant tourist and the Cockney scribe; they have been made known to the public through the medium of dull compilations, which lay undue stress upon all the weak points of his character, discuss learnedly the terms and the rules of his amusements; but fail altogether in communicating to the reader a single touch of his real nature.

The student life of Germany has its rough and eccentric side but it has also many, many points of excellence, from which we might derive a useful lesson. In the free atmosphere of his

university, despite all the useless learning he acquires, all that knowledge of beer and of the schlager, which must so soon afterwards be laid aside. The Bursch learns one thing he learns to deport himself as a man; he acquires all the virtues of a manly character; he acquires the love of truth and the contempt of danger; he learns how to despise alike the selfishness of the world, and the meaness of insincerity.

If we were called upon to choose an epithet which would convey a just idea of the character and temperament of the German student, we should not be at much loss, for there is a word in his own language, which completely answers our purpose. The Bursch is essentially, and every bit of him a "freundlicher man," which means not only a friendly, but a good, hearty, cordial, lusty sort of fellow, that would stand by one through thick and thin, and is wholly divested of any species of affectation or pretence; in fact, we cannot avoid the conclusion, that a good specimen of his genus would be

"Just the man for Galway."

Some hasty sketches of our student friends, written for amusement, and for the purpose of recalling a few pleasant recollections, having been received by the public with much more favour than the manner of their performance could at all warrant, we cannot but suppose that the subject itself possesses an attraction in the eyes of our readers, too strong to be altogether diminished by any style, however unfinished, or by any pen, however feeble; and we have, therefore, come to the conclusion, that a few more of our recollections of the habits and manners of the 'students may not prove unacceptable to the reader, who has a fancy for comparing the manner of life at the greatest of the continental universities, with what he knows of similar institutions at home, and

to such of our readers as have never heard of the mysteries of Burschenschaft at all, and may, therefore, be inclined to exclaim

"Can such things be?"

we shall merely say, that we have attempted to describe nothing, save what we ourselves have either seen or heard

"Quorum pars magna fui."

We take it for granted, reader, you have never seen the interior of a German student's apartment. If you are an Old Trinity man, you will be a little surprised; and above all, if you have given hostages to the state, which in due time you will of course send to those walls of which, doubtless, you have been no undistinguished member. Come along, then, and have a peep; you will get a wrinkle which may possibly save you a cool fifty when you are furnishing Master Hopeful's chambers (pipes always excepted).

"

It is a cold, frosty night, about the time of Christmas. "The tree is blazing in every dwelling with its variegated lamps. As we cross the "museum Platz," the rich light from a hundred windows flashes on your eye as you set out with the "Irlander" in quest of adventures, " go gently over the stones now.' Mind, as we turn this corner by the fountain -there's always a devil of a sheet of ice there. Safe over, and now we find ourselves in the "Unten Strasse❞—a street in which, from its proximity to the lecture-rooms, the students most do congregate.

"Let's pull that bell now?" at the private door of the tassel-maker's shop -marked "Oben Sweite-stock !"

"Ha Hanchen! ist der Herr Pagoda zuhause?"

"Ja mein herr!" replies the smiling handmaiden; "kommen sie-hinein."

Up a narrow flight of stairs-we go in single file; and having reached "Oben Sweite-stock," before mentioned, ring for admittance.

"Herein!" shout half-a-dozen voices; and in we go.

"Mind, now, you don't tumble over that big dog in the doorway."

"Herr Pagoda, permit us to introduce a friend, who was so delighted with our sketches of your goings on

here, that he has come all the way from Ireland to make your acquaintance. So take a chair, old boy, and you may say whatever you please in the way of questioning, for not a soul in the room, with the exception of ourselves, understands one word of English.'

You become now, for the first time, unpleasantly aware—that is, if you are not a smoker yourself that every one about you is inhaling the weed; some in the shape of cigars, but more from pipes. The host himself, as you observe, wrapped up in a huge dressinggown, and reclining on the sofa, has a pipe so long, that the bowl is resting upon the ground. That is the chore. cap he has got on his head.

What I that curious-looking little round embroidered skull-cap !"

"Yes, my friend. Pitch over that cap, Herr Pagoda."

"Ha! how beautifully embroidered!-red and gold! But what a shame to bore holes in such a mischievous manner."

Simple reader these are the marks which the schlager has made when the owner of that cap entered the chore. Don't you recollect what we told you, upon a former occasion, about the installation of the foxes. These are all marks of distinction, and you will scarcely see a student here of any standing who has not, at least, half a dozen of these to decorate his chore cap.

"And do they never wear any other covering on their heads but these little caps ?"

66

During the season, nothing else. They are obliged, however, during the day to conceal these colours, which they do, by putting on a covering of black-glazed leather, as the university authorities do not permit an open exhibition of the chore-colours, although they are perfectly aware that all the students are divided into chores, yet they wish to make it appear they are ignorant of it.

Your eyes will, by this time, have become accustomed to the atmosphere by which you are surrounded; and when, at length, you are able to distinguish objects clearly, you will doubtless be a little astonished at the menáge of the Bursch.

His room, you see, is a spacious one, but the furniture scanty enough.

There is neither carpet on the floor nor curtains on the windows. The chairs, which are but few in number, are made of walnut-tree; the couches of the same material; and, with the exception of the stove of white or ornamented porcelain, and the mirror, there is not an article of furniture in the room which you would consider of ten shillings' value: and yet you are in the apartments of a rich young Russian nobleman, the eldest son of the present Russian ambassador at London.

That curious-looking collection of black profiles, arranged round the chore ribband which hangs from the wall, has doubtless attracted your attention. Those are the companions and personal friends of our host in the chore to which he belongs; and you will scarcely enter a student's chamber, even of the humblest class, without seeing a similar display of miniatures; for it is a curious fact, and speaks well for the growth of friendship here, that there is scarcely one student in the whole university who has not had his likeness taken for some friend or other. The artist who does those little profiles told us so himself, and we have no reason to doubt him.

"I think some of my friends in my class in college would have been a little surprised had I asked them to sit for their pictures."

"Ah! we know nothing in our country of the holy friendship which exists among these Bursche, they are brothers in every sense of the word."

"Excepting always when they slice off each other's noses, you will cunningly reply."

"Well, we admit that usage might as well be laid aside; it is the only blot in the German student's character; but still there is no doubt whatever that the very association in these chores for that slitting purpose' of which you complain, has a tendency to bind them together in bonds of friendship, which are indissoluble. They stand by each other like men; and it was from this very university, from among these very men trained up in such habits, that some of the finest soldiers were supplied the flower of that army which afterwards rescued their country from the invader's yoke, and drove back the French legions across the Rhine. Look now at that magnificent purple glass goblet yonder, with the silver top;

that is what they call a deckel glass ;' it is generally a present made by one friend to another, and is used on grand occasions for the purpose of drinking toasts; if you examine it narrowly, you will probably see that it bears some inscription shewing that it is a pledge of 'freundschaft.' Observe now the long row of pipes, from the silver-mounted meerschaum, with a cherry stalk five feet in length, down to the little painted China pipe you could carry in your waistcoat pocket; count them for curiosity; let's see-one, two, four, nine, fifteen, twenty-ay, five-and-twenty." "And has each of the students such a number of pipes?"

The array,

"Nearly every one." possibly, may not be so gorgeous, for such pipes as you now see are enormously expensive; but there are very few German students, or Phillistines either, who possess a room at all, that have not a display of from ten to twenty at least suspended from the walls of their sitting-room."

"And a Phillistine-what may he be ?"

"A Phillistine, to give you the shortest definition, is a generic term, comprising every one who is not a Bursch; it comprehends nobles, burgers, bauers, and all sorts and conditions of men.

"His pipe is an essential attribute of the German student, as unfailing solace in the time of sorrow as it adds a zest to all his pleasures. Some of these pipes are of extraordinary beauty, being manufactured either of porcelain finely painted, or of whitishcoloured clay. This latter is known by the name of meerschaum, and we have seen several specimens of this description of pipe, which cost from ten to twelve pounds. The principal parts of every student's well-appointed pipe are the head, the mouthpiece, the stock, and the water-sack. The mouth-piece is usually made of amber, the stock' or tube of ebony, juniper, or cherrytree, as the case may be; and the mouth-piece is united to the stock by what is called the schlauch, which is a portion of the pipe constructed of beautifully wrought elastic silk and Indian-rubber."

See now that little vase of coloured glass, that is to be found in every student's chamber, and it is "a dodge" which would be well worth importing for the benefit of the smoking coteries