Maximus, the Pagan Preceptor of the emperor Julian, initiates him into the Eleusinian mysteries, iii. 128. Is ho- nourably invited to Constantinople by his Imperial pupil, 140. Is corrupted by his residence at court, ibid. Maximus, Petronius, his wife ravished by Valentinian III. emperor of the West, iv. 302. His character and ele- vation to the empire, 307. Mebodes, the Persian general, ungrate- fully treated by Chosroes, v. 215. Mecca, its situation, and description, vi. 226. The Caaba or temple of, 238. Its deliverance from Abrahah, 244. The doctrine of Mahomet opposed there, 265. His escape, 266. The city of, surrendered to Mahomet, 278. Is pillaged by Abu Taher, vi. 458. Medina, reception of Mahomet there, on his flight from Mecca, vi. 267. Megalesia, the festival of, at Rome, de- scribed, i. 101. note.
Meletians, an Egyptian sect, persecuted by Athanasius, iii. 40. Melitene, battle of, between the the East- ern emperor Tiberius, and Chosroes king of Persia, v. 423.
Melo, citizen of Bari, invites the Nor- mans into Italy, vii. 108. Memphis, its situation, and reduction by the Saracens, vi. 359. Merovingian kings of the Franks in Gaul, origin of, iv. 274. Their domain and benefices, 451.
Mervan, caliph of the Saracens, and the last of the house of Ommiyah, his de- feat and death, vi. 428. Mesopotamia, invasion of, by the empe. ror Julian, iii. 189. Described by Xeno- phon, 190.
Messala, Valerius, the first præfect of Rome, his high character, ii. 250.
Messiah, under what character he was expected by the Jews, ii. 64. His birth- day, how fixed by the Romans, iii. 91.
Metals and money, their operation in im- proving the human mind, i. 248. Metellus Numidicus, the censor, his in- vective against women, i. 168. note. Metius Falconius, his artful speech to the emperor Tacitus in the senate on his election, i. 361. Metrophanes of Cyzicus, is made patri- arch of Constantinople, viii. 97. Metz, cruel treatment of, by Attila king of the Huns, iv. 280.
Michael IV. the Paphlagonian, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 123. Michael V. Calaphates, emperor of Con- stantinople, vi. 124.
Michael VI. Stratioticus, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 125.
Michael VII. Parapinaces, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 129.
Milan, how the Imperial court of the Western empire came to be transferred from Rome to that city, i. 426.
Famous edict of Constantine the Greatfin favour of the Christians, pub- lished there, ii. 391.
St. Ambrose elected archbishop of that city, iii. 412. Tumults occasioned by his refusing a church for the Arian worship of the empress Justina and her son, 314.
, Revolt of, to Justinian, v. 174. Is taken and destroyed by the Burgun- dians, 180.
Is again destroyed by Frederic I.
Military force, its strength and efficacy dependent on a due proportion to the number of the people, i. 116.
Military officers of the Roman empire at the time of Constantine the Great, a review of, ii. 258.
Millenium, the doctrine of, explained, ii. 82.
Mingrelia. See Colchos.
Minority, two distinctions of, in the Ro- man law, iv. 14. note. Miracles, those of Christ and his apostles, escaped the notice of the heathen phi- losophers and historians, ii. 136. Ac- count of those wrought by the body of St. Stephen, iii. 475.
Miraculous powers of the primitive church, an inquiry into, ii. 87. Misitheus, chief minister and father-in- law of the third Gordian, his charac- ter, i. 213. Misopogon of the emperor Julian, on what occasion written, iii. 180. Missorium, or great golden dish of Adol- phus king of the Visigoths, history of, iv. 140.
Moawiyah, assumes the title of caliph, and makes war against Ali, vi. 300.
His character and reign, 301. Lays siege to Constantinople, vi. 409. Modar, prince of the Amali, seduced by the emperor Theodosius, turns his arms against his own countrymen, iii. 377. Moguls, primitive, their method of treat- ing their conquered enemies, iv. 244. Reign and conquests of Zingis, vii. 451. Conquests of his successors, 458. See Tamerlane.
Moguntiacum, the city of, surprised by the Alemanni, iii. 272. Mokawkas the Egyptian, his treaty with the Saracen Amrou, vi. 361, Monarchy defined. i. 67. Hereditary, ridi- culous in theory, but salutary in fact, 187. The peculiar objects of cruelty and of avarice under, ii. 275. Monastic iustitutions, the seeds of, sown by the primitive Christians, ii. 98. Origin, progress, and consequence of,
Money, the standard and computation of,
under Constantine the Great, and his successors, ii. 280. note. Monks have embellished the sufferings of the primitive martyrs by fictions, ii. 167.
Character of, by Eunapius, iii. 472. By Rutilius, iv. 23. Origin and history of, 371. Their industry in making proselytes, 376. Their obedience, 378. Their dress and habitations, 380. Their diet, 381. Their manuel labour, 383. Their riches, 384. Their solitude, 385. Their devotion and visions, 386. Their division into the classes of Canobites and Anachorets, 387.
-, Suppression of, at Constantinople, by Constantine V. vi. 162. Monophysites of the East, history of the sect of, vi. 60.
Monothelite controversy, [account of, vi. 47.
Montesquieu, his description of the mili- tary government of the Roman em- pire, i. 215. His opinion that the de- grees of freedom in a state are mea- sured by taxation, controverted, ii. 275.
Montius, quæstor of the palace, is sent by the emperor Constantius, with Do- mitian, to correct the administration of Gallus in the East, ii. 342. Is put to death there, 343.
Moors of Barbary, their miserable pover- ty, v. 137 Their invasion of the Ro- man province punished by Solomon the eunuch, 146.
Morea is reduced by the Turks, viii. 163. Morosini, Thomas, elected patriarch of Constantinople, by the Venetians, vii.
Moseilama, an Arabian chief, endea- vours to rival Mahomet in his prophe- tical character, vi. 311.
Moses, the doctrine of the immortality of the soul not inculcated in his law, ii. 80. His sanguinary laws compared with those of Mahomet, vi. 271. Mosheim, character of his work De Re- bus Christianis ante Constantinum, vi. 2.
Moslemah the Saracen besieges Constan- tinople, vi. 414.
Motassem, the last caliph of the Sara- cens, his wars with the Greek empe. ror Theophilus, vi. 451. Is killed by the Moguls, vii. 461. Mourzoufle, usurps the Greek empire, and destroyes Isaac Angelus, and his son Alexius, vii. 337. Is driven from Constantinople by the Latins, 339. His death, 355.
Mousa, the son of Bajazet, invested with the kingdom of Anatolia, by Tamer- lane, viii. 21. His reign, 32. Mozarabes, in the history of Spain, ex- plained, vi. 404.
Municipal cities, their advantages, i.
Muratori, his literary character, viii. 258.
Mursa, battle of, between the emperor Constantius, and the usurper Magnen- tius, ii. 331.
Musa, the Saracen, his conquest of Spain, vi. 392. His disgrace, 395. His death, 397.
Mustapha, the supposed son of Bajazet, his story, viii. 31.
Muta, battle of, between the forces of the emperor Heraclius and those of Mahomet, vi. 282.
Mygdonius, river, the course of, stopped by Sapor king of Persia, at the siege of Nisibis, ii. 320.
Narbonne is besieged by Theodoric, and relieved by count Litorius, iv. 272. Nacoragan, the Persian general, his de- feat by the Romans, and cruel fate, v. 240.
Naissus, battle of, between the emperor Claudius and the Goths, i. 325. Naples is besieged and taken by Belisari-
us, v. 156. Extent of the dutchy of, under the exarchs of Ravenna, v. 403.
Narses, his embassy from Sapor king of Persia to the emperor Constantius, ii. 360.
Narses king of Persia, prevails over the pretensions of his brother Hormuz, and expels Tiridates king of Armenia, i. 415. Overthrows Galerius, 416. Is surprised and routed by Galerius, 418. Articles of peace between him and the Romans, 422.
Narses, the Persian general of the empe-
ror Maurice, restores Chosroes II. king of Persia, v. 433. His revolt against Phocas, and cruel death, 453. Narses, the eunuch, his military promo- tion, and dissension with Belisarius, v. 178. His character and expedition to Italy, 271. Battle of Tagina, 274. Takes Rome, 276. Reduces and kills Teias, the last king of the Goths, 278. Defeats the Franks and Alemanni, 282. Governs Italy in the capacity of exarch, 284. His disgrace and death, 387.
Naulobatus, a chief of the Heruli, enters
into the Roman service, and is made consul, i. 299.
Navy of the Roman empire described, i.
Nazarene church at Jerusalem, account of, ii. 65.
Nazarius the Pagan orator, his account
of miraculous appearances in the sky in favour of Constantine the Great, ii. 405.
Nebridius, prætorian præfect in Gaul, is maimed and superseded, by his indis- creet opposition to the troops of Julian, iii. 92.
Negroes of Africa, evidences of there in- tellectual inferiority to the rest of man- kind, iii. 293.
Nectarius is chosen archbishop of Con- stantinople, iii. 406.
Nennius, his account of the arrival of the Saxons in Britain, different from that of Gildas, Bede, and Witikind, iv. 469. note.
Nepos, Julius, is made emperor of the West by Leo the Great, iv. 357. Nepotian, account of his revolt in Italy, ii. 333.
Nero persecutes the Christians as the in- cendiaries of Rome, ii. 154. Nerva, emperor, his character, and pru- dent adoption of Trajan, i. 84.
Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople, his character, vi. 16. His heresy con- cerning the incarnation, 17. His dis- pute with Cyril of Alexandria, 18. Is condemned, and degraded from his. episcopal dignity, by the council of Ephesus, 21. Is exiled, 25. His death, 26. His opinions still retained in Per- sia, 53. Missions of his disciples in the East Indies, 56.
Nevers, John count of, disastrous fate of him and his party at the battle of Ni- copolis, vi. 375.
Nice becomes the capital residence of sultan Soliman, vii. 184. Siege of, by the first crusaders, 228.
Nicephorus I. emperor of Constantinople, vi. 100. His wars with the Saracens, 443. His death, vii. 71.
Nicephorus II. Phocas, emperor of Con- stantinople, vi. 118. His military en- terprises, 464.
Nicephorus III. Botaniates, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 130. Was raised to the throne by sultan Soliman, vii. 182.
Nicetas, senator of Constantinople, his flight, on the capture of the city by the Latins, vii. 343. His brief history, 345. note. His account of the statues de- stroyed at Constantinople, ibid. Nicholas, patriarch of Constantinople, opposes the fourth marriage of the emperor Leo the philosopher, vi. 114.
Nicholas V. pope, his character, viii. 88. How interested in the fall of Constan- tinople, 132.
Nicomedia, the court of Diocletian held there, and the city embellished by him, i. 426. The church of, demolished by Diocletian, ii. 197. His palace fired, 200.
Nicopolis, battle of, between sultan Baja- zet, and Sigismond king of Hungary, vii. 482.
Nika, the sedition of, at Constantinople, v. 58.
Nineveh, battle of, between the empe- ror Heraclius and the Persians, v. 473.
Nisibis, the city of, described, and its obstinate defence against the Persians, ii. 319. Is yielded to Sapor by treaty, iii. 223. Nizam, the Persian vizir, his illustrious character, and unhappy fate, vii.
180. Noah, his ark very convenient for resoly-
ing the difficulties of Mosaic antiqua- ries, i. 243. Nobilissimus, a title invented by Con- stantine the Great to distinguish his nephew Hannibalianus, ii. 300. Noricum described, i. 40. Normans, their settlement in the pro- vince of Normandy in France, vii. 108. Their introduction to Italy, 109. They serve in Sicily, 110. They conquer Apulia, 111. Their character, 112. Their treaty with the pope, 116. Novatians are exempted by Constantine the Great, in a particular edict, from the general penalties of heresy, iii. 2. Are cruelly persecuted by Macedonius bishop of Constantinople, 66. Novels of Justinian, how formed, and their character, v. 333.
Noureddin, sultan, his exalted character, vii. 270.
Nubia, conversion of, to Christianity, vi. 72.
Numerian, the son of Carus, succeeds
his father in the empire, in conjunction with his brother Carinus, i. 384. Numidia, its extent at different æras of the Roman history, i. 29.
Oasis, in the desarts of Lybia, described, iv. 172. note. Three places under this name pointed out, vi. 26. note. Obedience, passive, theory and practice of the Christian doctrine of, ii. 393. Obelisks, Egyptian, the purpose of their erection, ii. 355.
Oblations to the church, origin of, ii. 110.
Obligations, human, the sources of, v. 358. Laws of the Romans respecting, 359.
Odenathus, the Palmyrene, his successful opposition to Sapor king of Persia, i. 306. Is associated in the empire by Gallienus, 313. Character and fate of his Queen Zenobia, 339.
Odin, the long reign of his family in Swe. den, i. 251. note. His history, 271. Odoacer the first Barbarian king of Italy, iv. 361. His character and reign, 367. Resigns all the Roman conquests be- yond the Alps, to Euric king of the Visigoths, 419. Is reduced and killed by Theodoric the Ostrogoth, v. 9. Ohud, battle of, between Mahomet and Abu Sophian prince of Mecca, vi. 274.
Olga, princess of Russia, her baptism,
Olive, its introduction into the Western world, i. 60.
Olybrius is raised to the Western empire by count Ricimer, iv. 355. Olympic games compared with the tour- naments of the Goths, vii. 216. Olympiodorus, his account of the magni- ficence of the city of Rome, iv. 89. His account of the marriage of Adol- phus king of the Visigoths, with the princess Placidia, 138.`
Olympius, favourite of the emperor Ho- norius, alarms him with unfavourable suspicions of the designs of Stilicho, iv. 73. Causes Stilicho to be put to death, 75. His disgrace, and ignominious death, 115.
Omar, caliph of the Saracens, vi. 295. His character, 313. His journey to Je- rusalem, $48.
Ommiyah, elevation of the house of, to the office of caliph of the Saracens, vi. 301. Why not the objects of public favour, 426. Destruction of, 428. Oracles, Heathen, are silenced by Con- stantine the Great, iii. 72. Orchan, emir of the Ottomans, his reign,
vii. 472. Marries the daughter of the Greek emperor Cantacuzene, 476. Ordination of the clergy in the early ages of the church, an account of, ii. 422. Orestes is sent ambassador from Attila king of the Huns, to the emperor The- odosius the younger, iv. 253. His his- tory and promotion under the West- ern emperors, 359. His son Augustu- lus, the last emperor of the West, 360.
Orestes, prætor of Egypt, is insulted by a monkish mob in Alexandria, vi. 15. Origen declares the number of primitive martyrs to be very inconsiderable, ii. 169. His conference with the empress Mammæa, 185. His memory perse- cuted by the emperor Justinian and his clergy, vi. 44.
Orleans besieged by Attila king of the Huns, and relieved by Etius and The- odoric, iv. 280.
Osius, bishop of Cordova, his great influ
ence with Constantine the Great, ii.. 408. Prevails on Constantine to ratify the Nicene creed, iii. 31. Is with diffi culty prevailed on to concur in deposing Athanasius, 52.
Osrhoene, the small kingdom of, reduced by the Romans, i. 232.
Ossian, his poems, whether to be con- nected with the invasion of Caledonia by the emperor Severus, i. 146. Is said to have disputed with a Christian missionary, ii. 130. note. Ostia, the port of, described, iv. 117. Othman, caliph of the Saracens, vi. 296.
Othman, the father of the Ottomans, his reign, vii. 470.
Otho I. king of Germany, restores and appropriates the Western empire, vi. 202. Claims by treaty the nomination of the pope of Rome, 206. Defeats the Turks, vii. 81.
Otho II. deposes pope John XII. and chastises his party at Rome, vi. 210. Otho, bishop of Frisingen, his character
as an historian, viii. 190. note. Ottomans, origin and history of, vii. 469. They obtain an establishment in Eu- rope, 477.
Ovid is banished to the banks of the Danube, ii. 304.
Oxyrinchus, in Egypt, monkish piety of that city, iv. 373.
Pecatus, his encomium on the emperor Theodosius the Great, iii. 426. Pederasty, how punished by the Scati- nian law, v. 370. By Jus inian, 372. Pagan, derivation and revolutions of the term, iii. 75. note.
Paganism, the ruin of, suspended by the divisions among the Christians, iii. 76. Theological system of the emperor Ju- lian, 126.
General review of the ecclesi-
astical establishment and jurisdiction of, before it was subverted by Christia- nity, iii 450. Is renounced by the Ro- man senate, 455. The Pagan sacrifices prohibited, 457. The temples demo- lished, 459: The ruin of, deplored by the sophists, 472. Pagan ceremonies revived in Christian churches, 479.
Palæologus, Constantine, Greek emperor, his reign, viii. 115. Is killed in the storm of Constantinople by the Turks, 152. Palæologus, John, emperor of Constanti- nople, vii. 431. Marries the daughter of John Cantacuzene, 438. Takes up arms against Camacuzene, and is re- duced to flight, 440. His restoration, 441. Discord between him and his sons, 435. His treaty with pope Inno-
cent VI. viii. 47. His visit to pope Ur- ban V. at Rome, 49.
Palæologus, John II. Greek emperor, his zeal, viii. 59. His voyage to Italy, 63.
Palæologus, Manuel, associated with his father John, in the Greek empire, vii. 486. Tribute exacted from him by sultan Bajazet, 487. His treaties with Soliman and Mahomet, the sons of Bajazet VI. viii. 35. His visit to the courts of Europe, 50. Private motives of his European negotiations explained, 58. His death, 59.
Paleologus, Michael, emperor of Nice, his brief replies to the negotiations of Baldwin II. emperor of Constantino- ple, vii. 375. His family and charac- ter, 395. His elevation to the throne, 397. His return to Constantinople, 401. Blinds and banishes his young associate John Lascaris, 402. He is excommu- nicated by the patriarch Arsenius, 403. Associates his son Andronicus in the empire, 405. His union with the La- tin church, 406. Instigates the revolt of Sicily, 413.
Palatines and Borderers, origin and na- ture of these distinctions in the Roman troops, ii. 260.
Palermo taken by Belisarius by strata- gem, v. 152.
Palestine, a character of, i. 28. Palladium of Rome, described, iii. 451.
Palladius, the notary, sent by Valentini- an to Africa, to inquire into the go- vernment of count Romanus, con- nives with him in oppressing the pro- vince, iii. 287. Palmyra, description of, and its destruc- tion by the emperor Aurelian, i. 344. Panatius was the first teacher of the Stoic philosophy at Rome, v. 320.
Pandects of Justinian, how formed, v.
Panhypersebastos, import of that title in the Greek empire, vii. 18. Pannonia, described, i. 25. Pantheon at Rome, by whom erected, i. 50. note. Is converted into a Chris- tian church, iii. 461. Pantomimes, Roman, described, iv. 104. Paper, where and when the manufac- ture of, was first found out, vi. 327. Papinian, the celebrated lawyer, created prætorian præfect, by the emperor Se- verus, i. 140. His death, 151.
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