Papirius, Caius, reasons for concluding that he could not be the author of the Jus Papirianum, v. 305. note. Papists, proportion their number bore to that of the Protestants in England, at the beginning of the last century, ii. 398. note.
Para, king of Armenia, his history, iii. 297. Is treacherously killed by the Romans, 298.
Parabolani of Alexandria, account of, vi. 14. note.
Paradise, Mahomet's, described, vi. 261.
Paris, description of that city, under the government of Julian, ii. 384. Situa- tion of his palace, iii. 83. note. Parthia, subdued by Artaxerxes king of Persia, i. 229. Its constitution of go- vernment similar to the feudal system of Europe, ibid. Recapitulation of the war with Rome, 230.
Paschal II. pope, his troublesome ponti- ficate, viii. 175.
Pastoral manners, much better adapted to the fierceness of war, than to peace- ful innocence, iii. 315.
Paternal authority, extent of, by the Ro- man laws, v. 336. Successive limita- tions of, 338.
Patras, extraordinary deliverance of, from the Sclavonians and Saracens, vii. 8.
Patricians, the order of, under the Rom-
an republic, and under the emperors, compared, ii. 245. Under the Greek empire, their rank explained, vi. 178.
Patrick, the tutelar Saint of Ireland, deri-
vation of his name, iv. 364. note. Pavia, massacre of the friends of Stilicho there, by the instigations of Olympius, iv. 74 Is taken by Alboin king of the Lombards, who fixes his residence there, v. 390.
Paul of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, his character and history, ii. 188. Paul, archbishop of Constantinople, his fatal contest with his competitor Ma- cedonius, iii. 64.
Paula, a Roman widow, her illustrious descent, iv. 86. Was owner of the city of Nicopolis, 90. Her monastic zeal, 377.
Paulicians, origin and character of, vii. 50. Are persecuted by the Greek em- perors, 55. They revolt, 56. They are reduced, and transplanted to Thrace, 59. Their present state, 61.
Paulina, wife of the tyrant Maximin, softens his ferocity by gentle counsels, i. 193. note.
Paulinus, master of the offices to Theo- dosius the Younger, his crime, and execution, iv. 202.
Paulinus, bishop of Nola, his history, 133.
Paulinus, patriarch of Aquileia, fl
from the Lombards with his treasu into the island of Grado, v. 390. Pegasians, the party of, among the Ro- man civilians, explained, v. 324. Pekin, the city of, taken by Zingis the Mogul emperor, vii. 455.
Pelagian controversy agitated by the La- tin clergy, iv. 64. And in Britain, 163.
Pella, the church of the Nazarenes set- tled there on the destruction of Jerusa lem, ii. 66.
Peloponnesus, state of, under the Creek empire, vii. 8. Manufactures, 10. Penal laws of Rome, the abolition and revival of, v. 366.
Pendragon, his office and power in Bri- tain, iv. 163.
Penitentials, of the Greek and Latin
churches, history of, vii. 202. Pepin, king of France, assists the pope of
Rome against the Lombards, vi. 174. Receives the title of king by papal sanction, 178. Grants the exarchate to the pope, 180.
Pepin, John, count of Minorbino, reduces the tribune Rienzi, and restores aristo- cracy and church government atRome, viii. 232.
Pepper, its high estimation and price at Rome, iv. 112. note.
Perennis, minister of the emperor Com. modus, his great exaltation and down. fall, i. 99.
Perisabor, a city of Assyria, reduced and burned by the emperor Julian, iii,
Every other mode of worship prohibi- ted but that of Zoroaster, 228 Extent and population of the country, 230. Its military power, 237. Account of the audience given by the emperor Carus to the ambassadors of Varanes, 382. The throne of, disputed by the brothers Narses and Hormuz, 415. Galerius defeated by the Persians, 416. Narses overthrown in his turn
by Galerius, 418. Articles of peace agreed on between the Persians and the Romans, 422. Persia, war between Sapor king of, and the emperor Constantius, ii. 516. Bat- tle of Singara, 317. Sapor invades Mesopotamia, 362. The Persian ter- ritories invaded by the emperor Julian, iii. 188. Passage of the Tigris, 202. Julian harassed in his retreat, 211. Treaty of peace between Sapor and the emperor Jovian, 222. Reduction of Armenia, and death of Sapor, 294. 296.
The silk trade, how carried on from China through Persia, for the supply of the Roman empire, v. 67. Death of Perozes, in an expedition against the white Huns, 98. Review of the reigns of Cabades, and his son Chosroes, 213. Anarchy of, after the death of Chosroes II. 478. Ecclesias- tical history of, vi. 54.
-, Invasion of, by the caliph Abube- ker, vi. 316 Battle of Cadesia, 317. Sack of Ctesiphon, 319. Conquest of, by the Saracens, 322. The Magian religion supplanted by Mahometism, 402. The power of the Arabs crush- ed by the dynasty of the Bowides, 462. Persia subdued by the Turks, vii. 164.
-, Conquest of, by the Moguls, vii. 460. By Tamerlane, viii 5. Pertinax, his character, and exaltation
to the Imperial throne, i. 109. His funeral and apotheosis, 130. Pescennius Niger, governor of Syria, as- sumes the Imperial dignity on the death of Pertinax, i. 124. Petavius, character of his Dogmata Theo- logica, vi. 2. note. Peter, brother of the Eastern emperor Maurice, his injurious treatment of the citizens of Azimuntium, and flight from thence, v. 441.
Peter I. czar of Russia, his conduct to- ward his son, constrasted with that of Constantine the Great, ii. 297.
Peter of Arragon, assumes the kingdom of Sicily, vii. 414.
Peter, Bartholemy, his miraculous disco- very of the Holy Lance, vii. 238. His strange death, 240.
Peter of Courtenay, emperor of Constan- tinople, vii. 365.
Peter the Hermit, his character and scheme to recover the Holy Land from the infidels, vii. 192. Leads the first crusaders 207. Failure of his zeal, 238. Petra, the city of, taken by the Persians, v. 236. Is besieged by the Romans, 237. Is demolished, 238.
Petrarch, his studies and literary cha- racter, viii. 79. And history, 212. His account of the ruin of the ancient buildings of Rome, 273.
Pfeffel, character of his history of Ger- many, vi. 217. note.
Phalanx, Grecian, compared with the Roman legion, i. 15. Pharamond, the actions, and foundation of the French monarchy by him, of doubtful authority, iv. 157. Pharas commands the Heruli, in the African war, under Belisarius, v. 119. Pursues Gelimer, 136. His letter to Gelimer, 137.
Pharisees, account of that sect among the Jews, ii. 80.
Phasis, river, its course described, v. 228. Pheasant, derivation of the name of that bird, v. 229.
Philelphus, Francis, his character of the
Greek language of Constantinople,
Phocas, a centurion, is chosen emperor by the disaffected troops of the Eastern empire, v. 444. Murders the emperor Maurice, and his children, 447. His character, 448. His fall, and death, 450.
Phanicia described, i. 28.
Photius, the son of Antonina, distin- guishes himself at the siege of Naples, v. 187. Is exiled, 189. Betrays his mother's vices to Belisarius, 190. Turns monk, 192.
Photius, the patrician, kills himself to es- cape the persecution of Justinian, vi.
Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, cha- racter of his Library, vii. 44. His quar- rel with the pope of Rome, 303. Phranza, George, the Greek historian, some account of, viii. 58. note. His embassies, 116. His fate on the tak- ing of Constantinople by the Turks, 154.
Picardy, derivation of the name of that
province, vii. 192. note. Pilate, Pontius, his testimony in favour of Jesus Christ, much improved by the primitive fathers, ii. 182.
Pilpay's fables, history and character of, v. 219.
Pinna marina, a kind of silk manufac- tured from the threads spun by this fish, by the Romans, v. 66.
Pipa, a princess of the Marcomanni, es- poused by the emperor Gallienus, i.
Piso, Calphurnius, one of the competitors against Gallienus, his illustrious family and character, i. 311.
Pityus, the city of, destroyed by the Goths, i. 294.
Placidia, daughter of Theodosius the Great, her history and marriage with Adolphus king of the Goths, iv. 138. Is injuriously treated by the usurper Singeric, after the death of her hus- band, 154. Her marriage with Con- stantius, and retreat to Constantinople, 208. Her administration in the West, as guardian of her son the emperor Valentinian III. 212. History of her daughter Honoria, 277. Her death and burial, 301. note. Plague, origin and nature of this disease,
v. 298. Great extent, and long dura- tion of that in the reign of Justinian, 300. Plato, his theological sys em, iii. 7. Is received by the Alexai drian Jews, 8.
Platonists, new, an account of, i. 443. Unite with the heathen priests to op. pose the Christians, ii. 194. Plautianus, prætorian præfect under the emperor Severus, his history, i. 140. Plebeians of Rome, state and character of, iv. 100.
Pliny the Younger, examination of his conduct towards the Christians, ii. 163.
Poet laureat, a ridiculous appointment, viii. 213. note.
Poggius, his reflections on the ruin of an-
cient Rome, viii. 259.
Poitiers, battle of, between Clovis king of the Franks, and Alaric king of the Goths, iv. 438.
Pollentia, battle of, between Stilicho the Roman general, and Alaric the Goth, iv. 44.
Polytheism of the Romans, its origin and effects, i. 32. How accounted for by the primitive Christians, ii. 73. Scep- ticism of the people at the time of the publication of Christianity, 119. The Christians, why more odious to the Pagans than the Jews, 142.
The ruin of, suspended by the divisions among Christians, iii. 75. Theological system of the emperor Julian, 126.
-, Review of the Pagan ecclesias-
tical establishment, iii. 450. Revival of, by the Christian monks, 477. Pompeianus, præfect of Rome, proposes to drive Alaric from the wails by spells, iv. 110.
Pompeianus, Ruricius, general under Maxentius defeated, and killed by
Constantine the Great, ii. 30. Pompey, his discretional exercise of power during his command in the East, i. 70. Increase of the tributes of Asia by his conquests, 178. Pontiffs, Pagan, their jurisdiction, iii.
Pontifex Maximus, in Pagan Rome, by whom that office was exercised, ii. 417.
Popes of Rome, the growth of their power, vi. 163. Revolt of, from the Greek emperors, 167. Origin of their temporal dominion, 179. Publication of the Decretals, and of the fictitious
donation of Constantine the Great, 182. Authority of the German empe- rors in their election, 205. Violent dis- tractions in their election, 207. Popes, Foundation of their authority at Rome, vii. 170. Their mode of elec- tion settled, 196. Schism in the papa- cy, 241. They acquire the absolute dominion of Rome 254. The ecclesi- astical government, 256.
Population of Rome, a computation of, iv. 105.
Porcaro, Stephen, his conspiracy at Rome, viii. 251.
Posthumus, the Roman general under the emporor Gallienus, defends Gaul a- gainst the incursions of the Franks, i. 288. Is killed by his mutinous troops, ii. 31.
Power, absolute, the exercise of, how checked, vii. 28.
Præfect of the sacred bed-chamber, under Constantine the Great, his office, ii. 266.
Præfects of Rome and Constantinople, under the emperors, the nature of their offices, ii. 250. The office reviv- ed at Rome, viii. 135. Prætextatus, præfect of Rome under Va- lentinian, his character, iii 268. Prætorian bands, in the Roman army, an account of, i. 117. They sell the em- pire of Rome by public auction, 119. Are disgraced by the emperor Seve- rus, 129. A new establishment of them, 159. Authority of the prætorian præfect, ibid. Are reduced, their pri- vileges abolished, and their place sup- plied, by the Jovians and Herculeans, 428. Their desperate courage under Maxentius, ii. 33. Are totally sup. pressed by Constantine the Great, 36.
Prætorian præfect, revolutions of this of- fice under the emperors, ii. 247. Their functions when it became a civil office, 249.
Prætors of Rome, the nature and tenden- cy of their edicts explained, v. 311. Preaching, a form of devotion unknown in the temples of Paganism, ii. 431. Use and abuse of, 432. Predestination, influence of the doctrine of, on the Saracens and Turks, vi. 271.
Presbyters, among the primitive Chris- tians, the office explained, ii. 103. Prester Joha, origin of the romantic stories concerning, vi. 57,
Priests, no distinct order of men among the ancient Pagans, ii. 118. 417. Priestly, Dr. the ultimate tendency of his opinions, pointed out, vii. 67. note. Primogeniture, the prerogative of, un- known to the Roman law, v. 353. Prince of the waters, in Persia, his office, v. 217. note.
Priscillian, bishop of Avila in Spain, is, with his followers, put to death for he- resy, iii. 409.
Priscus, the historian, his conversation with a captive Greek, in the camp of Attila, iv. 247. His character, 253.
Priscus, the Greek general, his successes against the Avars, v. 442.
Proba, widow of the præfect Petronius, her flight from the sack of Rome by Alaric, iv. 130.
Probus assumes the Imperial dignity in opposition to Florianus, i. 365. His character and history, 366.
Probus, prætorian præfect of Illyricum, preserves Sirmium from the Quadi, iii. 307.
Probus, Sicorius, his embassy from the emperor Diocletian to Narses king of Persia, i. 421.
Procida, John of, instigates the revolt of Sicily from John of Anjou, vii. 414. Proclus, story of his extraordinary brazen mirror, v. 82.
Proclus, the Platonic philosopher of Athens, his superstition, v. 107. Proconsuls of Asia, Achaia, and Africa, their office, ii. 252. Procopia, wife of the Greek emperor Michael I. her martial inclinations, vi. 100.
Procopius, his history and revolt against Valens emperor of the East, iii. 245. Is reduced, and put to death, 250. His account of the testament of the empe- ror Arcadius, iv. 193. His account of Britain, 482. Character of his histo- ries, v. 44. Accepts the office of secre. tary under Belisarius, 117. His de- fence of the Roman archers, 119. His account of the desolation of the Afri- can province by war, 252. Proculians, origin of the sect of, in the Roman civil law, v. 322.
Proculus, his extraordinary character, and his rebellion against Probus in Gaul, i. 377. Prodigies in ancient history, a philosophi- cal resolution of, ii. 405. Promises, under what circumstances the
Roman law enforced the fulfilment of, Questor, historical review of this office, v. 359.
Promotus, master general of the infantry under Theodosius, is ruined by the en- mity of Rufinus, iv. 3. Property, personal, the origin of, v. 350. How ascertained by the Roman laws, ibid. Testamentary dispositions of, how introduced, 355.
Prophets, their office among the primitive Christians, ii. 102.
Propontis described, ii. 224.
Proterius, patriarch of Alexandria, his martial episcopacy, and violent death, vi. 34.
Protestants, their resistance of oppression, not consistent with the practice of the primitive Christians, ii. 394. Propor- tion of their number, to that of the Catholics, in France, at the beginning ⚫ of the last century, 398. note. Estimate of their reformation of Popery, vii. 63.
Protosebastos, import of that title in the
Greek empire, vii. 18. Proverbs, the book of, why not likely to be the production of king Solomon, v. 140. note.
Provinces of the Roman empire describ- ed, i. 22. Distinction between Latin and Greek provinces, 42. Account of the tributes received from, 178. Their number and government after the seat of empire was removed to Constanti- nople, ii. 253.
Prusa, conquest of, by the Ottomans, vii. 472.
Prussia, emigration of the Goths to, i. 273.
Pulcheria, sister of the emperor Theodo- sius the Younger, her character and administration, iv. 196. Her lessons to her brother, 198. Her contests with the empress Eudocia, 202. Is proclaim- ed empress of the East, on the death of Theodosius, 264. Her death and canonization, 337.
Purple, the royal colour of, among the ancients, far surpassed by the modern discovery of cochineal, v. 65. note. Pygmies of Africa, ancient fabulous ac- count of, iii. 292.
Quadi, the inroads of, punished by the emperor Constantius, ir.356. Revenge the treacherous murder of their king Gabinius, iii. 305.
Question, criminal, how exercised under the Roman emperors, ii. 273. Quintilian brothers, Maximus and Con- dianus, their history, i. 99. Quintilius, brother of the emperor Clau- dius, his ineffectual effort to succeed him, i. 327. note.
Quintus Curtius, an attempt to decide the age in which he wrote, i. 212. note. Quirites, the effect of that when opposed to soldiers, i. 175. note.
Radagaisus, king of the Goths, his for- midable invasion of Italy, iv. 56. His savage character, 58. Is reduced by Stilicho, and put to death, 59. Radiger, king of the Varni, compelled to fulfil his matrimonial obligations by a British heroine, iv. 483.
Ramadan, the month of, how observed by the Turks, vi. 258.
Rando, a chieftain of the Alemanni, his unprovoked attack of Moguntiacum, iii. 272.
Ravenna, the ancient city of, described, iv. 51. The emperor Honorius fixes his residence there, 52 Invasion of, by a Greek fleet, vi. 169. Is taken by the Lombards, and recovered by the Venetians, 173. Final conquest of, by the Lombards, 174. The exarchate of, bestowed by Pepin on the pope, 180.
Raymond of Thoulouse, the crusader, his character, vii. 213. His route to Con- stantinople, 219. His bold behaviour there, 224.
Raymond, count of Tripoli, betrays Je- rusalem into the hands of Saladin, vii. 278.
Raynal, Abbé, mistaken in asserting that
Constantine the Great suppressed Pa- gan worship, iii. 71.
Rebels, who the most inveterate of, vii. 56.
Recared, the first Catholic king of Spain,
converts his Gothic subjects, iv. 412. Reformation from popery, the amount of, estimated, vii. 63. A secret refor- mation still working in the reformed churches, 66.
Rein deer, this animal driven northward by the improvement of climate from cultivation, i. 241.
Relics, the worship of, introduced by the
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