RULE 2. Parenthesis.—The dash is sometimes used to set off parenthetical expressions when the connection is not so close as to require commas.

Ex." Those who hated him most heartily—and no man was hated so heartily-admitted that his mind was exceedingly brilliant."

RULE 3. A Pause.-The dash is sometimes used to indicate a pause made for rhetorical effect.

Ex. "It was admitted by all that this boy was a model child-when he was asleep."

Note.—The dash is also sometimes used to denote an expressive pause; as, "The wind roared-ceased-sighed gently-roared again —then died quietly away."

RULE 4. Omission.-The dash is used to indicate an omission.

Ex.-"One morning in the summer of 18—the town of was greatly agitated at a recent occurrence."

Luke 6:1, 2, 3, 4.

William Wilkins.

RULE 5. Summing Up.-The dash is sometimes used to denote a summing up of particulars.

Ex.-" Father, mother, brother, sister,—all are dead.”

RULE 6. Repetition.- When a word or an expression is repeated emphatically or for rhetorical effect, the construction being begun anew, a dash should be inserted before each repetition.

Ex.-"Here lies the dust of Cicero-Cicero! who once thrilled the world with his eloquence."

"I wish," said my uncle Toby, with a deep sigh—“I wish, Trim, I were asleep."

RULE 7. Reflex Apposition.-When words at the end of a sentence stand detached and are in apposition with preced

ing parts of a sentence, they are separated from the preceding portion by a dash.

Ex.-Three of the world's greatest poems are epics-Paradise Lost, The Eneid, and The Iliad.

RULE 8. Titles Run in.- When a title or a heading, instead of standing over a paragraph, is run in so as to make a part of the paragraph, it is separated from the rest of the line by a dash. For illustration see any of the foregoing rules.

RULE 9. Dialogue.-The parts of a conversation or a dialogue, if run into a paragraph instead of beginning separate lines, are separated by dashes.

Ex. "Good-morning, Mr. Smith."-" Good-morning, sir." -“I hope you are well.”—“I am quite well; how is your health ?”—“ Good, very good."

RULE 10. With Other Pauses.-The dash is often placed after other marks to add effect.

The following are the chief instances:

a. After a side-head; as "Remark 2.—,” etc.

b. Between the end of a paragraph and the name of the author, if both are placed on the same line; as,— "Procrastination is the thief of time."-Young.

c. Between short quotations brought together in the same line. (See Example under Rule 9.)

GENERAL EXERCISE.

Punctuate the following where necessary:

1. If you will give me your attention I will show you

I do not know that you wish to hear me.

but stop

2. The stream fell over a precipice paused fell paused again -then darted down the valley.

3. "My friend the counsellor" "Say learned friend if you please sir."

4. Prominent among the philosophers of antiquity is Socrates Socrates who looked beyond the absurd fables of his country's mythology.

5. Some men are full of affection affection for themselves. 6. I pause for a reply None? Then none have I offended. 7. Tom Moore wrote politics at times pointed bitter rankling politics but he was really no politician at heart.

8. Mark 5:15

10.

9. Greece Carthage Rome where are they Hope only Hope of all that clings Around us never spreads her wings

Holmes

11. He has a weakness a weakness of the head as well as of the heart.

12. Friends neighbors my own kindred all were against the project.

13. It was a sight that child in the agony of death that would have melted any one to pity.

14.

How wonderful is Death

Death and his brother Sleep

15. Men will wrangle for religion write for it fight for it any. thing but live for it.

16.

17.

18.

19.

Reason's whole pleasure all the joys of sense
Lie in three words health peace and competence.
Nature I'll court in her sequestered haunts
By mountain meadow streamlet grove or cell
'Tis strange but true for truth is always strange
Stranger than fiction Byron

This narrow isthmus 'twixt two seas

The past the future two eternities Moore 20. Greatness and goodness are not means but ends. Hath he not always treasures always friends The great good man three treasures love and light And calm thoughts regular as infant's breath And three firm friends, more sure than day and night Himself his Maker and the angel Death

THE MARKS OF PARENTHESIS.

The curves, or marks of parenthesis, are used to enclose such words as break the unity of the sentence and have little, if any, connection with the remaining part of it.

Ex.-"I have seen a man (if man he could be called) insult a defenceless boy."

Note. The parenthesis is properly the part inserted, hence the marks are usually called curves, or marks of parenthesis.

Remark 1.—The sentence embracing curves is punctuated as it would be were no parenthetical part included.

Whatever point may be needed is placed after the last curve, unless some other mark precede the last curve, in which case the point is placed before the first curve; as,—

1. "Pride, in some disguise or other (often a secret to the proud man himself), is the most ordinary spring of action among men.” 2. "While we all desire fame, (and why should we not desire it?) we should do nothing unfair to gain it."

Remark 2. The part within the curves is punctuated according to the rules heretofore explained, just as if no parenthesis be used. Remark 3.-The dash is preferred to the curve by many writers at present, and is quite extensively used.

GENERAL EXERCISE.

Punctuate the following where necessary:

1. The senator from Kentucky Mr. Clay then rose to speak. 2. I know that in me that is in my flesh dwelleth no good thing.

3. Mr Chairman I cannot vote for this resolution applause I owe it to my constituents to oppose it and cast my vote against it

comfortable

4. Our new house is it not a pretty one is very 5. I gave and who would not have done so my last dollar to the poor little fellow

6. Five years of scarcity I know that one of them might be called an average season were followed by ten of plenty.

7. To gain a posthumous reputation is to save four or five letters for what is a name besides from oblivion

8. A noun Latin nomen is a name.

9. The book if such it might be called was very carelessly written.

QUOTATION MARKS (“”).

A quotation is the introduction into one's discourse of words uttered by some one else.

Quotation Marks are two inverted commas at the beginning, and two apostrophes at the close, of the part quoted.

The following are the rules for the use of quotation marks:

RULE 1. Direct Quotation.-Quotation marks are used to enclose a direct quotation.

Ex.-Jesus said, "I am the resurrection and the life."

Note 1.-When other words occur between the quoted parts, only the quoted words are enclosed by the marks; as, "There is but one way," said the orator, "to ensure success, and that is by earnest effort." Note 2.-When the quotation is not direct, no marks are needed. Observe the difference in the following:

He said, "I will be there in time."

He said he would be there in time.

RULE 2. A Quotation within a Quotation.-When one quotation is included within another, the included quotation is enclosed by single quotation marks.

Ex. I find the following: "I rise for information,' said a member. 'I am very glad to hear it,' said another near by; 'for no one needs it more.'"

Note 1.—If a quotation included within another contains another included quotation, the latter is enclosed by double quotation marks; as, I found in a book this sentence: "Some one has written, 'What a world of wisdom is contained in the words of Longfellow!—"Life is real, life is earr.est; and the grave is not its goal."'"