MORAVIA (in German, Mähren); a margraviate and province of the Austrian empire. The margraviate (8862 square miles) borders on the Prussian county of Glatz and Austrian Silesia to the north, on Hungary to the east, on Lower Austria to the south, and on Bohemia to the west. The province includes also Austrian Silesia (1850 square miles), and contains a population of 1,990,464 inhabitants, of whom about 430,000 are Germans, 30,000 Jews, 900 Bohemians, and the rest Sclavonians. It is watered by many rivers, of which only the Marsch or March is navigable for a short distance: on the north, east and west, it is enclosed by mountains, which are to be considered as continuations of the Sudetic and Carpathian chains, and is open only to the south. To the north, on the borders of Glatz, lies the Schneegebirge, the highest summit of which is the Schneeberg, about 4500 feet high. In general, the loftiest mountains are in the northern part, from which the elevation gradually diminishes towards the south. There are also ridges of hills in the interior, interspersed with fine plains and valleys. The mountainous districts are not fertile; but in the Hanna (land of the Hannaks) and in the southern part, the soil is uncommonly rich. The breeding of cattle, although favored by rich meadows and pastures, is less attended to than tillage. Great numbers of poultry, particularly geese, are raised. The fisheries are productive. The principal corn districts are in the Hanna, on the March, about Brünn, and in the south-eastern parts of the circle of Znaym. Flax, hemp, fruits, garden vegetables, &c., and in some parts wine, are produced in abundance. Silver and gold were formerly found; iron, sulphur, coal and alum are the chief mineral productions. Woollen and linen manufactures, the latter employing 200,000 spinners and 13,000 weavers, and the former 100,000 workmen and 10,000 looms, and also cotton manufactures, are carried on to a considerable extent. The transit trade of the province, favored by good roads, is important. The government of Moravia is almost entirely absolute, although it has estates, composed of the prelates, the lords, knights, and royal burgesses. The administration of the affairs of the province is in the hands of a provincial government at Brúnn, to which the six Moravian circles (Olmütz, Brúnn, Iglau, Znaym, flradisch and Prerau), and the two Silesian círcles (Troppau and Teschen), are subordinate. The (Catholic) bishops of Brünn and Olmütz are at the head of ec

clesiastical affairs. The revenue is about 6,000,000 guilders. Brünn is the capital. The Sclavonic population consists of several tribes, which differ in habits and language, and are in a rude state. Among these are the Slowaks (distinguished for wit, eloquence, and taste for the arts and sciences), and the Hannaks (distinguished for hospitality). Previously to the fifteenth century, they professed the Greek religion the Hussites were then numerous, and, in the sixteenth century, the reformation had many adherents; the Catholics, however, are the most numerous, their number being 1,800,000. This country was anciently the land of the Quadi, and was occu pied, after their emigration to Spain, by the Scyri, the Rugii, the Heruli, and, until 548, by the Lonibards, when it was entered by a colony of Sclavonians from the Danube, who were driven from their former seats by the Walachians (Bulgarians), and were called Moravians from the river Morava. After the fall of the kingdom of the Avars, the Moravian Sclavonians extended their limits, and finally founded the kingdom of Great Moravia, which comprehended several other countries beside the present Moravia. Charlemagne subdued the Moravians, and compelled their king Samoslav to be baptized ; Cyrillus (856), however, was the true apostle of Moravia. Arnolph at first enlarged the Moravian state, by granting to Swatopulsk, or Zuatoblick, Bohemia and other countries on the one side to the Oder on the other, towards Hungary as far as the Gran. Swatopulsk afterwards revolted; but Arnolph attacked him, with the aid of the Bohemians and Hungarians, and so enfeebled the kingdom, that, under his successor, it was completely overthrown. From that time Moravia became the prey of the Hungarians, Poles and Germans In the eleventh century, it was reduced to about its present extent, and formed a part of the Bohemian territories. In 1085, it was made a margraviate, and (until 1611, when it was, for a time, attached to the Hungarian dominions) granted by the Bohemian kings, from time to time, as a fief to their sons or relations. (See Bohemia.) MORAVIANS, or HERRNHUTERS. (See United Brethren, and Bohemian Brethren.) MORBIHAN; a department of France, in the old province of Bretagne, lying on a gulf from which it has received its name. Chief place, Vannes. (See Department.

MORBUS; a Latin term signifying disease, and often used in medicine.

MORDANTS. The coloring substances used in dyeing have been divided by doc

tor Bancroft into substantive and adjective colors. Substantive colors are those which communicate their tint immediately to the material to be dyed, without the aid of any third substance. Adjective colors require the intervention of a third substance, which possesses a joint attraction for the coloring matter and the stuff to be dyed. The substance capable of thus fixing the color is called a mordant, and by Mr. Henry, a basis.

MORDAUNT, Charles. (See Peterborough, Earl of)

MORE; the final syllable of a number of Irish geographical names, signifying, in the language of the country, mountain.

MORE, Henry, a celebrated divine of the church of England, and Platonic philosopher, was born in 1614. He was the son of a gentleman of good estate, who educated him at Eton, whence he was sent to Christ's college, Cambridge, in 1631. While at the university, he deeply studied the most celebrated systems of philosophy, and finally settled into a decided preference for that of Plato, and for his followers of the school of Alexandria. In 1639, he graduated M. A., and in the following year published his Psycho-Zoia, or the First, Part of the Song of the Soul, containing a Christiano-Platonical Display of Life. Having been elected a fellow of his college, he became a tutor to several persons of rank. One of these was sir John Finch, whose sister, lady Conway, an enthusiast of his own stamp, brought him acquainted with the famous Van Helmont, and that singular pretender, Valentine Greatrakes. In 1675, he accepted a prebend in the church of Gloucester, which it is supposed he took only to resign it to his friend doctor Fowler. He also gave up his rectory of Ingolsby, in Lincolnshire, the perpetual advowson of which had been purchased for him by his father, and would never afterwards accept of preferment of any kind, refusing deaneries, bishoprics, and even the mastership of his own college, so desirous was he of unmolested study. During the civil war, although he refused to take the covenant, he was left unmolested. In 1661, he became a fellow of the royal society, and for twenty years after the restoration, his writings are said to have sold better than any other of their day. Doctor More died in September, 1687, aged 73, leaving behind him the character of a man of profound learning and great genius, alloyed by a deep tincture of enthusiasm, chiefly colored by the supposition that divine knowledge had been communicated to

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Pythagoras by the Hebrews, and from him to Plato. He was also persuaded that supernatural communications were made to him by God's appointment, by a particular genius, like that of Socrates. writings of this singular, but amiable man, who was beloved ly all parties, have been published in two volumes, folio. The most admired are his Enchiridion Ethicum, and Divine Dialogues, concerning the attributes and providence of God. (See Ward's Life of Doctor More.)

MORE, Sir Thomas, a celebrated chancellor of England, was the only son of sir John More, one of the judges of the court of King's bench, and was born in London, in 1480. He received his early education from a schoolmaster of great reputation in Threadneedle street, and was afterwards placed in the family of cardinal Morton, archbishop of Canterbury, and chancellor, who prophesied his future eminence. In 1497, he went to Canterbury college, now Christ-church, Oxford, and, in 1499, became a student in Lincoln's Inn. At the age of 21, he obtained a seat in parliament, and distinguished himself with so much spirit in opposition to a subsidy, demanded by Henry VII, that the exasperated and avaricious monarch, in revenge, contrived a quarrel with his father, whom he impris soned until he had exacted an arbitrary fine. After being admitted to the bar, he was appointed law reader of Furnival's Inn, applied assiduously to the practice of law, and enjoyed great reputation as a pleader. In 1516, he accompanied the commissioners sent to renew the alliance between Henry VIII and Charles, then arch-duke of Austria, and showed so much ability, that the king was desirous of engaging him in his particular service. In 1518, he published his celebrated political romance of Utopia, which engaged him in a correspondence with Erasmus, with whom he had previously contracted an intimacy while in England; as well as with several other eminent men of letters. Cardinal Wolsey pressed him to receive a pension, which he refused, as inconsistent with his official duties; but after a while he was induced to accept the place of master of requests. He was shortly af ter knighted, and taken into the privy council; and, the king becoming delighted with his conversation, he was received into the highest degree of familiarity. 1520, he was appointed treasurer of the exchequer, and, in 1523, at the instance of Wolsey, elected speaker of the house of commons, in which capacity, having done much to frustrate an oppressive subsidy,

he highly exasperated the cardinal. If he gave any personal offence to the court by this conduct, it was not of long duration, as, in 1527, he was joined with Wolsey in a mission to France, and on his return was made chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. In 1530, he succeeded the disgraced cardinal as lord high chancellor, which office he filled three years with scrupulous integrity. Unable to acquiesce in the king's wishes respecting his divorce from Catharine of Arragon, he obtained permission to resign the seals. The affront rankled in the vindictive mind of Henry, which was still further inflamed by his refusal to attend the coronation of Anne Boleyn. An attempt was made to implicate him in the practices of Elizabeth Barton, which altogether failed; and he also perfectly cleared himself of another singular charge, which was that of inducing the king to publish the book against Luther, in which the pope's authority was held forth-a doctrine that was now found inconsistent with the intended attack on the Roman see. At length the oath of supremacy being required by act of parliament, sir Thomas More was cited before the council to take it; and in spite of all the sophistry of Cranmer and others to induce him to compliance, he nobly persisted in a refusal to act in opposition to the dictates of his conscience, and was consequently committed to the Tower, and indicted for treason. After an imprisonment of twelve months, during which time he resisted all attempts, both public and private, to induce him to retract, he was brought to trial, and, after an eloquent defence, condemned, and. sentenced to be hanged and quartered. He received this barbarous sentence with his usual composure, which was disturbed only by the circumstance of a singularly affecting interview with his favorite daughter, Mrs. Roper, on his return to the Tower. The king changed the sentence from hanging and quartering to beheading; which act of grace he received with his usual vein of humor, and also acquiesced in the tyrannical mandate, "tbat he should not use many words at the scaffold." His execution took place July 6, 1535, when he deported himself with a degree of good humor, which, in another sort of man, might be termed levity, but which Addison attributes to the satisfaction arising from conscious integrity, and lord Byron, to a species of temperament too strong even for the control of circumstance, and which conceals a sense of misery without destroying it. Thus died sir Thomas More,

at the age of 55, than whom a character of more disinterestedness and integrity is scarcely to be met with in either ancient or modern history. His learning was various and extensive, his wit abundant, and his elocution ready and agreeable. Except his intolerance towards those whom he considered heretics indeed, the qualities of his mind were most happily blended and tempered. His English works were published collectively by order of queen Mary, in 1557, and his Latin in 1567, at Basle. His Utopia has been translated by bishop Burnet and doctor Warner. See the life of More by sir James Mackintosh in Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopædia. By his first wife sir Thomas More had three daughters and one son.-Margaret, his eldest and favorite daughter, married William Roper, Esquire, of Eltham, in Kent, who wrote the life of his father-in law, published in 1716. She was mistress of the Greek and Latin languages, and composed with elegance both in English and Latin. Her reverence and affection for her father were unbounded. After his head had been exposed fourteen days on London bridge, she contrived to obtain it and carefully preserved it; and when she died, it was, at her dying request, buried in her arms.

MORE, Hannah, is the youngest of five daughters of a clergyman at Hanham, near Bristol. All her leisure hours in childhood were devoted to reading. Her sisters having for some time conducted a small school, their reputation enabled them to venture on taking pupils of a higher class. They removed to Bristol, about 1765, and opened a boarding-school, which soon became one of the most celebrated in the west of England. Miss Hannah More removed with them, and she quickly acquired the friendship of the reverend doctor Stonehouse, a man of taste and knowledge. He encouraged her to write, and corrected all her early effusions. The Search after Happiness, a Pastoral Drama (1779), was her first publication, and was so favorably received, that she was encouraged to print, in 1774, her Sir Eldred of the Bower, the Bleeding Rock, and a tragedy, called the Inflexible Captive, founded on the story of Regulus. Mr. Garrick advised her to write for the stage. Her Ode to Dragon, Mr. Garrick's house-dog, came from the press in 1777, as did also a volume of Essays on several Subjects, designed for Young Ladies. Next year, her tragedy of Percy came out; it was well received, and established her fame as a dramatic writer. In 1779, she

produced Fatal Falsehood, a tragedy. Miss More's thoughts, however, soon took a more serious turn; and, in 1782, she published Sacred Dramas, with Simplicity, a poetical epistle. Some of these dramas had previously been acted by the pupils of Miss More's school. She afterwards took an opportunity, in an edition of her works, to declare that she did not think the stage in its present state becoming the countenance of a Christian, and she renounced all dramatic attempts, except as poems for the closet. She and her sisters retired, about twenty-five years ago, with an easy fortune, from Bristol to Mendip, in Somersetshire, where they effected a great improvement among the colliers, by establishing charity-schools. In 1785, she wrote a Biographical Preface to the Poems of Anne Yearsley, a Milkwoman. In 1786, Florio, a tale, and the Bas Bleu, or Conversation, two poems. Thoughts on the Manners of the Great was published the same year anonymously. This was soon followed by Estimate of the Religion of the Fashionable World, which excited much attention; Village Politics (1793); Remarks on the Speech of Monsieur Depont, on Religious Education (1793); and Strictures on the Modern System of Female Education (2 vols., 8vo., 1799). When the education of the princess Charlotte became a subject of national importance, Mrs. More, it is said, was consulted by the first lady in the kingdom on the subject, in consequence of which she produced (in 2 vols., 12mo., 1808) Hints towards forming the Character of a Young Princess. This excellent woman has been long confined to her bed by an excruciating disease, but still continues to write, and in this state has produced some of her best performances, among which are Colebs in Search of a Wife, which appeared in 1809, and was so much admired, that it ran through ten editions in one year; Practical Piety (2 vols., 1811); Christian Morals (2 vols., 1812); Essay on the Character and Writings of St. Paul (2 vols., 8vo., 1815); and Moral Sketches of prevailing Opinions and Manners (1819). Her miscellaneous works have been collected in eight volaines. She has written many small pieces, which are not printed in her works.

MOREA (Mwpeas); the modern name of the Peloponnesus (q. v.); a peninsula forming the southern part of Greece, beween lat. 36° 23′ and 38° 20′ N., and lon. 21° 5′ and 23° 30′ E. It is connected by the isthmus of Corinth with Continental Greece, or Livadia, from which it is sepacated in other parts by the gulf of Lepanto 4

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or Corinth and the gulf of Athens. To the south-west, it is washed by the Ionian sea, to the east by the archipelago. It is about 160 miles in length and breadth, with a superficial area of 7225 miles. The population of the ancient Peloponnesus has often been estimated at 2,000,000, but it probably never amounted to half that number. Before the late revolution, the Morea contained, according to Soutzo, the Greek historian, 460,000 inhabitants, of whom 50,000 were Turks; at present they do not exceed 280,000. The coast is much indented, forming on the south the gulfs of Kolokythia or Laconia, and the gulf of Coron or Messenia, and on the east, the gulf of Argos or Nauplia. The surface of the country is, in general, mountainous; the northern half, however, presents a fruitful plain, intersected, in some parts, by the Cyllenian mountains. The most southern promontory, Maina, is separated from the rest of the peninsula by the_different branches of the Taygetus. The rivers are numerous, but not large; the principal are the Alpheus and the Eurotas. The climate is mild, though less so than formerly, on account of the destruction of the forests. The spring and autumn are delightful, but the summer is hot, and the winter is attended with frequent storms and rain; the soil is fruitful, producing corn, wine, oil and fruits, honey, figs, silk and cotton. The chief article of export is the small raisins, called currants, from the city of Corinth. The long oppression of the Turks discouraged the progress of the mechanical arts, and the devastations of the Greek revolution swept away almost every establishment for manufactures. Excellent ports, such as Navarino and Napoli di Romania, will facilitate the commerce of the country. The population is at present almost entirely composed of Greeks; they are vigorous, well inade, active and intelligent, but cunning, artful, inconstant and superstitious. Under the Turkish dominion, the Morea was divided into two sangiacks, that of Morea or Tripolitza, and that of Mistra or Misitra. Since the liberation of Greece, it has been divided into seven provinces, in which, as also in respect to other places, the Greeks have attempted to revive the ancient names. They are Argolis, Achaia, Elis, Arcadia, Upper Messenia, Lower Messenia, and Laconia. Formerly adorned with a hundred cities, it now hardly contains any thing that deserves the name. Tripolitza, Coron, Modon, Misitra, Calamata, Arcadia, Napoli di Romania, Monembası

Argo and Patras, are the principal. Among the ruins of the ancient cities, those of Sparta, Mycenae and Mantinea are the most interesting. The ancient history of the peninsula is given in the article Peloponnesus; the modern history, in the article Greece, Revolution of. On the division of the Roman empire, Greece formed a part of the Eastern empire, and the Morea was taken possession of by the Venetians, at the time of the decline of that empire. In the middle of the fifteenth century, the Turks wrested almost the whole of the peninsula from the Venetian republic. Towards the end of the seventeenth century, it was again recovered by Venice, and ceded to it by the peace of Carlowitz, in 1699. It was restored to Turkey in 1715. In 1770, Russia excited an insurrection among the Moreots, which was suppressed, and followed by the execution of a great number of the insurgents. Besides the works referred to, in the article on the revolution of Greece, particularly Pouqueville's and Anderson's works, the reader may consult Trant's Greece, in 1830, and Leake's Travels in the Morea (3 vols., 8vo., 1830).

MOREAU, Jean Michel, the younger, born at Paris, 1741, a scholar of Lelorrain, accompanied the latter to St. Petersburg, when he was chosen director of the academy of arts in that city. Moreau went with him as assistant, though he was then but 17. Two years after this, Lelorrain died, and Moreau returned to Paris. Being entirely without means, he abandoned painting, and, under Lebas, devoted himself to the study of engraving; and, as he drew with skill, he prepared the designs for his plates himself. Moreau quickly established his fame. He prepared engravings for the works of Homer, Thucydides, Marcus Aurelius, Virgil, Juvenal, Ovid, Corneille, Racine, Lafontaine, Regnard, Crébillon, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Marmontel, Raynal, Mably, Gresset, Barthélemy, Saint-Pierre, Voltaire and Molière, to each of the two latter two different series of engravings (making, together, more than 100 plates); also 60 plates for Gessner's writings, 80 for the New Testament, and 160 for the History of France. The great variety of these subjects prove his extensive information; and Moreau might be considered as a living encyclopædia of arts. In 1770, he was commissioned to prepare all the drawings required for the public festivities, and those of the court; and he commenced his duties with the sketches for the celebration of the nuptials of the dau

phin and the other royal princes. In 1775, he published engravings, executed by himself, of his drawings for the coronation of Louis XVI, and was made member of the academy of painting, and draughtsman of the royal cabinet. His activity is shown by the number of his productions; for, besides what he completed as royal draughtsman, the number of drawings which he executed for engravings amounts to 2400. In 1784, he made a visit to Italy, which forms an epoch in his opinions and productions. All his works, after that period, are freer and nobler. As late as 1810, he enriched the exhibition of works of art with two draw. ings, each of which contained more than 300 figures. His disinterestedness prevented him from accumulating property. He died at Paris, 1814.

MOREAU, Jean Victor, one of the oldest and most celebrated generals of the French republic, was born at Morlaix, in Bretagne, in 1763. His father destined him for the law; but, led by his decided predilection for the military profession, he fled from his studies, and enlisted in a regiment, before he had attained his 18th year. He was not, however, suffered to indulge his ruling passion, but was obliged to apply himself anew to the study of law at Rennes, of which school he became provost. When the revolution broke out, he had acquired considerable reputation; and, in 1789, a general confederacy of the Bretons being formed at Poictiers, he was chosen its president, and also became commander of the first battalion of volunteers, raised in the department of Morbihan, at the head of which he joined the army of the north. He subsequently favored the party of the Gironde, the fall of which much affected him; and it was with great repugnance that he accepted the constitution of 1793, when formally presented to the army. In the mean time, he much distinguished himself at the head of his battalion; and Pichegru, under whom he served, did all he could to befriend him. The same year, he was made general of brigade, and, in 1794, general of division, and was intrusted with a separate force, to act in maritime Flanders, where he took many towns. He also had a share in the memorable winter campaign of 1794, in which he commanded the right wing of Pichegru's army. He was soon after named commander-in-chief of the army of the Rhine, and commenced that course of arduous operations which terminated in the celebrated retreat, from the extremity of Ger